Sustainable Urban Infrastructure: Stefan Denig Sustainable Cities Program Siemens AG March 2011

Sustainable Urban Infrastructure
Stefan Denig Sustainable Cities Program Siemens AG March 2011

Siemens AG 2011. All rights reserved.
Megatrends pose urgent challenges to cities
Urbanization Climate Change

Cities account for roughly 80% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions Since 2007, 50% of the worlds population lives in cities
Demographic Change
Until 2030, 90% of the world's population growth will occur in cities
Increasing scarcity of natural resources Cities are responsible for around 75% of the worlds energy consumtion Cities directly or indirectly account for 60% of world's water use Increasing Mobility Traffic congestion on city streets in Western Europe will more than double between 2006 and 2010
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Growing pressure on Infrastructures An overloaded power grid caused a 3-day electrical blackout in New York City in 2003 which led to economic costs of about 1 bn US dollars
Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens
Siemens AG 2011
How to improve urban sustainability? Siemens research projects provide insights

Megacity Challenges Perception studies
Comprehensive analysis based on interviews with over 500 city managers in 25 selected megacities Urban infrastructure trends and challenges as well as global best practices Latest: The Sustainable Cities Challenge in Canada ICT for City Management
Green City Index (GCI) Comparative studies

Index compares cities across 8 dimensions of environmental sustainability: CO2, energy, buildings, transportation, waste & land use, water, air, governance Started in Europe (2009), followed by Latin America in 2010, Asian (Feb 2011); Germany, US/Canada, Africa in 2011.
Sustainable urban infrastructure series Implementation studies

How to become a sustainable city" with focus on measures for resource efficiency and CO2 abatement Examples: London, Munich, Yekaterinburg, Dublin, Trondheim, ...
Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens Siemens AG 2011
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Green City Index
Research series in cooperation with the Economist Intelligence Unit Assessing and comparing the environmental impact of more than 100 major cities worldwide Published reports: European GCI (Dec 2009) Latin American GCI (Nov 2010) Asian GCI (Feb 2011) Upcoming reports in 2011: German GCI US/Canada GCI African GCI
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The Green City Index research series assesses more than 100 cities worldwide
U.S. / Canada Green City Index (27)
New York Los Angeles Chicago Washington Boston San Francisco Dallas Philadelphia Houston Atlanta Detroit Seattle Minneapolis Denver St. Louis Cleveland Orlando Pittsburgh Sacramento Charlotte Miami Phoenix Toronto Montral Vancouver Ottawa Calgary
European Green City Index (30)

Amsterdam Athens Belgrade Berlin Bratislava Brussels Bucharest Budapest Copenhagen Dublin Helsinki Istanbul Kiev Lisbon Ljubljana London Madrid Oslo Paris Prague Riga Rome Sofia Stockholm Tallinn Vienna Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Zurich
German Green City Index (12) y

Berlin Bremen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hannover Kln Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nurnberg Stuttgart
Latin America Green City Index (17)

Belo Horizonte, Brazil Bogot, Colombia Braslia, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina Curitiba, Brazil Guadalajara, Mexico Lima, Peru Medellin, Colombia Mexico City, Mexico Monterrey, Mexico Montevideo, Uruguay Porto Alegre, Brazil Puebla, Mexico Quito, Ecuador Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Santiago, Chile Sao Paulo, Brazil
African Green City Index (16)

Accra, Ghana Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Alexandria, Egypt Algiers, Algeria Casablanca, Morocco Cairo, Egypt Cape Town, SA Dar el Salaam, Tanzania Durban, SA Johannesburg, SA Kinshasa, Congo Lagos, Nigeria Luanda, Angola Nairobi, Kenya Pretoria, SA Tunis, Tunisia
Asian Green City Index (22) de (22)

