Power system analyses (Dynamic modeling)

Using PSS/E for power system analyses - Turbine & Turbine Governor modeling -

Istanbul, May 2011

Introduction
It is important to model turbine governing and turbine of a generator due to the crucial influence to the power and frequency in a system during the entire dynamic process. Largest influence in:
maintaining power balance between mechanical and electrical power of generation unit maintaining frequency of the power system, capability of machine to dampen the small signal oscillations (small signal stability)

Least influence in Reactive Power-Voltage loop (QV control)

Introduction

There are three types of conventional power plant turbines:

Hydro turbines Steam turbines Gas turbines

Recently wind turbines for wind farms emerge as a new large scale power source

Principle scheme of turbine governing

Governing systems Turbine governors are also separated into two types depending on their purpose:
Static droop governors (used for steam and gas turbines)
K = 1

Main servomotor with oil distributor

Static & Transient droop governors (used for hydro turbines)

Main servomotor with oil distributor

Mechanical damping circuit

Hydro turbines

Type of hydro power plant dictates technical parameters (construction)

Run of river High dam (storage)

Derivation Turbine type

Pelton Francis Blade Kaplan

Hydro turbines

Primary driving force is water which is conducted from a water reservoir or from a river flow First actual power plant was hydropower plant Usually separated by the Net Head to:
Pelton turbines (500m<Net Head ) Francis turbines (<Net Head) Kaplan turbines (low Net Head and run of river) Propeller (Bulb) turbines (run of river)

Hydro turbines

Advantages:
High controllability of power generation Fast rate of power change

drawbacks:
Highly nonlinear element (many physical values affect the operation) Slow response during the transient processes Limitation of maximum unit power up to 600 MW

Hydro turbines and governors There are several models for hydro turbines in PSS/E library:
generic models: IEEEG3, PIDGOV, HYGOV2 more detailed models: HYGOV, HYGOVM, WEHGOV, WSHYDD
hf head loss due friction water q h0= 1 l T Valve Gate A h q Pmech nG G PG mechanical Power electrical Power

h0 = static head of water column l = length penstock A = area penstock q = turbine flow rate h = head at the turbine admission nG (G) = generator speed

Turbine Generator Transformer Network speed limit open servo

nGRef
setpoint speed Governor permanent and transient Droop

1
1 s 1 1 + sT
Servomotor Gate

n g

nG

gain speed limit close

Damping function

Gate

h G

water time constant

q

g G
2

AT
proportionality factor Turbine

PTurbine

g h= G

hf
friction

h0 = 1 pu

1 sTW

g nl
no load flow

Hydro turbines Recommendation is to use IEEEG3 and for more detailed representation use HYGOV

Hydro turbines In case of absence of data about certain HPP, use IEEEG3 with default parameters
Governor part Hydro turbine part
TG, (>0) (sec) TP (>0) (sec), pilot value time Uo (pu per sec) Uc (<0.)(pu per sec) PMAX PMIN TR, (>0) (sec) TW (>0) (sec) a11 (>0) a13 a21 a23 (>0) 0.2 0.04 0.167 -0.167 0.95 0 0.05 0.31 6 1.16 0.5 1 1.5 1

Hydro turbines Parameter ranges for IEEEG3 and HYGOV

Static and transient droops

Steam turbines Primary driving force is steam which is conducted from a boiler, heat exchanger or nuclear reactor Usually separated to the pressure stages:
High pressure stage Medium pressure stage (reheat stage) Low pressure stage

Main energy conversion tool in the world

Steam turbines

Advantages:
Installed powers up to 1500 MW

drawbacks:
Slow start, slow stop Slow response and rate of change of power Reliability is highly influenced by the mechanical limitations

Steam turbines There are several models for steam turbines in PSS/E library:
Simplified models: TGOV1, CRCMGV, BBGOV, IEEEG1, TURCZT more detailed models: TGOV2/3/4/5, WSIEG1
measurement generator speed

GRef

boiler

G [ pu ]

1 1 + sTR1
(transducer) (filter)

& m

Dead Band (if available with hysteresis or back slash)

KF
speed controller rate limiter storage

setpoint

Ps =steam (throttle) pressure (may be assumed as constant for stability calculations )

1 sTs
high pressure part area

PG
generator active power based on Sn

Vopen

Electrohydraulic Transducer

1
Ps

1 1 + sTR 2

measurement

1 TV
Vclose Valve

1 s
0 position

As

& ms
steam flow

1 1 + sTHP
Reheater

K HP
+

cos n

1 v= cos n

1 1 + sTEN

PG
PGRef +
setpoint -

1 1 + sTR

PT

based on Pn

KP

turbine power based on Sn

interception valve

medium pressure turbine

PI
1 1 + sTi
K fcor
0

1,0

power controller Dead Band

TR1 TR2 KP Ti TV

Vopen = Vclose =

f ref

f [ pu ]
frequency

KHP THP

1 typical values: = = = = = sec 0.02 sec 0.05-1 pu 0-1 sec 10 sec 0.1-0.3 pu/s 0.1...4 pu/s -0.1...-4 pu 0.25 sec 0.27 TR KMP TMP KLP TLP TS Kfcor = = = = = = = = = = Kf TEH = Dead Band =

1 1 + sTMP
typical values: sec 5-9 pu 0.25 sec 0.3 pu 0.50 sec 0.7 sec 30 - 100 pu 20 pu 20 (1/ ) sec 0.1 - 2 mHz 5
low pressure turbine

K MP

K LP 1 + sTLP
K HP + K MP + K LP = 1
If there exist fast valving, power/load unbalance Relay, acceleration Relay, intercept valves and so on, please give a more detailed model see I3I

Steam turbines Recommendation is to use WSIEG1, since it emphasizes all characteristics of multistage steam turbines for cross compound or tandem compound

Steam turbines

Parameter ranges for WSIEG1

Gas turbines Primary driving force is the exhaust gas from burned mixture of air and gas in the combustion chamber Jet engine technology fixed to the ground Control of power is achieved through control fuel injection and not through flow of working fluid (water or steam) It can be used in Open Cycle (alone) or Combined Cycle (with steam turbines)

Gas turbines

Advantages:
High controllability of power generation Very fast rate of power change

drawbacks:
Due to the extreme operating conditions, it requires several other control loops (temperature control, NOx control) Installed powers up to 300 MW (for the open cycle)

Gas turbines

There are several models for gas turbines in PSS/E library:

generic models: GAST, WESGOV more detailed models: GAST2A, GASTWD, GGOV1, URCSCT, URGS3T

Gas turbines Recommendation is to use GAST, since it emphasizes all characteristics of a single gas turbine

Gas turbines
For a more detailed approach and in case of often actions of temperature control, recommendation is to use GAST2A or GASTWD (which is PID controlled)

Gas turbines Parameter ranges for GAST

Static droop

Limitations of power are given through the limitation of valve opening In many cases Dturb could be ignored

Generic turbine models In case of absence of any knowledge about the turbine parameters, use IEEEG3 (for Hydro), TGOV1 (for steam) and GAST (for gas) with ADEQUATE parameters (droop, limitations etc).

Thank you