PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

MATERI PENUNJANG KULIAH

STATISTIK HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

BAGIAN II
VALIDITAS DAN RELIABILITAS PENGUKURAN
CITRA INDONESIA DALAM STATISTIK

DEDY N. HIDAYAT

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

SEMESTER GANJIL 2007-2008

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PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

INDONESIA DALAM STATISTIK

16 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0 Page 6

DEGREE OF CORRUPTION TRANSPARENCY STRESS LEVEL

CENSORSHIP OF BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT
CHINA 8.22 6.97 8.2 6.7
HONG KONG 3.95 2.74 5.0 6.8
INDONESIA 7.07 8.95 7.4 6.6
JAPAN 5.07 5.00 - -
MALAYSIA 7.30 5.38 6.3 5.6
PHILIPPINES 3.80 7.17 6.7 6.8
SINGAPORE 7.11 1.43 4.4 6.5
SOUTH KOREA 7.47 7.12 7.0 8.2
TAIWAN 3.75 5.20 6.1 5.5
THAILAND 4.36 8.29 6.5 7.8
VIETNAM 9.33 8.25 9.5 8.5
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RISK CONSULTANCY, LTD. ( http://www.asiarisk.com ) : Grades are scaled from zero to
10, with zero representing the best situation possible and 10 the worst. A five is supposed to represent an
average situation.

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 CORRUPTION IN ASIA 1998

THE SURVEY
• Posted a question in Internet Web site ( http://www.asiarisk.com ) for
two months
• Sent questionnaires to expatriates and company managers in the
region
• N = 427 expatriates and company managers

THE QUESTION

“To what extent does corruption exist in a way that

detracts from the business environment for foreign
companies?”

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• • • • • • • • • • •
No problem Average Very serious
problem problem

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PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

WORDING EFFECTS IN REFERENDUM

Mayority
“Yes” over
“No” among
voters ( % )
Should the United Kingdom come out of
the Common Market? + 10.8

The Government recommends the + 11.2

acceptance of the renegotiated terms of
British membership of the Common
Market. Should the United Kingdom stay
in the Common Market?

Her Mayesty’s government believes that

the nation’s best interests would be + 16.2
served by accepting the favourably
negotiated terms of our continued
membership of the Common Market.
Should the United Kingdom stay in the
Common Market

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Source: Butler and Kitzinger (1976; p.60)

16 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0 Page 6

RANKING INDONESIA : CIVIL LIBERTIES - POLITICAL RIGHTS - POLYARCHY - HUMAN

FREEDOM
CNTRY RCIVLIB8 RPOLRIG8 RPOLY85 RHDI87 RHFI85
Mexico 43.0 41.0 18.0 29.0 36.0
SKorea 33.5 31.5 18.0 24.0 38.5
Thailand 33.5 41.0 8.5 38.0 38.5
India 33.5 31.5 8.5 61.0 38.5
Singapore 52.0 45.5 18.0 25.5 45.0
Egypt 43.0 50.5 18.0 55.0 45.0
Philippine 33.5 31.5 18.0 45.0 49.0
Malaysia 52.0 45.5 18.0 34.0 na
Chile 43.0 50.5 25.0 22.0 53.5
Bangladesh 52.0 45.5 25.0 67.0 58.0
Saudi 69.0 61.5 43.5 46.0 60.0
Indonesia 52.0 50.5 25.0 52.0 62.5
Pakistan 33.5 41.0 28.5 62.0 62.5

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 China 62.0 61.5 43.5 44.0 66.5
Libya 62.0 61.5 43.5 43.0 68.0

N = 71.0 71.0 45.0 71.0 71.0

Number of cases read: 71 Number of cases listed: 71

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

UNDP (1996), Human Development Report 1995. New York: Oxford University Press

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
a process of enlarging people’s choices .
. . to lead a long and healthy life, to
acquire knowledge and to have access
to the resources needed for a descent
standard of living.

