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9 Exercises
1. Evaluate the following functions:
-a. sin t t 6 -b. cos 2t t 4 -c. cos t t 2
2
-d. tan 2t t 8
e.
t e
2
2 t
( t 2 ) dt
-f. sin t 1 t 2
2. a. Express the voltage waveform v ( t ) shown in Figure 1.24, as a sum of unit step functions for the time interval 0 < t < 7 s . b. Using the result of part (a), compute the derivative of v ( t ) , and sketch its waveform.
v(t) (V)
20
2t
v(t)
e
10 0 1 10 20
t( s)
1-20
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
u0 ( t ) u0 ( t )
d. 8t e
7 5t
e. 15 ( t 4 ) 3. Find the Laplace transform of the following time domain functions: a. ( t + 3t + 4t + 3 )u 0 ( t ) b. 3 ( 2t 3 ) ( t 3 ) c. ( 3 sin 5t )u 0 ( t ) d. ( 5 cos 3t )u 0 ( t ) e. ( 2 tan 4t )u 0 ( t ) Be careful with this! Comment and skip derivation. 4. Find the Laplace transform of the following time domain functions: a. 3t ( sin 5t )u 0 ( t ) b. 2t ( cos 3t )u 0 ( t ) c. 2e
5t 2 3 2
sin 5t
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
d. 8e
3t
cos 4t
e. ( cos t ) ( t 4 ) 5. Find the Laplace transform of the following time domain functions: a. 5tu 0 ( t 3 ) b. ( 2t 5t + 4 )u 0 ( t 3 ) c. ( t 3 )e
2t 2
u0 ( t 2 ) u0 ( t 3 )
d. ( 2t 4 )e e. 4te
3t
2(t 2)
( cos 2t )u 0 ( t )
6. Find the Laplace transform of the following time domain functions: a. d ( sin 3t )
dt
4t b. d ( 3e )
dt dt dt dt
2 c. d ( t cos 2t ) 2t d. d ( e sin 2t ) 2 2t e. d ( t e )
b.
0 ---------- d
t
sin
sin at c. ------------
d.
cos ---------- d
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
2-35
e ------ d
8. Find the Laplace transform for the sawtooth waveform f ST ( t ) of Figure 2.8.
f ST ( t )
A
2a
3a
9. Find the Laplace transform for the full rectification waveform f FR ( t ) of Figure 2.9.
f FR ( t )
1
2a
3a
4a
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
s + 6s + 3 e. ------------------------5 (s + 3)
s + 5s + 18.5
s + 5s + 10.5s + 9
s + 8s + 24s + 32
s + 6s + 11s + 6
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
2 1 s ------ ( sin t + t cos t ) ----------------------- 2 2 2 2 (s + ) Hint: 1 1 -------- 3 ( sin t t cos t ) ----------------------- 2 2 2 (s + ) 2
2s + 3 c. --------------------------------2
3 2
s + 4.25s + 1
s + 8s + 24s + 32 d. ---------------------------------------------2 s + 6s + 8
e. e
2s
3 --------------------3 ( 2s + 3 )
4. Use the Initial Value Theorem to find f ( 0 ) given that the Laplace transform of f ( t ) is
2s + 3 -------------------------------2 s + 4.25s + 1
Compare your answer with that of Exercise 3(c). 5. It is known that the Laplace transform F ( s ) has two distinct poles, one at s = 0 , the other at s = 1 . It also has a single zero at s = 1 , and we know that lim f ( t ) = 10 . Find F ( s ) and f ( t ) .
t
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
3-21
R1
10
R2
iL ( t )
32 V
2. In the circuit of Figure 4.23, switch S has been closed for a long time, and opens at t = 0 . Use the Laplace transform method to compute v c ( t ) for t > 0 .
R1
6 K t = 0 S
R3
30 K 60 K
C
R4
20 K
72 V
R2
v (t) C 40 ----- F 10 K 9
R5
3. Use mesh analysis and the Laplace transform method, to compute i 1 ( t ) and i 2 ( t ) for the circuit of Figure 4.24, given that i L (0 ) = 0 and v c (0 ) = 0 .