Bangalore, India Bangkok, Thailand Beijing, China Delhi, India Guangzhou, China Hanoi, Vietnam Hong Kong, Hong Kong Jakarta, Indonesia Calcutta, India Karachi, Pakistan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Nanjing, China Osaka, Japan Singapore, Singapore Seoul, South Korea Shanghai, China Taipei, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Wuhan, China Yokohama, Japan
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How green are cities worldwide? The Green City Index provides answers.
Objective Comparison of major cities worldwide in terms of their environmental performance and policies Aid understanding for strengths and weaknesses of each city Forster best practice sharing
How this is achieved? Independently researched by EIU Transparent methodology, developed in consultation with international urban sustainability experts from leading city networks, UN, World Bank, etc. Set of quantitative and qualitative indicators in eight environmental categories Unique scope of research project
independent research and advisory firm with more than 40 offices worldwide well known for their country analysis on more than 200 markets high reputation for its research and indices
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Example Latin American Green City Index: Evaluating 31 indicators in 8 environmental categories
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From a ranking approach
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to performance clusters
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Overall
Overall Performance
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Copenhagen is Europes greenest city
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The 30 European cities better than the European average for CO2 emissions per capita
Nearly all cities have lower CO2 emissions per head than the overall EU27 average of 8.46 tonnes. The 30-city average is also well below the average, at 5.21 tonnes. 23 out of 30 cities have a CO2 reduction target of some kind, separate from any national target. Of these, 15 have a concrete, city-specific action plan in place to support this. Nearly all cities have signed up to participate in the Covenant of Mayors. More than half of all citizens in these cities (62.5%) either walk, cycle or take public transport to commute to work. Two thirds of all cities actively promote public awareness around green modes of transport. The average municipal waste per head generated each year across these cities is 511 kg, slightly better than the EU average of 522 kg. By contrast, the US average is 760 kg and Australia is 690 kg. 24 cities have implemented measures to reduce the amount of waste they produce.
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But theres still work to be done
An average of slightly more than one in three residents drive to work across these 30 cities, contributing to increased CO2 emissions and general air pollution. The average proportion of renewable energy consumed is just 7.3%, a long way short of the EUs stated goal of increasing the share of renewable energy usage to 20% by 2020. Just 14 of the 30 cities actively promote green energy usage through low or no taxes, subsidies or regulations. Nearly one in four litres of water consumed by cities is lost through leakage. Less than one fifth of overall waste is currently recycled.
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Strong positive correlation between wealth and environmental performance
Index shows a strong positive correlation between wealth and environmental performance Nine of the top 10 cities in index are wealthy (ie, have GDP per head above 31,000) There are some worthy exceptions though: middleincome Berlin still manages to come joint first in the buildings category
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Civic duties make for greener cities
Cities with an active civil society perform well in the index A comparison with other studies shows a strong correlation between voluntary civil participation and environmental performance Prior studies have confirmed this point (eg, installing insulation in old homes in London)
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Copenhagen Europes greenest city overall (I)
Copenhagen leads through its all-round performance across all 8 categories (in the top 10 across all, and joint first on environmental governance). 1970s oil crisis spurred development of district heating system and use of renewable energies. The citys climate change plan sets ambitious targets for improvement, including its ambitious long-term goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2025. Emissions were already cut by 20% from 1990 levels (by 2005). At a national level, Denmark is a leader in wind energy, with plans to raise the share of renewable energies to 30% of total consumption by 2025. Copenhagen is reducing its reliance on coal in power stations and switching to biofuels.
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Copenhagen Europes greenest city overall (II)
Copenhagens residential buildings energy consumption was the lowest in the index, with strong standards in place. The city is aiming to become the worlds best cycle city, with a target of 50% of commuters using cycling by 2015. Relatively high levels of water consumption, but performs extremely well on leakages and waste water treatment. The municipality benchmarks the citys performance on a range of issues, from energy and water use to waste production.
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Berlin and Stockholm Europes joint leaders for energy efficient buildings
Berlin & Stockholm jointly lead the Buildings category. Berlins residential buildings use just 556.9 MJ of energy per square metre (the index average is about 909 MJ). Stockholm receives perfect scores for its energy efficient building standards and incentives. Berlin has fully refurbished two-thirds of East Berlins 273,000 apartments, and partly upgraded other 35%. Focus on saving heat energy (insulation, air tight windows, renovation of heating systems)which reduce CO2 emissions by 1 to 1.4 tonnes per flat. Stockholm at forefront of energy efficient building standards. Has experience of building homes with total annual energy consumption below 2,000 kwh (by contrast, the UKs latest standard = 3,600 kwh). Stockholms Hammarby Sjostad district provides a high-profile case study in sustainable urban development, with buildings about twice as energy efficient as others in the city.
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Stockholm - leads the transport category with 93% of people using non-car transport
Stockholm leads the Transport category. 68% of the citys workers commute via foot or bicycle, the greenest forms of transport (and more than three times the index average of about 21%). A further 25% use public transport. For every square kilometre of area, Stockholm has over four kilometres of cycle lanes, the second best in the index overall. Its also helped by being a physically small city. Stockholm has one of the worlds largest fleets of ethanol-fuelled buses. The city aims to have half of its buses running on renewable fuels by 2011, and all of them by 2025.
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Vilnius number 1 for air quality and bestperforming city from East Europe
Vilnius leads the Air quality category, with most of its greenhouse gas emissions at about half the level of the index averages. The city has low levels of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter, helped by a lack of heavy industry, its small size and the presence of large areas of forest nearly. It has 20 square metres of green space per resident, with a goal of increasing this to 24 square metres.
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Curitiba is the leading green city of the Latin American Green City Index
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Overall Performance
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Holistic infrastructure planning is the key to tackling environmental challenges

