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Mirjam Snellen1, Koen Duijnmayer1, Guy G. Drijkoningen2, Dick G. Simons1 Acoustic Remote Sensing Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Department of Geo-technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Introduction
Knowledge of underwater sediment layers for example relevant for: Dredging Off-shore construction works Retrieving sand for concrete production Geology Traditional acquisition: Bottom sampling Boreholes Many samples needed!
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Introduction, continued
Acoustic remote sensing techniques for sediment classification are of high interest: Multi-beam and single-beam systems for the upper part of the sediment
Low frequency seismic systems allow for retrieving information regarding the deeper sediment layers
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Introduction, continued
Measurement configuration:
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Introduction, continued
Measurement configuration:
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Source at 1.5 m depth Array (53 m) with 18 hydrophone groups (12 hydrophones each) Array kept in the middle of the water column
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Classification approach
General
Model-data match based on received signal shape Forward modeling based on broadband normal mode modeling Due to varying measurement geometry, inversion for both geometric and geo-acoustic parameters
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
Classification approach
Assumed model
Model input parameters:
Source depth Receiver depth Distance source - receiver Water depth Water sound speed Sediment sound speed Sediment density Sediment attenuation High speed virtual sub-bottom to overcome long-range approximation
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
Assumed model, expected results
For the environment and measurement geometry considered, received signals are expected to be hardly influenced by the attenuation coefficient
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
The optimization approach
Energy function is based on the correlation between modeled and measured matched filtered signals Differential evolution used for the optimization
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
Track 7, 45
Results for tracks 7 and 45 similar Geometric parameters agree with known values. Estimates for the geo-acoustic parameters (track 7):
In agreement with expected value. Precision can be increased through the use of a higher sampling rate
Lower than expected based on the sound speed estimates. At least partly due to neglecting shear waves
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
Track 7, 45, continued
Geometry causes interference of arrivals Uncertainty about the exact source pulse prevents exact reconstruction of the received signal
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
Track 70
Again the geometric parameters in agreement with known measurement configuration Estimates for the geo-acoustic parameters stable along the track From ~900 m on, sound speed estimates at two distinct values Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
Track 70, dual layer inversions
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
Validation
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Measurement configuration:
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Source placed at 1.3 and 2.0 m depth Reference hydrophone used for measuring the emitted signal For tracks 1 and 4: Array with 24 hydrophone groups (4 hydrophones each) Array at the air-water interface
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
General
Uncertainties in the source pulse, combined with the shallow water high sediment sound speed environment prevented classification conform the approach taken for the North Sea data:
Modelling of the complete echo shape Searching for all unknown geo-acoustic and geometric parameters by maximizing the model-data agreement
Alternative approach for classification based on the head waves (travel time tomography)
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
Illustration of head waves
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
Assumed model
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Classification approach
Cost function and optimization approach
Cost function:
Source depth, water depth and water sound speed set to: 1.3 m, 3.5 m, and 1448 m/s Estimates for source-receiver range constrained by GPS measurements
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Results
The estimated sediment sound speed
VSP: 1745 m/s
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Conclusions
Methods developed that allow for sediment classification based on standard seismic measurements The first approach was successfully applied to the North Sea dataset
The geometry and source pulse need to be known very well for precise and accurate results Because of neglecting elastic waves, an effective density is inverted for A second sediment layer is present at the end of track 70 The measurement geometry is such that the signals contain almost no information of the sediment attenuation coefficient Additional groundtruth needed
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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Conclusions, continued
The second approach is based on inversion of data taken with a seismic measurement configuration
Sound speed estimate in agreement with VSP derived sound speed A sufficiently large distance between source and receiver is required Combination with bathymetry information
Sediment characterization by geo-acoustic inversion in a shallow water environment using standard seismic equipment
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