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  • Parameters Command Line Parameters

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    A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (Cpu) a microprocessor is a computer's "brain," processing information.

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    A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (Cpu) a microprocessor is a computer's "brain," processing information.

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    Parameters Command Line Parameters

    Caricato da

    Dev Kashyap
    A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (Cpu) a microprocessor is a computer's "brain," processing information.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Parameters Command Line Parameters %1 %~f1 Variables Create/read environment variables Redirection Spooling output to a file, piping input

    AND/OR Logic Conditional Execution (If-Then-Else) Loops Loops and Subroutines functions How to package blocks of code Services List of Windows XP Services

    Evaluating expressions Using brackets to Group and expand expressions Delayed Expansion Manage <xml> and <html> text SET /A Environment variable arithmetic VarSubstring Extract part of a variable (substring) VarSearch Search & replace part of a variable Escape chars, delimiters and quotes Wildcards Match multiple files Website for this image Following are the images of parts of computer and internal parts of ... sudarshansoftech.com

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    System unit Storage Mouse Keyboard Monitor Printer Speakers

    Modem

    Parts of a computer If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the "computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.) The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package.

    Desktop computer system

    Let's take a look at each of these parts. System unit The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

    System unit Storage Your computer has one or more disk drivesdevices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off. Hard disk drive Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

    Hard disk drive CD and DVD drives Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit.

    CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

    CD DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs. Tip If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to CDs or DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data. Floppy disk drive Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less

    popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them.

    Floppy disk Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material. Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

    Mouse A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also

    have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

    When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see Using your mouse. Keyboard A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

    The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used. The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly. The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage.

    Keyboard You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more information, see Using your keyboard. Monitor A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures. There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable.

    LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right) Printer A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home. The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.

    Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right) Speakers Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

    Computer speakers Modem To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

    Cable modem Batch Files DateMath Add or subtract days from any date GetDate.cmd Get todays date (any region, any OS) GetTime.cmd Get the time now GetGMT.cmd Time adjusted to Greenwich Mean Time deQuote Remove quotes from a string DelOlder.cmd Delete files more than n days old

    StampMe.cmd Rename a file with the date/time tdiff.cmd Time difference in Hours/Minutes Which.cmd Display full path to any command xlong.cmd Find filenames that exceed the 256 char pathname limit DragDrop.cmd Drag and drop onto a batch script Reference/How to Autoexec Run commands at startup Slow Browsing Speed up network browsing Desktop Heap Memory configuration Long Filenames NTFS filename issues Keyboard CMD Keyboard shortcuts Printing Printer connections and print drivers Recovery The Recovery Console RUN commands Start | Run commands ProfileFolders User Shell Folders Registry User interface settings (XP) BuiltIn Groups Built-In Users and Security Groups Groups Local Domain groups, Global and Universal Applies to all editions of Windows Vista. Compare editions Moving and copying files by using the drag-and-drop method The most common way to copy and move files and folders is by using the drag-and-drop method, which means that

    you select one or more files and drag them to another location. For example, you can drag a file to the Recycle Bin to delete the file, or drag a file to a folder to copy or move it to that location.

    How to drag files When you drag a file or folder, exactly what happens depends upon what you drag and where you drag it. Pop-up windows containing information appear when you drag a file over a destinationpay attention to these to find out what will happen when you release the mouse button. You can also refer to the following table to learn more about what happens when you drag files and folders. Tip If you press and hold the right mouse button while dragging, a menu appears that lets you choose a specific action, such as copying or moving. Dragging files

    When you drag a file This is what happens Into a folder on same hard The file is moved to the disk destination folder. Into a folder on a different The file is copied to the folder hard disk on the destination disk. Into the Navigation pane Nothing. You can't add files to (left pane) of a folder the Navigation pane. Dragging folders When you drag a This is what happens folder Into a folder on The folder is moved to the destination same hard disk folder. Into a folder on a The folder is copied to the folder on the different hard disk destination disk. A link to the folder is added to the Into the Navigation Navigation pane, and the link is then pane of a folder available from the Navigation pane of every folder. Was this helpful? Windows Explorer File management is the term used to refer to various actions that are carried out on files in the computer (Eg copying, moving and deleting files). The reason that this is necessary is because files are stored in areas, referred to as Folders. This is to keep things organized so that you and the computer knows how to find the files next

    time you need them. Examples of file manage are when you want to delete a file in a particular folder, or move an existing file from one folder to another. The main program used for file management, is Windows Explorer. You will normally find this under Start | Programs | Windows Explorer, although a Shortcut is normally on the desktop as well. The common layout has the menu at the top, Folders (sometimes referred to as directories) down the left and the contents of the selected Folder on the right. There are various methods that can be used in this program for file management. Once you learn these methods, and select the one you are most comfortable with, you will find that most File Open and File Save As dialogue boxes in other programs will work the same way. This means that you can create a Folder or Sub-Folder and then save a file into that Folder. If you put a file into the wrong Folder, then you can move it to the correct one. The basic operation in Windows Explorer is to select the Folder that you want to work with in the left window, then perform the required actions in the right window. Common actions and methods used in Windows Explorer are:

    Select Folder Window.

    Left Click on Folder name in left

    Expand Folder - Left Click on Folder name in left Window.

    at left hand side of

    Double Left click on Folder name in left Window. Press Right Arrow. Retract Folder Left Click on side of Folder name in left Window. at left hand

    Double click on the expanded Folder name (toggles step above). Press Left Arrow. Move a file Left Click in right window and drag file to destination Folder. Right Click in right window, drag file to Folder and choose "Move Here" from the small menu presented. Left Click in right window, Click on Cut in the toolbar, change to destination Folder, and Click on Paste in the toolbar.

    Copy a file - Left Click in right window, hold down Ctrl key and drag file to Folder. Right Click in right window, drag file

    to Folder and choose "Copy Here" from the small menu presented. Left Click in right window, Click on Copy in the toolbar, change to destination Folder, and Click on Paste in the toolbar. Create folder - Left Click on existing Folder or Ms-dos(C:) in left window where the new Folder is to be created, then Right Click in empty area in right window, choose New | Folder and type in a name.

    The following picture shows Windows Explorer program for a typical computer. When you run the program on your computer you will be able to see the disk drives and the Folders that exist in each, in the Left Window. Folders can be singular, with files stored in them, or you can have SubFolders within Folders to further divide up the locations for storing files. Using the methods listed above, you can Select, Expand and Retract Folders. Once selected, you can perform file management using the above techniques in the right window.

    Eg, to create a Sub Folder in the My Documents Folder, do the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Left Click on the My Documents Folder in the left window. Right Click in the space in the right window. Choose New | Folder. Type in a name for the new Sub Folder and press Enter.

    When the My Documents Folder is expanded, you will see the Folder just created.

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