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ARTICLE1
The word "soItware" had been coined as a prank by at least 1953, but did not appear in
print until the 1960s.
|1|
BeIore this time, computers were programmed either by
customers, or the Iew commercial computer vendors oI the time, such as UNIVAC and
IBM. The Iirst company Iounded to provide soItware products and services was
Computer Usage Company in 1955.
|2|
The soItware industry expanded in the early 1960s,
almost immediately aIter computers were Iirst sold in mass-produced quantities.
Universities, government, and business customers created a demand Ior soItware. Many
oI these programs were written in-house by Iull-time staII programmers. Some were
distributed Ireely between users oI a particular machine Ior no charge. Others were done
on a commercial basis, and other Iirms such as Computer Sciences Corporation (Iounded
in 1959) started to grow. The computer-makers started bundling operating systems
soItware and programming environments with their machines.
When Digital Equipment Corporation brought a relatively low-priced micro-computer to
market, it brought computing within reach oI many more companies and universities
worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms oI new, powerIul programming
languages and methodologies. New soItware was built Ior micro-computers, and others,
including IBM, Iollowed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS400 amongst
others.
The industry expanded greatly with the rise oI the personal computer in the mid-1970s,
which brought computing to the desktop oI the oIIice worker. In subsequent years, it also
created a growing market Ior games, applications, and utilities. DOS, MicrosoIt's Iirst
operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time.
In the early years oI the 21st century, another successIul business model has arisen Ior
hosted soItware, called soItware as a service, or SaaS; this was at least the third time this
model had been attempted. SaaS reduces the concerns about soItware piracy, since it can
only be accessed through the Web, and by deIinition no client soItware is loaded onto the
end user's PC.
ARTICLE2
The term IT is ambiguous although mostly synonym with computer technology. Haigh
(2011, pp. 432-433) wrote
"In Iact, the great majority oI reIerences to inIormation technology have always been
concerned with computers, although the exact meaning has shiIted over time (Kline,
2006). The phrase received its Iirst prominent usage in a Harvard Business Review article
(Haigh, 2001b
|22|
; Leavitt & Whisler, 1958
|23|
) intended to promote a technocratic vision
Ior the Iuture oI business management. Its initial deIinition was at the conjunction oI
computers, operations research methods, and simulation techniques. Having Iailed
initially to gain much traction (unlike related terms oI a similar vintage such as
inIormation systems, inIormation processing, and inIormation science) it was revived in
policy and economic circles in the 1970s with a new meaning. InIormation technology
now described the expected convergence oI the computing, media, and
telecommunications industries (and their technologies), understood within the broader
context oI a wave oI enthusiasm Ior the computer revolution, post-industrial society,
inIormation society (Webster, 1995
|24|
), and other Iashionable expressions oI the belieI
that new electronic technologies were bringing a proIound rupture with the past. As it
spread broadly during the 1980s, IT increasingly lost its association with communications
(and, alas, any vestigial connection to the idea oI anybody actually being inIormed oI
anything) to become a new and more pretentious way oI saying "computer". The Iinal
step in this process is the recent surge in reIerences to "inIormation and communication
technologies" or ICTs, a coinage that makes sense only iI one assumes that a technology
can inIorm without communicating".
|25|

Some people use the term information technology about technologies used beIore the
development oI the computer
|26|
. This is however to use the term as a retronym.
ARTICLE3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_software_engineering
ARTICLE4
Centralized hosting oI business application dates back to the 1960s. Starting at that decade, IBM
and other mainIrame providers conducted a service bureau business, oIten reIerred to as time-
sharing or utility computing. Such services included oIIering computing power and database
storage to banks and other large organizations Irom their worldwide data centers.
The expansion oI the Internet during the 1990s brought about a new class oI centralized
computing, called Application Service Providers (ASP). Application service providers provided
businesses with the service oI hosting and managing specialized business applications, with the
goal oI reducing cost by central administration and through the solution provider's specialization
in a particular business application.
SoItware as a service is essentially an extension oI the idea oI the ASP model. The term $oftware
as a $ervice ($aa$, however, is commonly used in more speciIic settings:
O whereas most initial application service providers Iocused on managing and hosting
third-party independent soItware vendors' soItware, contemporary soItware-as-a-service
vendors typically develop and manage their own soItware;
O whereas many initial application service providers oIIered more traditional client-server
applications, which require installation oI soItware on users' personal computers,
contemporary soItware as a service solutions are predominantly web-based and only
require an internet browser to use; and,
O whereas the soItware architecture used by most initial application service providers
mandated maintaining a separate instance oI the application Ior each business,
contemporary soItware as a service solutions normally utilize a multi-tenant architecture,
in which the application is designed to serve multiple businesses and users, and partitions
its data accordingly.
The concept oI SaaS has been popularized by SalesIorce.com, which coined the term "The End
oI SoItware" to diIIerentiate its (then new) soItware-as-a-service approach Irom its competition,
which at the time oIIered only traditional on-premises soItware.
The $$ acronym is said to have Iirst appeared in an article called "Strategic Backgrounder:
SoItware As A Service", internally published in February 2001 by the SoItware & InIormation
Industry's (SIIA) eBusiness Division.
|7|