Latin American cities face a number of serious environmental challenges that require immediate attention
This has shifted the focus away from a strategic perspective
This ad hoc approach is reflected by widely differing scores in the Index

Many cities perform well in some categories and poorly in others
Experts agree that an integrated approach for environmental governance and comprehensive forward planning are the best ways to break the pattern of Crisis > policy response > next crisis Curitiba has a strong track record of such a holistic approach
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Curitiba: a class of its own

Curitiba is the only city in the Index to rank well above average overall with a consistently strong performance in all environmental categories Long history of taking a holistic approach to the environment: since the 1980s the urban plan has addressed issues such as green areas, waste recycling, and sanitation Concern about environmental issues has become a part of citizens identities: the public expects politicians to look ahead The city initiated the BRT (bus rapid transit) system, which has been adapted by many cities in Latin America
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Brazilian cities: Demonstrating strong policies
Brazilian cities perform very well overall

Five of six cities scoring above or well above average are Brazilian
A major driver: strong environmental policies

Five of the six Brazilian cities perform significantly better when only the policy indicators are assessed However, the impact of strong policies on actual results hasnt fully come through yet across all infrastructure areas
A further contributing factor: High share of hydro power in electricity production

All Brazilian cities have below average CO2 emissions
Within the eight categories, the performance of Brazilian cities varies widely, signaling that cities are focusing their efforts on different areas
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Income and environmental performance: The missing link in Latin America
Lack of correlation between GDP per capita and Green Cities performance for Latin American cities Conversely, the impact of GDP is very clear in Europe and Asia: the higher the per capita income, the better the environmental performance
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Latin American cities demonstrate some outstanding achievements

Impressive record on renewable energy: nine of 17 cities generate more than 80% of its electricity from renewable sources Latin American cities generate less waste per person than European cities (465 kg per year vs. 511 kg) On average 96% of the waste is disposed of properly (in recognized residential areas) Access to potable water, even in informal settlements, is taken seriously Water consumption per person per day is lower than in Europe (264 liters vs. 288 liters) Waste-water collection covers on average 94% of cities inhabitants in recognised residential areas All cities have environmental departments and involve stakeholders at least to some extent in decision-making on environmental projects
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but there is also room for improvement

Low CO2 emission rates seem to reduce focus on emissions reduction policies obvious gaps on climate change action plans (4 cities have no plan at all) Environmentally friendly buildings are not high on the agenda: Only nine cites have full or partial ecobuilding standards, only four cities promote citizen awareness on energy-efficient buildings Despite many extensive public transport networks cities have not succeeded in getting people out of their cars Leakage rate is high at an average of 35% Only an average of 52% of waste-water is treated: Eight of 17 cities treat less than half their water, two cities treat none at all
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Singapore is the leading green city in Asia
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Overall
Overall Performance
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Environmental performance and income: Richer cities perform better