L1
2H
R2
3
R1
+
L2
+
1H
v1 ( t ) = u0 ( t )
i1 ( t )
1F
i2 ( t )
v 2 ( t ) = 2u 0 ( t )
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
4. For the s domain circuit of Figure 4.25, a. compute the admittance Y ( s ) = I 1 ( s ) V 1 ( s ) b. compute the t domain value of i 1 ( t ) when v 1 ( t ) = u 0 ( t ) , and all initial conditions are zero.
I1 ( s )
R1 1
VC ( s )
1s R2
R3 3 1 R4 2
V1 ( s )
5. Derive the transfer functions for the networks (a) and (b) of Figure 4.26.
R L
+
V in ( s )
(a)
C
+
V out ( s )
+
V in ( s )
(b) R
6. Derive the transfer functions for the networks (a) and (b) of Figure 4.27.
C
+
V in ( s )
(a) R
+
V out ( s )
+
V in ( s )
(b) L
7. Derive the transfer functions for the networks (a) and (b) of Figure 4.28.
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
+
V 2 ( s ) = 2V C ( s )
+
V out ( s )
+
V out ( s )
4-19
+
V in ( s )
+
R
+
V in ( s )
R L
+
V out ( s )
V out ( s )
(a)
(b)
8. Derive the transfer function for the networks (a) and (b) of Figure 4.29.
C R1 V in ( s ) R2 V in ( s ) (b) Figure 4.29. Networks for Exercise 8 R1 C R2
V out ( s ) (a)
V out ( s )
9. Derive the transfer function for the network of Figure 4.30. Using MATLAB, plot G ( s ) versus frequency in Hertz, on a semilog scale.
R4 R3 R1 V in ( s ) R2 C1 C2 Figure 4.30. Network for Exercise 9 V out ( s ) R1 = 11.3 k R2 = 22.6 k R3=R4 = 68.1 k C1=C2 = 0.01 F
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
iL ( t )
+
(t)
2. Repeat Example 6.4 by forming h ( t ) instead of u ( t ) , that is, use the convolution integral
u( )h ( t ) d
3. Repeat Example 6.5 by forming h ( t ) instead of u ( t ) . 4. Compute v 1 ( t )*v 2 ( t ) given that
4t v1 ( t ) = 0 t0 t<0 e 2t v2 ( t ) = 0 t0 t<0
5. For the series RL circuit shown in Figure 6.37, the response is the current i L ( t ) . Use the convolution integral to find the response when the input is the unit step u 0 ( t ) .
R
iL ( t )
L 1H
+
u0 ( t ) i(t)
6. Compute v out ( t ) for the network of Figure 6.38 using the convolution integral, given that
v in ( t ) = u 0 ( t ) u 0 ( t 1 ) .
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
L
+
1H R
v in ( t )
v out ( t )
1
1
L 1H
v in ( t )
v out ( t )
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
6-23
2. Compute the first 5 components of the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform of Figure 7.48. Assume = 1 .
f(t)
A t 0
3. Compute the first 5 components of the exponential Fourier series for the waveform of Figure 7.49. Assume = 1 .
f(t)
A
4. Compute the first 5 components of the exponential Fourier series for the waveform of Figure 7.50. Assume = 1 .
f( t)
A2
0
A 2
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
7-51
6. Compute the first 5 components of the exponential Fourier series for the waveform of Figure 7.52. Assume = 1 .
f(t)
A t
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
u ( t ) ( t ) dt
0
= 12
2. Compute
{ te
at
u0 ( t ) } a > 0
7. For the circuit of Figure 8.21, use the Fourier transform method to compute v C ( t ) .
R1 1 C
1F
vC ( t )
0.5
R2
v in ( t )
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
8-47
u 0 ( t ) volts.
