MRSM BETONG

CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NAME: QISTHINA AZMINA BINTI ABDULLAH CLASS: 4C COLLEGE ID: 11449

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

GLASS AND CERAMIC

SULPHURIC ACID

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

ALLOYS

a) SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4) Uses - Used in school labarotary - Manufacture dye used in batik industry - Manufacture of detergent ,artificial fibres, paint - Pruduction of fertilisers - Leather tanning - As electrolyte in car batteries - Used to remove sulphur compounds in crude oil and to produce other compound - Remove oxide from surface of metal. Process called metallurgy. Manufacture of sulphuric acid -Sulphuric acid does not occur naturally and has to be manufactured -Sulphuric acid is manufactured through Contact Process. -Raw materials used: - The manufacture of a. Sulphur sulphuric acid is called b. Air Contact Process because c. Water

sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen in contact with the catalyst several time. - Catalyst are normally made from transition elements to speed up the rate of reaction.

Contact Process:

Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air in the furnance to produce sulphur dioxide, SO 2. Stage 1 The gas produced is purified and cooled.

In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 catalyst at 450C to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3 Stage 2

99.5% of sulphur dioxide, SO2 is converted into sulphur trioxide, SO3 through this reversible process. Sulphur trioxide produced is cantaminated with sulphur dioxide gas. The gas is absoorbed with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, to prevent it escaping to the air, causing enviromental pollution. In the absorber, sulphur trioxide SO3 reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to form product called oleum, H2S2O7

Oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO2 in large quantities. Stage 3 The reactions in stage 3 is equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)

However, this is not done in industry because sulphur trioxide reacts violently with water and produce a lot of heat and large cloud of sulphuric acid mist . The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and difficult to condense.

 Sulphur dioxide and enviromental pollution -Where comes sulphur dioxide? o SO2 is the product of Contact Process o The burning of fossil fuels containing sulphur, e.g: burning of petrol in cars release SO2. o Released through chimney of factories. -Consequences: o Inhaling of sulphur dioxide causes coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, bronchitis and lung disease. o SO2 causes acid rain. -pH of natural rainwater: 5.4 -pH of acid rain: between 2.4 and 5.0 -This is due to reaction of sulphur dioxide with rainwater
2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O (l) ------> 2H2SO4(aq)

-Acid rain: Destroys trees in forest Corrodes buildings and metal structures

Causes water pollution -lakes and rivers become acidic -fish and other aquatic organisms die Causes soil pollution -pH of the soil decrease -Salts are leached out of the top soil -roots of trees are destroyed -Plants die of malnutrition

b) AMMONIA AND ITS SALT Uses: - to make fertilisers. Fertilisers provide nitrogen for the healthy growth of plants. - converted to nitric acid, HNO3. The acis is used to make: synthetic fibres explosives wood pulp

 paints, varnishes, lacquers, rocket propellants Properties of ammonia: Alkaline Colourless gas Has a pungent smell Less dense than air Burns in oxygen gas but not in the air. Very soluble in water Gives a white fume when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas, HCI

Manufacture of ammonia Ammonia is manufactured through Haber Process, invented by Fritz Haber in 1918. This process combines nitrogen gas, N2 with hydrogen, H2 to form ammonia, NH3

Ratio of volume of nitrogen gas, N2: hydrogen gas, H2 is 1:3 is passed through the reactor.

The mixture is compressed to a high pressure (200 atmosphere) at a temperature of 450C.

Next, it is passed through layers of iron catalyst to speed up the reaction.

Ammonia formed is liquified and separated to get a better yield. Production of ammonia gives out heat.

The unreacted nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are recycled and passed back into the reactor. About 98% of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are converted into ammonia.

Haber process:

Preparation of ammonium fertilisers: - Ammoniun fertilisers are one of the chemical fertilisers added to soil to replace the elements used up by plants - Major plant nutrients are: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. - Ammonium fertilisers is prepared by the reaction between ammonia and acid - Ammonium fertilisers can also be naturally produced by bacteria.

c)

ALLOYS Arrangement of atoms in metals: o Most metals are solid. o Pure metals are made up of the same type of atoms and are of the same size. o The orderly arrangement in metals enable it to slide when force is applied. Thus, metals are ductile (can be stretched). o There are some imperfections in the orderly arrangement of atoms in metal (some empty spaces in between atoms). When metals are knocked, atoms slide. Thus, metals are malleable (can be shaped).

 What are alloys? o Two soft metals which are mixed together to make stronger metal called alloy o Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component is a metal. o The properties of metal(weak and soft) can be improved by making them into alloys(stronger, harder, resistant to corrosion, have a better furnish and lustre) o Example of alloys that is commonly used in daily life:

Arrangement of atoms in alloys o The presence of other atom that are different sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in metal. o This reduces the layer of atoms from sliding. Thus, an alloy is stronger and harder than its pure metal.

d) SYNTHETIC POLYMERS What are polymers? o Large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined together by covalent bonds. o Monomers are joined into chains by a process known as polymerisation.

o Polymer may consists thousands of monomers. Polymers

Naturally occuring polymers: -starch, cellulose, wool, protein, silk and natural rubber Synthetic polymers(man-made polymers): -obtained from petroleum after going through the refining and cracking processes.