LONGEVITY EDUCATIONAL STANDARD OF LIVING

ATTAINMENT

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 LIFE ADULT LITERACY COMBINED REAL GDP PER
EXPECTANCY AT INDEX - 2/3 ENROLL-MENT CAPITA (PPP$)
BIRTH INDEX weight RATIO INDEX $100 - $40.000
(25-65 YRS) ( 0% - 100%) 1/3 weight (0% -
100%)

Index =
Actual X value - Minimum X value
Maximum X value - Minimum X value

HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX

HFI disusun sebagai suatu Summative Rating Scale (Likert-type Scale)
berdasarkan 40 indikator, a.l., kebebasan untuk menyatakan pendapat,
melakukan oposisi, menentukan pasangan, kebebasan dari penganiayaan,
dsb. oleh Charles Humana (1986).

4 3 2 1
INDICATORS Respect for Some Substantial Continuous
rights or violations or violation or total
freedom infringement denial
s

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 Rights to:
03. To assembly

Freedom from:
07. Unlawful
detention

Freedom for:
19. Political
opposition

Personal Rights
40. Homosexuality

HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX (HFI): Dalam laporan tahunan UNDP, Human Development Report 1991,
mempergunakan data Human Rights Rating yang disusun oleh Charles Humana (World Human
Rughts Guide 1986).

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 POLYARCHY INDEX
Indeks Polyarchy dikembangkan sebagai
Cummulative Rating Scale (Guttman-type
Scale). Mengukur pluralisme politik
berdasarkan keberadaan perangkat tatanan
kelembagaan yang memungkinkan dan
menjamin adanya oposisi publik dan hak untuk
berpatisipasi dalam proses-proses politik
. . . the set of institutional arrangements that permits
public opposition and establishes the right to
participate in politics (Coppedge and Reinicke, 1993;
p.47).

CONCEPT DIMENSI INDICATORS

ONS

FREE & 1.No meaningful election are

FAIR held
ELECTION 2.Marred by fraud and coercion
3.Meaningful fair election

FREEDOM 1.All organizations are banned

OF or controlled
POLYARC ORGANIZA 2.Only nonpolitical
TION organizations are allowed
HY 3. Some independent political
organizations are banned
4.Full freedom for political
organization

FREEDOM 1.All public dissent is

OF suppressed
EXPRESSIO 2.Some public dissent is
N supressed
3.Full freedom of expression

AVAILABILI 1.No public alternative to

TY OF official information

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 ALTERNATI 2.Alternative sources exist only
VE for nonpolitical issues
INFO 3.There is preferential
SOURCES presentation of official views
in the media
4.No preferential presentation
of official views in the media

Disusun berdasarkan: Coppedge and Reinicke (1993) “Measuring

Polyarchy”. In Inkeles, Inkeles, Alex (Ed.), On Measuring Democracy: Its
Cosequences and Concomitants. New Brunswick, London: Transaction
Publishers; pp. 47-68.

POLITICAL RIGHTS - CIVIL LIBERTIES

Dua Indeks yang sebagai kombinasi

dimaksudkan untuk menentukan tingkat
kehidupan demokrasi. Suatu Summative Rating
Scale (Likert-type Scale) yang dikembangkan
oleh Raymond Gastil, berdasarkan 11 indikator
Political Rights dan 14 indikator Civil Liberties
( lihat “The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and
Suggestions”. In Inkeles, Inkeles, Alex (Ed.), On Measuring Democracy:
Its Cosequences and Concomitants. New Brunswick, London: Transaction
Publishers; pp. 21-46.).

Sample Checklist for Political Rights

1. Chief authority recently elected by a meaningful
process
2. Legislature recently elected by a meaningful
process
Alternatives for 1 and 2:
a. No choice and possibility of rejection
b. No choice but some possibility of rejection
c. Government or single-party selected candidates
d. Choice possible only among government-
approved candidates

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 e. Relatively open choices possible only in local
elections
f. Open choice possible within a restricted range
g. Relatively open choices possible in all elections

Sample Checklist for Civil Liberties

17. Free from unjustified political terror or
imprisonment
18. Free trade unions, peasant organizations, or
equivalent
19. Free businesses or cooperatives

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Contoh Beberapa Instrumen Pengukuran Dalam
Penelitian Komunikasi
Rubin, B. Rebecca, Philip Palmgreen, and Howard E. Sypher. (2006).
Communication Research Measures: A sourcebook. Mahwah, New
Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates, Pub.

