Chapter 7 - The Skeleton

Know all of the bones in the body

Skull

Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Vertebral column

Sacrum

(a) Anterior view

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Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.

Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.

Cranium Clavicle Scapula Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Tibia Fibula

Bones of pectoral girdle Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle

Lower limb

(b) Posterior view

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The Axial Skeleton The Skull Cranial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Major sutures Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Sutural Bones Facial Bones Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Other markings Foramen magnum External acoustic meatus Internal acoustic meatus

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Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer

(a) Anterior view

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Mandibular symphysis

Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Sagittal suture

Parietal bone
Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line

External occipital protuberance

Occipitomastoid suture (b) Posterior view
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Mastoid process External occipital crest

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture
Parietal bone

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa

Temporal bone
Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla

Alveolar margins Mandible Mental foramen Coronoid process

Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Lesser wing Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Incisive fossa Maxilla Alveolar margins

Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Palatine process of maxilla (b) Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Palatine bone

Mandible

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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla Hard palate Palatine bone

Zygomatic bone

Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla

Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale

Temporal bone
Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone

Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen

Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum

Figure 7.7a The floor of the cranial cavity.

Ethmoid bone Anterior cranial fossa

Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Optic canal

Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone

Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum

Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal

Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Foramen magnum
View

Hyoid Bone Not a bone of the skull Does not articulate directly with another bone Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, Inc. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,anterior view.

Vertebral Column Vertebral Column: Curvatures General Structure of Vertebrae Body or centrum Pedicle Superior articular process Superior articular facet Tranverse process Lamina Spinous process Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Cervical Vertebrae C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Thoracic Vertebrae T1 to T12 All articulate with ribs at facets Long spinous process Lumbar Vertebrae L1 to L5 Short, thick pedicles and laminae Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes Sacrum and Coccyx

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Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.

C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1C7

Atlas = C1 Axis = C2

Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen

Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1L5

Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view

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Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra.

Lamina

Posterior

Transverse process

Spinous process

Vertebral arch

Superior articular process and facet Pedicle Anterior

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Vertebral foramen Body (centrum)

Figure 7.20 Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae Superior articular process Transverse process

Transverse process

Spinous process (b) Thoracic vertebrae

Superior articular process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Inferior articular process

Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae

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Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process

Thoracic Cage Sternum (Breastbone) Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Jugular notch Clavicular notch Xiphisternal joint Ribs and Their Attachments 12 pairs Pairs 1 through 7 True (vertebrosternal) ribs Pairs 8 through12 False ribs Pairs 810 also called vertebrochondral ribs Pairs 1112 also called vertebral (floating) ribs No attachment to sternum Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin

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Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage.

Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process

True ribs (17)

Sternum

False ribs (812)

L1 Vertebra

Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin

Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Clavicles (Collarbones) Acromial (lateral) end Sternal (medial) end Conoid tubercle Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Spine Infraglenoid tubercle

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Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Sternal (medial) end Posterior

Anterior
Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view
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Figure 7.24c The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromial end Anterior Trapezoid line

Sternal end

Posterior Conoid tubercle (c) Right clavicle, inferior view

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Figure 7.25a The scapula.

Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity

Suprascapular notch
Superior border Superior angle

Lateral border

Subscapular fossa Medial border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

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Inferior angle

Figure 7.25b The scapula.

Suprascapular notch Superior angle

Coracoid process
Acromion

Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa

Glenoid cavity at lateral angle

Medial border
Lateral border

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

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Figure 7.25c The scapula.

Acromion

Supraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle

Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa

Infraspinous fossa

Subscapular fossa

Posterior

Anterior

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

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Inferior angle

Humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Head of humerus Radial fossa Capitulum Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Lateral epicondyle

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Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus

Head of humerus Anatomical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Capitulum (a) Anterior view

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Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea

Figure 7.26b The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Head of humerus Anatomical neck

Greater tubercle Surgical neck

Radial groove

Deltoid tuberosity

Medial supracondylar ridge Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle

Lateral Trochlea epicondyle (b) Posterior view

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Bones of the Forearm Ulna Head of ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Styloid process of ulna Radius Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Styloid process of radius

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Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity

Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna

Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process of ulna of radius Distal radioulnar joint (a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.27b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius

Interosseous membrane Ulna Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna

Radius

Styloid process of radius (b) Posterior view

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Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Olecranon process View

Trochlear notch
Coronoid process

Radial notch

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

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Hand Carpals Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Metacarpals Head Shaft Base Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal

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Figure 7.28a Bones of the left hand.

Metacarpals

Sesamoid bones Carpals Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid Radius

Carpals Capitate Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Ulna (a) Anterior view of left hand

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Figure 7.28b Bones of the left hand.

Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Metacarpals Head Shaft Base

Carpals Carpals Hamate Trapezium Capitate Trapezoid Triquetrum Lunate Scaphoid Radius Ulna (b) Posterior view of left hand
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Coxal Bone Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Iliac fossa Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial spine Ischial ramus Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Auricular surface Arcuate line

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Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory llium Pubic bone Ischium Sacrum Coccyx Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum

Iliac fossa

Coxal bone

Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch

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Figure 7.30c Bones of the bony pelvis.

Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine

Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Acetabulum

Greater sciatic notch

Ischial body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus (c) Lateral view, right hip bone
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Pubic body Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus of pubis Obturator foramen

Figure 7.30d Bones of the bony pelvis.

Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Superior ramus of pubis Pubic tubercle Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior ramus of pubis (d) Medial view, right hip bone
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Auricular surface Iliac fossa Arcuate line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial ramus Obturator foramen

Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.

Patella Apex

Apex
Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Surface for patellar ligament

Posterior (a) Patella (kneecap)

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Femur Head Neck Fovea capitis Lesser trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Linea aspea Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface

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Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh.

Neck

Fovea capitis Head Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera

Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest

Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Anterior view

Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior view

Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle

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Bones of the Leg Tibia Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Articular surface of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Fibula Head of fibula Lateral malleolus

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Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Lateral condyle Head Proximal tibiofibular joint

Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border

Fibula

Tibia

Distal tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus

Articular surface
Medial malleolus

(a) Anterior view

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Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Articular surface of medial condyle Medial condyle

Articular surface of lateral condyle Head of fibula

Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula

Articular surface Medial malleolus

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(b) Posterior view

Lateral malleolus

Bones of the Foot Tarsals Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform Metatarsals Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal

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Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot.

Distal Middle Proximal

1 2 3 4 5

Phalanges

Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular

Talus Trochlea of talus

Metatarsals
Lateral cuneiform Cuboid

Tarsals

(a) Superior view

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Calcaneus

Figure 7.33b Bones of the right foot.

Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal

Talus Facet for medial Navicular malleolus Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf)

Calcaneus Medial cuneiform (b) Medial view Calcaneal tuberosity

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