In the Asian Green City Index, wealthier cities consistently perform better The correlation between GDP per capita and environmental performance is as strong as it was in the European Green City Index, 2009 In contrast, the effect of GDP per capita was less clear in Latin America
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Tipping point in ressource consumption

Up to certain level of income there is a steady rise in resource consumption along with per capita GDP However, when income rises above a certain point (at around US$20,000 per person) average consumption declines again
Example Water: Average water consumption stabilizes among the richest cities
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Environmental performance, political will and administrative effectiveness

Environmental awareness is growing and most Asian cities have comprehensive environmental policies. What distinguishes them is the ability to execute and enforce those regulations. Asian cities reveal a more consistent approach to environmental policies than Latin American cities:
Individual Asian cities perform similarly across different categories, in contrast to Latin American cities 14 of the 22 cities in Asia appear in the same performance band for at least five of the eight categories
Importance of political will in improving environmental performance
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Singapore the leading green city with a holistic approach to city development and environment
Only city in the Index to rank well above average overall Consistently strong results across all individual categories Singapores environmental performance is a legacy of its history. Since independence in 1965, the government has emphasized the importance of sustainability Self-government and effective policy implementation, and integrated master planning, are also important contributing factors
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Key findings from the categories

Energy and CO2 Average carbon emissions are 4.6 tonnes per person (below 5.3t in Europe) Land use and buildings Asian cities are much more densely populated, at 6,500 people per square km compared to 4,500 people in Latin America and 4,000 people in Europe Transport Assessment beyond policy indicators difficult due to data availability Waste Asian cities produce less waste per capita per year (380 kg) than European (511 kg) and Latin American (465 kg) cities Water The richest Asian cities have extremely low leakage rates, so that Asian average is 22% compared to 23% in Europe and 35% in Latin America Air Air pollution is a serious challenge in all Asian cities
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A closer look at the performance of Chinese cities

All 5 Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing) fall in the average band overall with some good specific results:
Nanjing generates third lowest amount of waste per capita Shanghais water leakage rate is only 10%, versus the Index average of 22% Beijing, Wuhan and Guangzhou score among the top 5 for green spaces per person
Chinese cities want to make a change and are strong on policy:

Heavy investments to improve air quality, landscaping and transport Transport policies are strong in China
However, Energy & CO2 are weak points:

3 of the 5 cities have the highest CO2 emissions per capita in the Index Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai and Wuhan have highest energy consumption per US$ of GDP
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Exemplary projects in Asian cities
Singapore: Tapping new fresh water sources

Singapore has built several water-reclamation plants (NEWater factories), which clean wastewater through micro-filtration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet technology to drinking water standards Rainwater collection and storage Funding research for less energy-intensive desalination
Water
Environmental Governance Delhi: Citys environmental department using school eco-clubs to try to shape students views
Students can engage in a vast range of activities, including air monitoring, water harvesting, eco-tours, and awareness-raising campaigns Convenient way to spread information widely on environmental campaigns
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Sustainable Urban Infrastructure - London
In cooperation with McKinsey & Company CO2-abatement potential and economic implications of more than 200 technological levers analyzed Published in 2008
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In London, international targets for greenhouse gas reduction are achievable through technological levers
Mt CO2 London emissions 47.0 Targets Reduction*
Percent
45.1
-43.7 39.5
-12.5 36.1
-20.0
-30.0
-60.0
31.6 25.4 18.0
1990
2005
2025 after identified levers
2012 Kyoto
2020 EU
2025 UK
2025 London
* Compared to 1990 emissions
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The biggest contribution to Londons abatement potential comes from buildings