F() f( t)
A
0 2 T
t
T
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
n = 0, 1, 2, , m 1 otherwise
2. Find the Z transform of a p [ n ] where p [ n ] is defined as in Exercise 1. 3. Prove the following Z transform pairs: a. [ n ] 1 b. [ n 1 ] z
n m
c. na u 0 [ n ] ----------------2 (z a) d. n a u 0 [ n ] --------------------3 (z a) z
2 2 n
az
az ( z + a )
e. [ n + 1 ]u 0 [ n ] ----------------2 (z 1)
[ F ( z ) ] given that
A F ( z ) = ------------------------------------------------1 1 ( 1 z ) ( 1 0.5z )
5. Use the partial fraction expansion method to compute the Inverse Z transform of
z F ( z ) = -----------------------------------------2 ( z + 1 ) ( z 0.75 )
2
7. Use the long division method to compute the first 5 terms of the discrete time sequence whose Z transform is
z +z z F ( z ) = ---------------------------------------------1 2 3 1 + z + z + 4z
1 2 3
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
8. a. Compute the transfer function of the difference equation
y [ n ] y [ n 1 ] = Tx [ n 1 ]
b. Compute the response y [ n ] when the input is x [ n ] = e 9. Given the difference equation
naT
T y [ n ] y [ n 1 ] = -- { x [ n ] + x [ n 1 ] } 2
a. Compute the discrete transfer function H ( z ) b. Compute the response to the input x [ n ] = e
naT
where
y [ n ] = 0 for n < 0
a. Compute the transfer function H ( z ) b. Compute the impulse response h [ n ] c. Compute the response when the input is x [ n ] = 10 for n 0 11. Given the discrete transfer function
z+2 H ( z ) = ---------------------------2 8z 2z 3
write the difference equation that relates the output y [ n ] to the input x [ n ] .
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
9-53
Use MATLAB to compute and plot the magnitude X [ m ] of this sequence. 3. Prove that
a. x [ n ] cos 2kn -- { X [ m k ] + X [ m + k ] } -----------N b. x [ n ] sin 2kn ---- { X [ m k ] + X [ m + k ] } -----------N 1 j2 1 2
4. The signal flow graph of Figure 10.6 is a decimation in time, natural-input, shuffled-output type FFT algorithm. Using this graph and relation (10.69), compute the frequency component X [ 3 ] . Verify that this is the same as that found in Example 10.5.
x[0] x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] x[6] x[7]
W0 W0 W0 W0 W4 W4 W4 W4 W0 W0 W4 W4 W2 W2 W6 W6 W0 W4 W2 W6 W1 W5 W3 W7
5. The signal flow graph of Figure 10.7 is a decimation in frequency, natural input, shuffled output type FFT algorithm. There are two equations that relate successive columns. The first is
Y dash ( R, C ) = Y dash ( R i , C 1 ) + Y dash ( R j , C 1 )
and it is used with the nodes where two dashed lines terminate on them.
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
10-31
and it is used with the nodes where two solid lines terminate on them. The number inside the circles denote the power of W N , and the minus () sign below serves as a reminder that the bracketed term of the second equation involves a subtraction. Using this graph and the above equations, compute the frequency component X [ 3 ] . Verify that this is the same as in Example 10.5.
x[ 0] x[1] x[2] x[ 3] x[4] x[5] x[ 6] x[7] X[ 0]
W0 W
0
2 0 W W
W W W W
0 1 2 3 0 W
X[5] X[ 3] X[7]
W0
0 2 W W
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
and for given values of a , b , and desired cutoff frequency C , we can calculate the values of
C 1, C 2, R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 to achieve the desired cutoff frequency C .
C1 vin
C2
R1
R2 R4 R3
vout
Using these relations, compute the appropriate values of the resistors to achieve the cutoff frequency f C = 1 KHz . Choose the capacitors as C 1 = 10 f C F and C 2 = C 1 . Plot G ( s ) versus frequency. Solution using MATLAB is highly recommended.