• News credibility index

• Parasocial interaction scale
• Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument
• Source credibility scale
• Television Affinity scale
• Verbal aggressiveness scale

Verbal aggresivenes
“ a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack
the self-concepts of other people, instead of, or in
addition to, their posisition on topics of
communication” (Infante & Wigley, 1986, p. 61).

Twenty items Likert-type statements on 1 – 5 scale

(almost neber tru, rarely true, occasionally true, often
true, almost always true), e.g. :

1. I am extremely careful to avoid attacking

individuals’s intelligence when I attack their
ideas.

2. When I dislike individuals greatly, I try not to

show it in what I say or how I say it

Reliability : Homogeneity - Cronbach’s Alpha

0.81
Validity : Concurrent validity
Positive correlation - Assault & Verbal
Hostility Index
Negative correlation – Social Desirability

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 MEASUREMENT RESULTS:
variances/scores differences

SOURCES OF VARIANCES/
SCORES DIFFERENCES
(Singleton, 1988; p.112; Selltiz, et.al., pp. 164-169)

TRUE RANDOM SYSTEMATIC

DIFFERENCES ERRORS ERRORS

differences in measurement biases

the concept errors due to inherent in the
the measure random or method or
intended to chance operational
measure factors: definition
(Singleton, (Singleton, (Singleton,198
1988); 1988) or 8); is an error
differences in transient introduced
the aspects of the into the
characteristics person, of the measurement
we are situation of by some
attempting to measurement, factor that
measure or of the systematically
(Selltiz, 1976). measurement affects the
procedures characteristics
that are likely being
to vary from measured or
one act of the process of
measurement measurement
to the next, (Selltiz, et el.,
even though 1976)
the
characteristics
we are trying

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 to measure
has not
changed.
(Selltiz, 1976)

Measurement errors

X=T+ S + R

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 MEASUREMENT ERRORS

RANDOM ERRORS SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

• Kesalahan yang • Kesalahan yang

terjadi secara terjadi secara
random/acak, sistematis, antara
akibat kondisi, lain bersumber
proses, atau dari faktor-faktor
variasi prosedur yang inherent
pengukuran yang dalam alat ukur
dilakukan. atau definisi
operasional
konsep yang
diukur.

• Membias secara • Membias ke satu

acak ke berbagai arah kemungkinan
arah kemungkinan tertentu

RELIABILITY VALIDITY

Tingkatan sejauh Tingkatan sejauh

mana pengukuran mana pengukuran
yang dilakukan yang dilakukan benar-
memperoleh hasilyang benar mengukur
konsisten (antar konsep yang semula
waktu, antar akan diukur

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 pengamat, antar The degree to which
indikator, dsb.) a test measures what
The consistency of a it purports to
measure (Bailey, 1987) measure (Borg & Gall;
1971)

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
• A MEASURE CAN BE RELIABLE BUT INVALID
• RELIABILITY IS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR
VALIDITY

LOW RELIABILITY
LOW VALIDITY
• • •
HIGH RELIABILITY • •
LOW VALIDITY • •

• •
•

•• LOW RELIABILITY
•• • HIGH VALIDITY???
HIGH RELIABILITY
HIGH VALIDITY
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 FACE - in the judgment of
others

CONTENT
Pre-data SAMPLING - capture the
Validity entire dimensions

CONCURRENT -
preexisting criterion
VALIDITY CRITERION
Data-based PREDICTIVE - predicted
-Validity criterion

CONVERGENT - similar
construct
MEASUREMENT CONSTRUCT
QUALITY Data-based DIVERGENT - opposing
Validity construct

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 STABILITY OVER TIME

RELIABILITY EQUIVALEN OVER ALTERNATE / RATER

CE

HOMOGENE OVER INDICATORS ( internal

ITY consistency)

Sources: Allen and Yen (1979); Seltiz et al.(1986); Sekaran (1992)

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 VALIDITY
CONTENT/ FACE VALIDITY
APPARENT . . . in the judgment of others -
VALIDITY Kesepakatan pakar tentang sejauh mana
definisi operasional/ indikator yang
dipergunakan suatu instrumen benar-benar
mengukur konsep yang ingin diukur

