PERSIAN Chart Andrew Yang AP World History-7

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites

State Structure War

Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

ECONOMIC Type of System

Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses RELIGIOUS Holy Books

Chapter 8: Postclassical Era: Islam and African Civilizations North Africa is already extensively influenced by the Middle East and Mediterranean (Phoenicians for Carthage, the Greeks in Egypt, and later the Romans, Byzantines, and Arabic (Berber) invaders in the region First, Kush- Meroe and Axum (Ethiopia) are some kingdoms in Sub-Saharan Africa that survive with Christian majorities in a sea of pagans but quite isolated in the Ethiopian Highlands behind fortresses. Bantu migrations take place as population pressures increase; Bantus start in West Africa and extend as far south as the Zambezi River through influences of bananas from Malay traders in Madagascar. In the Sahel Region, the Sudanic States: 1. 3rd Century CE: Ghana is the dominant state, taxing the salt and gold trades and controlling the gold mines (Senegal and Niger River region) 2. 10th Century CE: Islam trickles into the region, converting Ghanas rulers 3. 13th Century CE: Mali breaks away from Ghana, which has been in decline since 1076 CE invasion from Muslim Almoravid radicals Epic of Sundiata, the Lion Prince are circulated to explain for Malis rise to power in the region. After his death in 1260CE, Mali expands nearly to the Atlantic Coast. Cultural centers at port cities of Jenne and Timbuktu established. (13th to 15th Centuries) 4. Songhai Empire est. in 15th Century by Sunni Ali and then the Askia rulers well into the 16th Century (until Muslim invaders from Morocco with firearms invade). In East Africa are the string of Islamic Trading ports and islands from Horn of Africa to Mozambique: 1. Mogadishu 2. Mombasa 3. Malindi 4. Kilwa, the dominant power in control of the port Sofala These areas are termed Zanj by Muslim refugees from Persia and Oman. In the Forests and Plains of Africa: 1. The Yoruba city states and Benin states form kingdoms in Nigeria (starting from Nok) 2. Great Zimbabwe stands as the capital of the Zimbabwe state Trading along the Swahili coast between the Zheng He East African Expeditions from China and the Africans temporarily until Chinas isolation policy; Arabian dhows and Indian ships also trade in the area (porcelain for gold and ivory and other raw products) Gold and Ivory, as well as salt, are key to wealth and control of West Africa Trading creates contacts between Africa and the rest of the world, generating cultural diffusion.

Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

No universally unifying religions, although Christianity (Coptic) and Islam manage to establish limited footholds on Africa Mainly a fusion of animism, ancestor veneration, and Islam/Christianity Great mosque of Jenne built

SOCIAL

Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music

Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

Mostly stateless societies based upon kinship ties, matriarchal type societies, age groupings, and loose council of elders and chief system of villages Surprisingly, Islam has no effect on the egalitarianism between men and women, although social stratification occurs gradually The Yoruba are highly urbanized people but lack a written tradition The King is checked by his allegiances with local princes and his advisors, who in turn are also checked by the Ogboni, or secret society of religious leaders (Yoruba and Benin only) The peasants and lower classes still make up the majority of the population as social stratification occurs in state building Highly elaborate terra cotta lifelike figures of Yoruba leaders suggests great skill among the artisans and hints at the power of the Yoruba No written but rather oral traditions passed on by generation Timbuktu contained libraries for Islamic learning; the epics of Sundiata are written.

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location

Sahel region not sustainable for overgrazing or extensive agriculture

Physical Movement Human/Environme Region

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