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
11-73
R1 vin C1
C2
R2
R3 R5 R4
vout
Let 0 = center frequency , 2 = upper cutoff frequency , 1 = lower cutoff frequency , Bandwidth BW = 2 1 , and Quality Factor Q = 0 BW We can calculate the values of C 1, C 2, R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 to achieve the desired centered frequency 0 and bandwidth BW . For this circuit,
2Q R 1 = ---------------C1 0 K 2Q R 2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 2 C 1 0 1 + ( K 1 ) + 8Q 1 - 1 1 R 3 = ------------ ----- + ----- 2 2R R 2 C1 0 1 R 4 = R 5 = 2R 3
Using these relations, compute the appropriate values of the resistors to achieve center frequency f 0 = 1 KHz , Gain K = 10 , and Q = 10 . Choose the capacitors as C 1 = C 2 = 0.1 F . Plot G ( s ) versus frequency. Solution using MATLAB is highly recommended.
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
3. The circuit of Figure 11.41 is a VCVS second-order band elimination filter whose transfer function is
2 V out ( s ) K ( s 2 + 0 ) G ( s ) = ---------------- = --------------------------------------2 2 V in ( s ) s + [ BW ]s + 0
C1 vin R1
C2
R3
R2 C3
vout
Let 0 = center frequency , 2 = upper cutoff frequency , 1 = lower cutoff frequency , Bandwidth BW = 2 1 , Quality Factor Q = 0 BW , and gain K = 1 We can calculate the values of C 1, C 2, R 1, R 2, R 3, and R 4 to achieve the desired centered frequency 0 and bandwidth BW . For this circuit,
1 R 1 = -------------------2 0 QC 1 2Q R 2 = ----------0 C1 2Q R 3 = -----------------------------------2 C 1 0 ( 4Q + 1 )
The gain K must be unity, but Q can be up to 10. Using these relations, compute the appropriate values of the resistors to achieve center frequency f 0 = 1 KHz , Gain K = 1 and Q = 10 . Choose the capacitors as C 1 = C 2 = 0.1 F and C 3 = 2C1 . Plot G ( s ) versus frequency. Solution using MATLAB is highly recommended.
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
11-75
where the gain K = cons tan t , ( 0 < K < 1 ) , and the phase is given by
a 0 1 ( ) = 2tan --------------------- 2 2 b 0
C2 R1 vin R3 R4 C1 R2 vout
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
Exercises
and for 180 < 0 < 0 , from
4K 1K 2 a = -------------------------------- 1 1 + ------------ tan ( 0 2 ) 1K 2K tan ( 0 2 )
Using these relations, compute the appropriate values of the resistors to achieve a phase shift 0 = 90 at f 0 = 1 KHz with K = 0.75 . Choose the capacitors as C 1 = C 2 = 0.01 F and plot phase versus frequency. Solution using MATLAB is highly recommended. 5. The Bessel filter of Figure 11.43 has the same configuration as the low-pass filter of Example 11.3, and achieves a relatively constant time delay over a range 0 < < 0 . The second-order transfer function of this filter is
2 V out ( s ) 3K 0 G ( s ) = ---------------- = -------------------------------------2 2 V in ( s ) s + 3 0 s + 3 0
R2 R1 vin C1
C2 R3 vout
We recognize the transfer function G ( s ) above as that of a low-pass filter where a = b = 3 and the substitution of 0 = C . Therefore, we can use a low-pass filter circuit such as that of Figure 11.43, to achieve a constant delay T 0 by specifying the resistor and capacitor values of the circuit. The resistor values are computed from
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications
11-77
Using these relations, compute the appropriate values of the resistors to achieve a time delay T 0 = 100 s with K = 2 . Use capacitors C 1 = 0.01 F and C 2 = 0.002 F . Plot G ( s ) versus frequency. Solution using MATLAB is highly recommended. 6. Derive the transfer function of a fourth-order Butterworth filter with C = 1 rad s . 7. Derive the amplitude-squared function for a third-order Type I Chebyshev low-pass filter with 1.5 dB pass band ripple and cutoff frequency C = 1 rad s . 8. Use MATLAB to derive the transfer function G ( z ) and plot G ( z ) versus for a two-pole, Type I Chebyshev high-pass digital filter with sampling period T S = 0.25 s . The equivalent analog filter cutoff frequency is C = 4 rad s and has 3 dB pass band ripple. Compute the coefficients of the numerator and denominator and plot G ( z ) with and without pre-warping.
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Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition Orchard Publications