LOGICAL/SAMPLING VALIDITY
. . . capture the entire dimensions -
Kesepakatan pakar tentang sejauh mana
definisi operasional/ indikator-indikator suatu
instrumen mewakili keseluruhan dimensi
konsep yang diukur

CRITERION- CONCURRENT VALIDITY

RELATED correlatred with a preexisting criterion
VALIDITY - distinguish objects that differ in their
Pragmatic present status - tingkat sejauh mana hasil
validity
pengukuran berkorelasi dengan pengukuran
konsep lain atau kondisi tertentu yang
diasumsikan sebagai kriteria (e.g.:
Kemampuan Index of Democracy
menempatkan AS dan Korut dalam kategori
berbeda)

PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
correlated with future/predicted
condition - distinguish objects that will
differ in the future . Tingkat sejauh mana
hasil pengukuran suatu konsep mampu
memprediksi keadaan di masa datang
(Contoh: Indeks Liberalisasi Ekonomi 1980
dan Indeks Demokratisasi 1990)

CONSTRUC CONVERGENT VALIDITY

T positively correlated with similar
VALIDITY constructs
Theory- Tingkat sejauh mana hasil pengukuran suatu
related konsep ber-hubungan positif dengan hasil
validity
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 pengukuran konsep lain yang secara teoretis
harus sama (e.g.: Index Human Freedom
Index dan Civil Liberties Index)

DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY
uncorrelated or negatively correlated
with opposing construct - Tingkat sejauh
mana hasil pengukuran suatu konsep berbeda
(tidak berkorelasi / berkorelasi negatif)
dengan pengukuran konsep lain yang secara
teoretis harus berbeda (Contoh: Human
Freedom Index dan Totalitarianism Index)

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 RELIABILITY
The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)

STABILITY OVERTIME RELIABILITY:

Konsistensi hasil pengukuran dari waktu ke
waktu

RELIABILITY EQUIVALENCE OVER-ALTERNATE/OVER-

RATERS RELIABILITY:
Konsistensi suatu hasil pengukuran dengan
hasil pengukuran lain yang serupa, atau
dengan hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan
oleh pengamat/peneliti lain
(memakai instrumen yang sama)

HOMOGENEITY OVER-INDICATORS/INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY:
Konsistensi hasil-hasil pengukuran antar tiap

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 indikator dalam suatu instrumen pengukuran

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 Estimasi Reliabilitas Pengukuran

RELIABILITY
The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)

HOMOGENEITY STABILITY EQUIVALENCE

Internal consistency Test-retest reliability

Alternate and
parallel forms
(wording, order,
etc.)

rX1X2
X1 = pengukuran
versi1
X2 = pengukuran
versi2
rX1X2
X1 = pengukuran t1
X2 = pengukuran t2
rX1X2
X1 = hasil pengukuran belahan 1
X2 = hasil pengukuran belahan 2

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Estimasi Reliabilitas Pengukuran

KOEFISIEN PROSEDUR PENGHITUNGAN

RELIABILITAS PENGUMPULAN DATA KOEFISIEN

1.Stability • Test1 - tunggu - test2 • Hitung Pearson’s r

coefficient pada subjek yang sama coefficient antara skor
test1 dengan skor test2

2.Equivalence • Test versi1 - tunggu - test • Hitung Pearson’s

coefficient versi2 coefficient antara skor test
versi1 dengan skor test
versi2

3.Internal • Homogeneity: Test - • Hitung Spearman-Brown

consistency kemudian belah skor coefficient atau Cornbach’s
coefficient hasil test menjadi dua alpha coefficient (dsb.)
(homogeneity atau bagian antara skor belahan1
unidimensionality) dengan skor belahan2
• Unidimesionality: Khusus • Hitung Coefficient of
untuk Guttman-type Reproducibility
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 scale (cummulative
rating scale): hitung pola
jawaban yang “salah”

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 INTERNAL CONSISTENSY -
HOMEGENEITY ESTIMATES
Split-half reliability coefficients:

• Spearman-Brown coefficient

rX1X2 = 2 rY1Y2
_____________
1 + rY1Y2

rX1X2 = reliabilitas pengukuran seluruhnya

rY1Y2 = korelasi antara skor belahan 1 dan 2

• Cronbach's alpha

rX1X2 = 2 [ s2 - ( s2Y1 + s2Y2 ) ]

______________________
s2Y1Y2

rX1X2 = reliabilitas pengukuran seluruhnya

s2Y1 = varians skor belahan 1
s2Y2 = varians skor belahan 2

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 Estimasi Unidimensionality - internal
consistency
SKALA RATING KUMULATIF GUTTMAN

COEFFICIENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY:
. . . the percentage of original responses
that could be reproduced by knowing the
scale scores to summarize them (Babbie,
1992; p.186).

