Chapter 13 Outline Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840-1848 I. Newcomers and Natives A. Expectations and realities 1.

Desire for religious freedom drew some immigrations to the United States a. Ex) Mormons b. Ex) immigrants from Norway were Quakers fleeing persecution from the official Lutheran clergy 2. 5 million European immigrants landed in the U.S. 3. Most were Irish and Germans came in a close second 4. Immigrants from England, Scotland, and the Wales also came 5. A far larger number of Europeans sailed for America to better their economic condition 6. Emigrants encountered many problems: a. Hucksters frequently sold them worthless tickets b. Many emigrants spent precious savings in waterfront slums while awaiting departure b/c their ticket was actually schedule to leave in August instead of June c. Ocean voyage very terrifying i. It was very crowded, and for many it was their first time on a ship 7. Greatest shock for emigrants was learning that farming in America was a perilous prospect at best a. Farming in U.S. bore little resemblance to farming in Europe b. European farmers valued the associations of their communities c. American farmers, in contrast, lived in relative isolation 8. After reaching the U.S. the majority of immigrants settled in urban locations a. New England area B. Germans 1. Very diverse 2. Germany= a collection of principalities and small kingdoms 3. German immigrants thought of themselves as Bavarians, Westphalians, or Saxons rather than as Germans 4. German immigrants usually included Catholics, Protestants, and Jews with a few free thinkers who denounced the ritual, clergy, and doctrines of all religions 5. Germans came from a variety of social classes and occupations 6. Majority engaged in farming, but a few were professionals, artisans, and tradespeople

7. Germans are bound together by a common language 8. Germans formed their own militia and fire companies 9. Sponsored parochial schools where the German language was the language of instruction 10. Started German newspapers and organized their own balls and singing groups 11. Felt little need to move outside their neighborhoods as they were very self sufficient C. The Irish 1. Between 1815 and the mid-1820s, many of the immigrants were Protestant small landowners and tradespeople in search of better economic opportunity. 2. But in mid-1820s to the mid-1840s Irish immigration gradually changed to included increasing numbers of Catholics drawn from the poorer classes, a. Many of them tenant farmers whom Protestant land owners had evicted as superfluous. 3. Between 1845 and the early 1850s, a potato famine in Ireland a. The most common food source of the peasantry there. b. To escape the ravages of famine, millions of Irish migrated to the United States in the decade after 1845. 4. Usually overwhelmingly poor, the Irish usually entered the workforce at the bottom or near it. 5. Over half of all Irish immigrants during this time were women a. Majority of which were single. b. Irish woman made up an increasing number in the workforce especially in textile mills. 6. Many Irish had a very rough lifestyle, only a few made it to a higher social class to achieve a slightly higher quality of life working their way up to positions such as foremen in iron foundries or to owning their own shop. D. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest 1. Hostility of native-born whites toward the Irish often took the form of antiCatholicism 2. Surge of Irish revived anti-Catholic fever 3. Nativist (anti-immigrant) societies w/ names like the American Republicans and the United Order of Americans 4. Nativism fed on an explosive mixture of fears and discontents 5. Protestants thought that their doctrine that each indiv. Could interpret the bible was more democratic than Catholicism 6. Nativist outbursts were not labors only response to wage cuts a. Some agitators began to advocate land reform as a solution to workers economic woes E. Labor Protest and Immigrant Politics

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III.

1. Many immigrants became politically active when they arrived in the U.S. 2. Found that urban political org. would help them find lodging and employment, in return for votes 3. Immigrants fears about jobs partly explain their widespread support of the Democrats The West and Beyond A. The Far West 1. Transcontinental Treaty provided Spains ceding to the U.S. its claims to the country of Oregon north of the forty-second parallel 2. In the 1820s the U.S. viewed the far west as a remote and shadowy frontier B. Far Western Trade 1. Earliest American and British outposts on the West Coast were trading centers est. by merchants 2. Trading links developed between St. Louis and Santa Fe 3. Panic of 1819 left the American Midwest short of cash and its merchants burdened by unsold goods C. The American Settlement of Texas to 1835 1. In the 1820s America began to settle the eastern part of the Mexican state known as Coahuila-Texas 2. Spain and Mexico realized that the key to controlling the frontier provinces lay in promoting their settlement by civilized Hispanic People D. Texas Revolution, 1836 1. Santa Annas brutality in crushing most of the rebellions alarmed Austin 2. At first Santa Annas army met w/ success E. American Settlements in California, New Mexico, and Oregon 1. California and New Mexico were less accessible than Texas 2. Californias Hispanic population increased 3. Oregon had abundant farm land F. The Overland trails 1. ..i dont really know what to put here. So just ignore what I am writing at the moment. I just need to fill some space... The Politics of Expansion, 1840-1846