Mt CO2 Cost < 0 EUR/t CO2* Cost > 0 EUR/t CO2* 1.8 47.0 45.2 10.6 9.2 1.4 3.0 1.8 1.2 2.5 1.4 1.1 3.7 1.0 2.7 -19.8 25.4
2005
Changes to 2025 2025
Buildings
Transport
Decentral energy
Central energy
2025 after levers
Identified levers
The majority of technologies pay back the required up-front investment through energy savings
Greenhouse gas abatement cost curve for London 2025 (decision maker perspective)
Abatement cost EUR/t CO2 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
-200 0 -400 Petrol engine efficiency package Lighting (residential) Electric appliances Condensing boilers Gas engine CHP New builds* Coal-to-gas shift Windows Floor insulation Biofuels Lighting (commercial) Wind offshore Wind onshore Solid wall insulation Heat recovery Heat from existing power stations Optimisation of building controls Loft insulation
Levers that pay back the required investment
13.4 Mt
10
15
20
Cumulated abatement potential Mt CO2

19
Around 75% of abatement potential lies in the hands of individuals or businesses who make technological choices
National level Examples: Biofuels Central electricity supply (grid mix)
Total: 19.8 Mt CO2

3%
21
City Examples: Public buildings Hybrid buses Traffic management
21 21% 48% 48 48
Businesses Examples: Lighting in commercial buildings Cooling displays Decentral energy (CHP)
28
28% 28
Individuals Examples: Building insulation Low-emission cars Efficient household appliances
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The total investment required constitutes less than 1% of London's GVA

Abatement potential* Mt CO2 Average abatement costs** EUR/t CO2 Additional investment EUR billions
Levers that pay back the investment
13.4
-140
16
Levers that do not pay back the investment
6.4
6.4
280
25
25
Total
19.8
+/-0
41
* Annual abatement by 2025 ** Decision maker perspective
Equivalent to Less than 1% of GVA over 20 years Around EUR 300 per person and year
Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens Siemens AG 2011
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Global Urban Sustainability Centre London
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Centre is close to Olympic Park and City Airport
Olympic Park
Between Olympic Park and Excel Centre (Medal Ceremonies) Peripheral Location close to City Airport in an area of urban regeneration Good Connection to London public transport system Cable Car across Thames may further enhance accessibility
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Urban Sustainability Centre to open in spring 2012
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The Urban Sustainability Centre at a glance
Vision: The Urban Sustainability Centre is the prime place to demonstrate thought and technology leadership for sustainable urban development. Integrative concept: Combined exhibition and conference facilities and office space for experts well integrated into London but with worldwide reach. Subtle Branding: The Building and Exhibition illustrate the whole urban sustainability picture with focus on Siemens trend-setting technologies but also touching on non-Siemens related issues. Audience will include key decision makers and the general public. Pavilion will be dedicated to Siemens hospitality activities during the Olympics 2012 and ensures strong presence without sponsorship. The Pavilion will be used in the decades ahead and will always be a trendsetter.
Exhibition
Siemens Expert pool
Conference Center
Research
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Sustainable Urban Infrastructure: Stefan Denig Sustainable Cities Program Siemens AG March 2011

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Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

Stefan Denig Sustainable Cities Program Siemens AG March 2011

Megatrends pose urgent challenges to cities

Urbanization Climate Change

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

How to improve urban sustainability? Siemens research projects provide insights

Green City Index (GCI) Comparative studies

Sustainable urban infrastructure series Implementation studies

Green City Index

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

European Green City Index (30)

German Green City Index (12) y

Latin America Green City Index (17)

African Green City Index (16)

Asian Green City Index (22) de (22)

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

From a ranking approach

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Copenhagen is Europes greenest city

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

But theres still work to be done

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Strong positive correlation between wealth and environmental performance

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Civic duties make for greener cities

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Copenhagen Europes greenest city overall (I)

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Copenhagen Europes greenest city overall (II)

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Holistic infrastructure planning is the key to tackling environmental challenges

This ad hoc approach is reflected by widely differing scores in the Index

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Curitiba: a class of its own

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Brazilian cities: Demonstrating strong policies

Brazilian cities perform very well overall

A major driver: strong environmental policies

A further contributing factor: High share of hydro power in electricity production

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Income and environmental performance: The missing link in Latin America

Latin American cities demonstrate some outstanding achievements

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

but there is also room for improvement

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Singapore is the leading green city in Asia

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Environmental performance and income: Richer cities perform better

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Tipping point in ressource consumption

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens

Environmental performance, political will and administrative effectiveness

Importance of political will in improving environmental performance

Urban Sustainability Research @ Siemens