Contoh penghitungan coefficient of reproducibility

skala Jarak Sosial

INDICATORS:
YE NO
S
A. Are you willing to permit Albanians to 1 0
live in your community?
B. Are you willing to permit Albanians to 1 0
live in your neighbothood?

C. Would you let your child marry an 1 0

Albanian?

Observatio No. of Index Scale Total

n pattern Perso score scores scale
ns s errors
a b c
Scale 1 1 1 10 3 3 0
types
1 1 0 7 2 2 0
1 0 0 2 1 3 0
0 0 0 8 0 0 0
Mixed 1 0 1 1 2 3 3
types
0 1 0 4 1 2 8
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 0 0 1 12 1 3 36
1 0 1 7 2 2 14
44 61

number of errors
CoR = 1-
number of cases x number of
item

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 Internal Consistency / Homogeneity Pengukuran

Pearson’s r Correlation Spearman-Brown coefficient

Coefficient

N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y) 2 rY1Y2

rxy = rxy =
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑ 1 + rY1Y2
y2 - (∑y)2 ]

Skor Skor
NEGARA belahan 1 belahan 2 X2 Y2 XY
(X) ( Y)

A 14 14
B 15 14
C 4 5
D 13 12
E 12 14
F 3 4
G 14 14
H 15 14
I 4 5
J 13 12
K 12 14
L 3 4
∑X2 ∑Y2 ∑XY

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 CIVIL LIBERTIES INDEX

Indicators Total Indicators Total Grand

Countries 1 2 3 1st 4 5 6 2nd Total

A 5 4 5 14 5 4 5 14 28
B 5 5 5 15 4 5 5 14 29
C 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 5 9
D 4 5 4 13 5 3 4 12 25
E 5 4 3 12 5 4 5 14 26
F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 7
A 5 4 5 14 5 4 5 14 28
B 5 5 5 15 4 5 5 14 29
C 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 5 9
D 4 5 4 13 5 3 4 12 25
E 5 4 3 12 5 4 5 14 26
F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 7

Total Total Grand

Countries 1st 2nd Total

A 14 14 28
B 15 14 29
C 4 5 9
D 13 12 25
E 12 14 26
F 3 4 7
A 14 14 28
B 15 14 29
C 4 5 9
D 13 12 25
E 12 14 26
F 3 4 7

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

 N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy =
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]

∑xy
rxy = N (x)(y)
Sx Sy

Coefficient of determination r2

. . . the proportion of the variability among the y

scores
that can be accounted for by the variability
among the x scores (Sprinthall; 1982)

rxy = 0.70 rxy2 = 0.49

49% of the information about y is contained in x

 Equivalence Dua Versi Pengukuran

Test Test
COUNTRIES Versi1 Versi2
(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY

A 40 3.75 1600 14.06

150.00
B 30 3.00 900 9.00
90.00
C 35 3.25 1225 10.56
113.75
D 5 1.75 25 3.06
8.75
E 10 2.00 100 4.00
20.00
F 15 2.25 225 5.06
33.75
G 25 3.00 625 9.00
75.00
N=7 ∑X= 160 ∑Y= 19.00 ∑X2= 4700 ∑X2= 54.74 XY= 491.25

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy = =
0.98
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]

Statistical significance

∝ = 0.05 df = n - 2 = 5 critical value

rc0.05;5 = 0.74
 r xy = 0.98 > rc0.05;5 significant ( reject
H 0)

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

COUNTRIES HDI HFI

(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY

A 40 3.75 1600 14.06

150.00
B 30 3.00 900 9.00
90.00
C 35 3.25 1225 10.56
113.75
D 5 1.75 25 3.06
8.75
E 10 2.00 100 4.00
20.00
F 15 2.25 225 5.06
33.75
G 25 3.00 625 9.00
75.00
N=7 ∑X= 160 ∑Y= 19.00 ∑X2= 4700 ∑X2= 54.74
XY= 491.25

