uuiue to AS Chemistiy - Befinitions anu Key Points

Avogadro's ConsLanL lL ls Lhe number of aLoms ln exacLly 12 grams of carbon12

1hls experlmenLally deLermlned value ls approxlmaLely 602 x 10
23
parLlcles per mole
ALomlc number 1he aLomlc number of an elemenL ls Lhe number of proLons ln Lhe
nucleus of an aLom of LhaL elemenL
8elaLlve ALomlc Mass ls Lhe welghLed mass of an aLom of LhaL elemenL relaLlve Lo
1/12
Lh
of an f of Carbon12
8elaLlve lsoLoplc Mass ls Lhe welghLed mass of an aLom of LhaL lsoLope relaLlve Lo 1/12
Lh

of Lhe mass of a carbon12 aLom
valency 1he number of elecLrons LhaL lL uses ln bondlng
erlodlclLy 8egular paLLern down Lhe group or across Lhe perlod
LlecLro negaLlvlLy Cf an elemenL ls Lhe exLenL Lo whlch lL aLLracLs a palr of elecLrons ln a
covalenL bond Lowards lLself
lonlsaLlon Lnergy
O 1he flrsL lonlsaLlon energy of an elemenL ls Lhe energy requlred Lo remove one
mole of elecLrons from one mole of gaseous aLoms of LhaL elemenL
O %%+
+
%%+

O 1he second lonlsaLlon energy ls Lhe energy requlred Lo remove one mole of
elecLrons from each lon of a mole of gaseous slngly charged poslLlve lons of LhaL
elemenL
LlecLron AfflnlLy
O 1he flrsL elecLron afflnlLy ls Lhe energy change when one elecLron ls added Lo
each aLom ln a mole of neuLral gaseous aLoms
O %%+

%%
O 1he second elecLron afflnlLy ls Lhe energy change when one elecLron ls added Lo
each lon ln a mole of slngly charged gaseous negaLlve lons
O

%%+

%%

nuclear Charge 1he effecLlve nuclear charge ls Lhe neL charge on Lhe nucleus
Shleldlng 1he more elecLrons an aLom has Lhe greaLer Lhe shleldlng effecL 1he lnner
shells block some of Lhe aLLracLlve force beLween Lhe nucleus and ouLer elecLrons

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LnLhalpy ueflnlLlons
LxoLhermlc PeaL ls glven ouL Lo Lhe surroundlngs whlch could be elLher Lhe waLer ln Lhe
polysLyrene cup or Lhe alr (Pas a negaLlve AP)
LndoLhermlc PeaL ls glven lnLo Lhe sysLem (Pas a poslLlve AP)
AssumpLlons
O All Lhe energy produced ls Lransferred Lo Lhe waLer
O no heaL ls absorbed by Lhe calorlmeLer
O 1here ls no heaL loss Lo Lhe room or from Lhe surface of Lhe waLer
O 1he fuel has compleLely combusLed parLlal combusLlon lowers Lhe amounL of
energy released

O 1he larger Lhe bond enLhalpy Lhe sLronger Lhe bond!!
Pess's Law SLaLes LhaL Lhe LoLal enLhalpy change for a reacLlon ls lndependenL of Lhe
rouLe Laken












uuiue to AS Chemistiy - Befinitions anu Key Points



Mechanlsms
lree 8adlcal ls an aLom or molecule wlLh an unpalred elecLron
LlecLrophlle ls an aLom molecule or lon LhaL accepLs a palr of elecLrons Lo form a
covalenL bond
nucleophlle ls an aLom molecule or lon LhaL donaLes a palr of elecLrons Lo form a new
covalenL bond


AddlLlon an addlLlon reacLlon ls where Lwo or more subsLances reacL Lo form one
producL
SubsLlLuLlon Cn aLom or group of aLoms ls replaced by anoLher aLom or groups of
aLoms
olymerlsaLlon ls when ldenLlcal small molecules [oln Lo form a long chaln A common
example ls when propene forms poly (propene)

8ond breaklng
O PomolyLlc Cccurs when each aLom lnvolved ln Lhe bond keeps one of Lhe shared
elecLron palr ln Lhe bond LhaL breaks
O PeLerolyLlc Cccurs when boLh Lhe elecLrons of Lhe bond are kepL by one of Lhe
aLoms lnvolved formlng a poslLlve and negaLlve lon



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Mass SpecLromeLry
A mass specLrum shows us Lhe masses of Lhe lons deLecLed and Lhelr relaLlve
abundance lrom Lhls Lhe relaLlve aLomlc mass of Lhe elemenL can be calculaLed

1) 1he sample ls vaporlzed
2) 1he vapour ls lonlzed by Lhe bombardmenL of hlgh energy elecLrons and elecLrons
are knocked ouL of Lhe aLoms 1hls glves Lhe aLoms a poslLlve charge ( usually wlLh a
1+ charge )
3) 1he lons are acceleraLed by an elecLrlc fleld
4) 1he lons pass Lhrough Lhree sllLs Lhe flnal one ls aL 0 volLs Lhls ensures Lhe lons are
acceleraLed lnLo a flnely focused beam
3) 1he lons are deflecLed ln a magneLlc fleld 1he amounL of deflecLlon depends on Lhe
mass of Lhe lon LlghLer lons are obvlously deflecLed more Lhan heavler ones
6) 1he fleld ls sLeadlly lncreased only lons of a parLlcular mass/charge raLlon (m/z)
pass Lhrough aL any on Llme and reach Lhe deLecLor
uuiue to AS Chemistiy - Befinitions anu Key Points



7) 1he deLecLor Lhen uses Lhls Lo calculaLe Lhe relaLlve aLomlc mass of a parLlcular lon
(1hls ls how relaLlve aLomlc mass of an elemenL ls calculaLed!!
1he uses of mass specLromeLry
O 8adloacLlve daLlng of archaeologlcal speclmens
O ueLecLlon of lllegal drugs ln aLhleLes
O ldenLlfylng molecules wlLh poLenLlal for use as drugs ln Lhe pharmaceuLlcal
lndusLry