The popular camelback version oI SaaS was coined at an SD Forum conIerence by John Koenig
in March 2005 and is considered the tipping point oI the industry adoption oI the term "SaaS",
including the point oI departure by SalesIorce.com, which Ior many years had used the "On
Demand" tag.
|8|

ARTICLE5
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processlng sLorage and dlssemlnaLlon of vocal plcLorlal LexLual and numerlcal lnformaLlon by a
mlcroelecLronlcsbased comblnaLlon of compuLlng and LelecommunlcaLlons are lLs maln flelds
1
1he
Lerm ln lLs modern sense flrsL appeared ln a 1938 arLlcle publlshed ln Lhe notvotJ 8osloess kevlew ln
whlch auLhors LeavlLL and Whlsler commenLed LhaL Lhe new Lechnology does noL yeL have a slngle
esLabllshed name We shall call lL lnformaLlon Lechnology (l1)
2
Some of Lhe modern and emerglng
flelds of lnformaLlon Lechnology are nexL generaLlon web Lechnologles blolnformaLlcs cloud
compuLlng global lnformaLlon sysLems large scale knowledgebases eLc AdvancemenLs are malnly
drlven ln Lhe fleld of compuLer sclence
ARTICLE6
hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/PlsLory_of_compuLers

ackground
Noth|ng ex|sted as Informat|on 1echno|ogy background of |ts format|on
The term IT is ambiguous although mostly synonym with computer technology. Haigh
(2011, pp. 432-433) wrote
"In Iact, the great majority oI reIerences to inIormation technology have always been
concerned with computers, although the exact meaning has shiIted over time (Kline,
2006). The phrase received its Iirst prominent usage in a Harvard Business Review article
(Haigh, 2001b
|22|
; Leavitt & Whisler, 1958
|23|
) intended to promote a technocratic vision
Ior the Iuture oI business management. Its initial deIinition was at the conjunction oI
computers, operations research methods, and simulation techniques. Having Iailed
initially to gain much traction (unlike related terms oI a similar vintage such as
inIormation systems, inIormation processing, and inIormation science) it was revived in
policy and economic circles in the 1970s with a new meaning. InIormation technology
now described the expected convergence oI the computing, media, and
telecommunications industries (and their technologies), understood within the broader
context oI a wave oI enthusiasm Ior the computer revolution, post-industrial society,
inIormation society (Webster, 1995
|24|
), and other Iashionable expressions oI the belieI
that new electronic technologies were bringing a proIound rupture with the past. As it
spread broadly during the 1980s, IT increasingly lost its association with communications
(and, alas, any vestigial connection to the idea oI anybody actually being inIormed oI
anything) to become a new and more pretentious way oI saying "computer". The Iinal
step in this process is the recent surge in reIerences to "inIormation and communication
technologies" or ICTs, a coinage that makes sense only iI one assumes that a technology
can inIorm without communicating".
|25|

Some people use the term information technology about technologies used beIore the
development oI the computer
|26|
. This is however to use the term as a retronym

Informat|on techno|ogy (I1) ls concerned wlLh Lechnology Lo LreaL lnformaLlon 1he acqulslLlon
processlng sLorage and dlssemlnaLlon of vocal plcLorlal LexLual and numerlcal lnformaLlon by a
mlcroelecLronlcsbased comblnaLlon of compuLlng and LelecommunlcaLlons are lLs maln flelds
1

1he Lerm ln lLs modern sense flrsL appeared ln a 1938 arLlcle publlshed ln Lhe notvotJ 8osloess
kevlew ln whlch auLhors LeavlLL and Whlsler commenLed LhaL Lhe new Lechnology does noL yeL
have a slngle esLabllshed name We shall call lL lnformaLlon Lechnology (l1)
2
Some of Lhe
modern and emerglng flelds of lnformaLlon Lechnology are nexL generaLlon web Lechnologles
blolnformaLlcs cloud compuLlng global lnformaLlon sysLems large scale knowledgebases eLc
AdvancemenLs are malnly drlven ln Lhe fleld of compuLer sclence

evelopmenL of Pardware
evelopmenL of SofLware Louch upon on SaaS
l1 as lL ls Loday