*SOLUBILITY "The solubility of a solute in a solvent at a particular temperature is the number of grams of the solute necessary to saturate 100gm

of the solvent at that temperature." *FACTORS AFFETING SOLUBILITY There are three main factors that control solubility of a solute. (1) Temperature (2) Nature of solute or solvent (3) Pressure *EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Basically, solubility increases with temperature. It is the case for most of the solvents. The situation is though different for gases. With increase of the temperature they became less soluble in each other and in water, but more soluble in organic solvent *NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent. A polar solute dissolved in polar solvent. Solubility of a non-polar solute in a solvent is large. A polar solute has low solubility or insoluble in a non-polar solvent. *EFFECT OF PRESSURE The effect of pressure is observed only in the case of gases. An increase in pressure increases of solubility of a gas in a liquid. For example carbon di oxide is filled in cold drink bottles (such as coca cola, Pepsi 7up etc.)under pressure. Rates of chemical reactions For the study of a complex overall chemical reaction, such as methane oxidation, a high number of species may interact in several reactions. Simulations using such a mechanism require a special software package which may integrate the coupled differential equations originating from combined description of transport phenomena and the production and removal of each species. One such package is SENKIN [1] which solves models describing plug flow, based on three inputs; a database of thermodynamical parameters of the reacting species; a reaction mechanism, which is a database of elementary reactions and parameters of the Arrhenius equation,

Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium 1) Effect of change of concentration By increasing or decreasing the concentration of one of the reactants orproducts, the reaction can be manipulated in the desired direction. To increase the yield of NH3 the concentration of N2 or preferably H2should be increased in the synthesis of ammonia. 2) Effect of change of pressure Reactions which proceed with decrease in volume are favored by high pressures.

On the other hand, reactions which proceed with increase in volume are favored by low pressures.

If the volume remains the same then change in pressure has no effect.

3) Effect of change in temperature Exothermic reactions will be favored by decrease in temperature

Endothermic reactions will be favored by increase in temperature.

4) Effect of catalyst The presence of a catalyst in a reversible reaction does not affect the state of equilibrium but only causes the reaction system to attain equilibrium in a shorter period of time.