Monomers in synthetic polymers:

 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers: Advantages o cheap, easy to be shaped and can be coloured o very stable(do not corrode/decay) Disadvantages o difficult to dispose o may cause pollution, blockage of drainage system and flash floods o If burnt, they give out harmful and poisonous gases which have a pungent smell.

o Since synthetic polymers pose environmental problem, we should; Reduce, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers as much as possible. Use biodegradable polymers.

e) GLASS AND CERAMICS Glass is made from sand. Evidence has shown that glass has been used for more than 3000 years. Major component of glass is silica, SiO2. Ceramics are made from clay. Example: kaolin(a hydrated aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2HO2O.) Pieces of broken ceramics that are more than 6000 yeaars old have been found by archeologist. Examples: clay pots, bricks, tiles and mugs. When clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reactions and are hardened permanenttly to form ceramics. Ceramics can withsatand high temperature and do not melt easily. Ceramics are hard, brittle, chemically inert, do not corrode Have very high melting point Good insulators of electricity and heat. Their properties make them suittable for making abrasive, construction materials, tableware, insulators in electrical equipments and refractories.

Glass

Ceramics

 Types of glasses: Fused glass Simplest glass, mainly silica, SiO2. Highly heat-resistant glass. It can be heated to an extremely high temperature. Can be plunged into icy, cold water without cracking Expensive, yet it is widely used because of its great purity, optical transparency, high temperature, chemical durability, and resistance to thermal shock Used as: laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirror and optical fibres Made by heating sand with limestone, CaCO3/sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. Can be melted at relatively low temperature Thus, it is easy to be shaped and has good chemical durability Has high thermal expansion coefficient. It expands a lot when heated and contracts a lot when it is cooled. It does not withstand heat. Used to make: Flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors and all kinds of glass containers. Formed by adding boron oxide, B2O3 to soda-lime glass. Has lower thermal expansion coefficient. More resistant to chemical attacks compared to soda-lime glass because it contains less alkali. Thus, it is excellent to be used in cookware, laboratory glassware and automobile headlights Also used in glass pipelines and applications which require superior resistance to thermal shock and greater thermal durability. Called crystal or lead glass Made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for calcium oxide, CaO and often for part of silica, SiO2 used in soda-lime glass Soft and easy to melt More expensive than soda-lime glass. Used For: Finest tableware, lead crystal glassware and art objects. Suitable for fine crystal because it is optically transparent and contains much more lead.

Soda-lime glass

Borosilicate glass

Lead crystal glass

f) COMPOSITE MATERIALS o What are composite materials? A structural material formed by combining two or more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers. The resulting material has properties superior than those of the original components. Composite materials are created for specific application.

 Examples of composite materials: Reinforced concrete Concrete is a composite material which consists of mixture of stones, chips and sand bound together by cement. Concrete is strong but brittle and weak in tension. Steel is strong in tension. Reinforced concrete is a material when concrete is reinforced with steel wires, steel bars or any polymer. Reinforced concrete is very tough material with more tensile strength. Steel and concrete have about the same coefficient of expansion. They make very good composites and are essential for the construction of large structures: high-rise buildings, bridges and oil platforms Reinforced concrete is cheap and can be moulded into any shape. When they are cooled to extremely low temperature, they are capable to conduct electricity without any electrical resistance. Most superconductors are made from alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides. Some of them are also made from composite materials Used in: bullet trains in Japan and medical magnetic-imaging devices like magnetic resonance imaging, MRI. Also used in magnetic energy-storage systems, generators, transformers and computer parts Devices made from superconductors have low power dissipation, high-speed operation and high sensitivity. Consist of a bundle of glass or plastic thread that are surrounded by a glass cladding A composite material that is able to transmit data, voice and images in a digital format. Used to replace copper wire in long distance telephone lines, in mobile phones, video cameras and to link computers within local area networks, LAN. Used in instruments for examining internal parts of the body or inspecting the interiors of manufactured structures products. Fibre optic is widely used because of its low material costs, high transmission capacity, chemical stability and is less susceptible to interference. Glass: hard, strong and has a high density but brittle Plastic: elastic, flexible, low density but not as strong as glass. When glass fibres are used to reinforce plastic, we get a strong composite material called fibre glass.

Superconductors

Fibre optic

Fibre glass

Photochromic glass

Fibre glass: high tensile strength, can be easily coloured and has low density. Can be made into thin layers, yet very strong, easily moulded and shaped Used to make household products like water storage tanks, badminton rackets, small boats and helmets. Produced by embedding photochromic substances like silver chloride, AgCl crystals in glass or transparent polymers When it is exposed to light, silver chloride is converted to silver and the glass darkens. When the light dims, the photochromic glass becomes transparent again: silver is converted back to silver chloride. It is suitable for making optical lenses, car windshields, smart energy efficient windows in buildings, information display panels, lens in cameras, optical switches and light intensity meters.