EP 143-PROBLEM SET 1

Example: A student eats a dinner rated at 2 000 kcalories. He wishes to do an equivalent amount of work in the gymnasium by lifting a 50.0-kg barbell. How many times must he raise the barbell to expend this much energy? Assume that he raises the barbell 2.00 m each time he lifts it and that he regains no energy when he drops the barbell to the floor.

Solution Because 1 kcalorie = 1.00 x103 cal, the work required is 2.00 x106 cal. Converting this value to joules, we have for the total work required: W = (2.00 x106 cal)(4.186 J/cal) = 8.37 x 106 J The work done in lifting the barbell a distance h is equal to mgh, and the work done in lifting it n times is nmgh.

 We equate this to the total work required:

Example: During about with the flu an 80-kg man ran a fever of 39.0oC (l02.2F) instead of the normal body temperature of 37.0oC (98.6F). Assuming that the human body is mostly water, how much heat is required to raise his temperature by that amount?

Solution: We are given the values of m = 80 kg, c = 4I90J/kg' K (for water), and T = 39.0oC - 37.0oC = 2.0 Co = 2.0 K Q = mcT= (80kg)(4I90J/kg .K)(2.0K) = 6.7 X 10-5J

Example: You are designing an electronic circuit element made of 23 mg of silicon. The electric curtent through it adds energy at the rate of 7.4 mW = 7.4 X 10-3 J/s. If your design doesn't allow any heat transfer out of the element, at what rate does its temperature increase? The specific heat of silicon is 705 J/kg . K Solution: In 1 second, Q = (7.4 X 10-3 J/s)(1 s) = 7.4 X 10-3 J. From Eq. (17.13), Q = mcT, the temperature change in 1 second is

Alternatively, we can divide both sides of the equation by dt and rearrange:

Graph of temperature versus time for a specimen of water initially in the

solid phase (ice). Heat is added to the specimen at a constant rate. The temperature remains constant during each change of phase, provided that the pressure remains constant.

 Example: A geologist working in the field drinks her morning coffee out of an aluminum cup. The cup has a mass of 0.120 kg and is initially at 20.0oC when she pours in 0.300 kg of coffee initially at 70.0oC. What is the final temperature after the coffee and the cup attain thermal equilibrium? (Assume that coffee has the same specific heat as water and that there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.) Solution: The (negative) heat gained by the coffee is

Solution of this equation gives T = 66.0C.

 Example: A physics student wants to cool 0.25 kg of Diet Omni-Cola (mostly water), initially at 25C, by adding ice initially at - 20C. How much ice should she add so that the final temperature will be 0oC with all the ice melted if the heat capacity of the container may be neglected? Solution: The Omni-Cola loses heat, so the heat added to it is negative:

the specific heat of ice (not the same as for liquid water) is 2.1 X 10' J/kg. K. Let the mass of ice be mJcc; then the heat Q, needed to warm it from 20C to 0 oC is

Solution cont
the additional heat Q2 needed to melt this mass of ice is the mass times the heat of fusion. Using Table, we find

 Example: A heavy copper pot of mass 2.0 kg (including the copper lid) is at a temperature of l50C. You pour 0.10 kg of water at 25C into the pot, then quickly close the lid of the pot so that no steam can escape. Find the final temperature of the pot and its contents, and determine the phase (liquid or gas) of the water. Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings. Solution: The simplest case to calculate is the first possibility. Let the common final temperature of the liquid water and the copper pot be T. Since we are assuming that no phase changes take place, the sum of the quantities of heat added to the two materials is

Solution cont Solving this for T, we find T = 106C. But this is above the boiling point of water, which contradicts our assuroption that none of the water boils! So this assumption can't be correct; at least some of the water undergoes a phase change. If we try the second possibility, in which the final temperature is 100C, we have to find the raction of water that changes to the gaseous phase. Let this fraction be x; the (positive) amount of heat needed to vaporize this water is (xmwater)Lv. Setting the final temperature T equal to 100C, we have

Example: In a particuIar gasoline camp stove, 30% of the energy released in burning the fuel actually goes to heating the water in the pot on the stove. If we heat 1.00 L (1.00 kg) of water from 20C to 100C and boil 0.25 kg of it away, how much gasoline do we burn in the process? Solution: The heat required to raise the temperature of the water from 20oC to 100oC is

 Example: An ideal gas occupies a volume of 100 cm3 at 20C and 100 Pa. Find the number of moles of gas in the container. Solution: The quantities given are volume, pressure, and temperature: P =100 Pa, and T =20C = 293K.

 Example: A certain tank is designed to hold 66 ft3 of air when it is at atmospheric pressure at 22C. When this volume of air is compressed to an absolute pressure of 3 000 lb/in-2 and stored in a 10L (0.35ft3) tank, the air becomes so hot that the tank must be allowed to cool before it can be used. If the air does not cool, what is its temperature? (Assume that the air behaves like an ideal gas.)
Solution: If no air escapes from the tank during filling, then the number of moles n remains constant; therefore, using and with n and R being constant, we obtain for the initial and final values:

 Example: A spray can containing a propellant gas at twice atmospheric pressure (202 kPa) and having a volume of 125 cm3 is at 22C. It is then tossed into an open fire. When the temperature of the gas in the can reaches 195C, what is the pressure inside the can? Assume any change in the volume of the can is negligible. Solution:

Because the initial and final volumes of the gas are assumed to be equal, this expression reduces to