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy = = 0.98
2 2 2 2
[ N∑x - (∑x) ] [ N∑y - (∑y) ]
Statistical significance

∝ = 0.05 df = n - 2 = 5 critical value

rc0.05;5 = 0.74
r xy = 0.98 > rc0.05;5 significant
( reject H 0)

Interpretasi Kekuatan Hubungan XY

Berdasarkan Koefisien Pearson r XY
Guilford (1980):

r XY interpretasi

< 0.20 lemah sekali; hampir bisa

diabaikan

0.20 - 0.40 lemah

0.40 - 0.70 cukup kuat / moderat

0.70 - 0.90 kuat

0.90 - 1.00 amat kuat

 Strength ≠ Statistically significant

Human Civil
Country Freedom Liberties
(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY

Sweden 98 7
Denmark 98 7
USA 90 7
Cuba 24 2
Iraq 19 1
Japan 88 7
S.Korea 59 5
N.Korea 17 1
Singapore 59 3
Philippine 44 5
Thailand 57 5
Malaysia 53 3
Indonesia 36 3

∑X= ∑Y= ∑X2= ∑X2=

XY=

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy =
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]
- - Correlation Coefficients - -

HFI85 HDI87 CIVLIB88 POLRIG88 POLY85 GNP6588

HFI85 -

HDI87 .6130 -
( 68)
P= .000

CIVLIB88 .8142 .7174 -

( 68) ( 71)
P= .000 P= .000

POLRIG88 .7612 .6706 .9284 -

( 68) ( 71) ( 71)
P= .000 P= .000 P= .000

POLY85 .7102 .4652 .8295 .7830 -

( 42) ( 45) ( 45) ( 45)
P= .000 P= .001 P= .000 P= .000

GNP6588 .1118 .3144 .1674 .2306 .2514 -

( 68) ( 71) ( 71) ( 71) ( 45)
P= .364 P= .008 P= .163 P= .053 P= .096

17 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0 Page 2

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS - SCALE (A L P H A)

Reliability Coefficients

N of Cases = 86.0 N of Items = 40

Alpha = .9759

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS - SCALE (S P L I T)

Reliability Coefficients

N of Cases = 86.0 N of Items = 40

Correlation between forms = .9647 Equal length Spearman-Brown = .9820

Guttman Split-half = .9791 Unequal-length Spearman-Brown = .9820

20 Items in part 1 20 Items in part 2

Alpha for part 1 = .9583 Alpha for part 2 = .9454
 VALIDITY – RELIABILITY
(POSITIVISTIC) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Traditional criteria for Judging Alternative Criteria for Judging
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

• internal validity • credibility

• external validity • transferability
• reliability • dependability
• Objectivity • confirmability

Source: //www.socialresearchmethods.net

• credibility Hasil pengamatan dapat dipercaya dari perspektif dari partisipan

penelitian
• transferability Hasil pengamatan bisa digeneralisasi ke konteks atau setting lain yang
comparable
• dependability Hasilkan pengamatan sama dengan hasil pengamatan ulang, dlm setting
serupa
• confirmability Hasil pengamatan bisa dikonfirmasi oleh pengamatan lain
 VALIDITY IN (Positivistic) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
(Burke Johnson. 1998. Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research)

• Descriptive Validity Tingkat akurasi factual pengamatan yang dilakukan peneliti

• Interpretive Validity Tingkat sejauhmana pandangan, pemikiran, maksud, dan pengalaman partisipan difahami,
diamati dan dilaporkan oleh peneliti
• Theoretical Validity Tingkat sejauhmana suatu eksplanasi teori yang dibangun berdasarkan penelitian sesuai
dengan data empiric, dan dapat dipercaya.
• Internal Validity Tingkat sejauhmana ekplanasi (kausalitas atau proses kausal) yang dilakukan bisa
dibenarkan
• External Validity Tingkat sejauhmana hasil pengamatan bisa digeneralisasi ke subjek, setting, dan waktu lain.