INTRODUCTION & APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIAL

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

Introduction History Approaches Terms Applications

INTRODUCTIONS OF NANO MATERIAL

A prefix that means very, very, small
The word nano is from the Greek word Nanos meaning Dwarf. It is a prefix used
to describe "one billionth" of something prefix that means very, very, small g, or 0.000000001.

DEFINITION
National Nanotechnology Initiative (US) nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. (National Nanotechnology Initiative, n.d.).

The Nano size

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter or

1
=

10 -9 meter

1,000,000,000

What Is A Nanometer?
Penny 2 cm Hair 100 mm

(m) 10-2 10-3 cm mm

Raindrop 1 mm

10-4

10-5

10-6 mm

10-7

10-8

10-9 nm

Red Blood Cell 5 mm

-9 10
10 Angstroms 1 nanometer
...the chromosmes blocks can be studied.

History of Nanomaterial
Richard Feynman (Father of Nanotechnology)

first introduced the idea of Nanotechnology in a lecture called, Theres plenty of room at the bottom.

In his time it was not possible to manipulate single atoms or molecules, so his speech was completely theoretical [2]. Feynman was an American Physicist, who helped to develop the atomic bomb, and investigate the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum electrodynamics [3]. NO BODY PAID ANY ATTENTION AT THAT TIME

The Lycurgus Cup is a Roman artifact from before 640 AD.

It is di-chroic, changing colour when illuminated from the inside. This effect is caused by gold and silver nanoparticles, and was likely produced by accident.

 Stained Glass
As early as 500 AD, glass artisans were making stained glass windows with vibrant reds and yellows. These colors were much more luminous and durable than dyes could produce. They were the products of coinage metal nanoparticles imbedded in the glass.

Synthesis Routes of Nanomaterial

(THE CHEMIST APPROACH)
1. Bottom up method-assemble atoms to nanostructures a). Nanosphere lithography. b). Templating, chemical, electrochemical, sonochemical, thermal and photochemical reduction techniques.

Synthesis Routes of Nanomaterial

Nano Technology Engineers/Physicists/M aterial Scientists 2. Top down method--cut into pieces in nanoscale a). Photolithography b). Electron beam lithography

Some Common Terminology In Nano Material Technology

Carbon Nano Tube Carbon nanotube are extraordinary macromolecules containing only carbon. They are formed by rolling up graphene sheets.

Nano particles Nanoparticles are made out of a wide variety of materials such as metals, metal oxide ceramics and silicates.

Figure 4.8b. Silicate Nanoparticles. Source : ILL.

Nanocapsules
Nanocapsules represent any nanoparticle that consists of a shell and a space in which desired substances may be placed. These are reservoir systems composed of a polymer membrane surrounding a liquid core .

Figure 4.9. Nanocapsules. Image from: http://perso.clubinternet.fr/ajetudes/nano/inde x.html

Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals are also called quantum dots. These are capable of confining a single electron, or a few, into discrete energy states just as they would in an atom. Nanocrystals exhibit all the colours of the rainbow due to their a family of Qdot unique semiconductor particles (Source: MIT), qualities

Dendrimers
Dendrimers are large and complex molecules with very well-defined chemical structures. From a polymer chemistry point of view, dendrimers are nearly perfect monodisperse macromolecules with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional architecture (Figure 4.13). They consist of three major architectural components: core, branches and end groups . One of the most appealing aspects of technologies based on dendrimers is that it is relatively easy to Dendrimers. Sources: a) control their size, composition and California Institute of chemical reactivity . Technology,

The Present Scenario

Today the world faces a variety of challenges:

In creating alternative fuels, Searching for cheap new materials with 100% selectivity, Reducing harmful by products in manufacturing, Cleaning up the environment and preventing future pollution, Dealing with the cause of global warming, Protecting the common person from release of toxic substances and infectious agents,
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What will be the solution of all these problems?

May be nanotechnology because it is the 21st revolutionary technology.

APPLICATIONS

Materials: Stain Resistant Clothes

Nanofibers create cushion of air around fabric
10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off

Nano paints that refuse Nano-Care fabrics with water, to stain; cranberry juice, vegetable oil, and Liquids bead up and mustard after 30 minutes (left) and roll off wiped off with wet paper towel 22 (right)

Environment: Paint That Cleans Air

Nanopaint on buildings could reduce pollution
When exposed to ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in paint break down organic and inorganic pollutants that wash off in the rain Decompose air pollution particles like formaldehyde

Buildings as air purifiers?

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Environment: Nano Solar Cells

Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, clothing
Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative!

] 200 nm

Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes

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 Nanoparticle sunscreen ingredients are small inorganic clusters that: Provide good UV protection by absorbing both high energy UVB and low energy UVA light Appear clear on our skin because they are too small to scatter visible light

Nano Sun-screens
Nanosized ZnO particles Large ZnO particles

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 An emerging, interdisciplinary science

In Short:

Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to New areas of research and technology design New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology

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References
http://nanonet.rice.edu/intronanosci/sld005.html 1. http://www.nccrnano.org/nccr/media/gallery/gallery_01/gallery_01_03 www.hindawi.com. Fritz Allhoff Patrick Lin Nanotechnology & Society Current and Emerging Ethical Issues page 05 Introduction to nanotechnology by Henrik Bruus MIC Department of Micro and Nanotechnology Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, spring 2004 page no. 1-10,50 A Nanoforum report, available for download from www.nanoforum.org.