1

Digital Communication
Systems
Dr. Shurjeel Wyne
Lecture 9
CH 4 -Bandpass Modulation
& Demodulation
2
Today, we are going to talk
about:
Some bandpass modulation schemes used
in DCS for transmitting information over
channel
Passband M-ASK, M-PSK, M-QAM, M-FSK
How to detect the transmitted information at the
receiver
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection
2
3
Block diagram of a DCS
Format
Source
encode
Format
Source
decode
Channel
encode
Pulse
modulate
Bandpass
modulate
Channel
decode
Demod.
Sample
Detect
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Digital modulation
Digital demodulation
4
Bandpass modulation
Bandpass modulation: The process of converting data
signal to a sinusoidal waveform whose amplitude, phase,
frequency, or a combination of them, is varied in accordance
with the transmitted data.
General Bandpass signal:
where is the baseband pulse shape with energy .
We assume here (unless stated otherwise):
is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy.
Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols.
denotes average symbol energy given by
) (t g
T
) (t g
T g
E
s
E

=
=
M
i
i s
E
M
E
1
1
, ) , ) T t t t f i f
T
E
t g t s
i c
i
T i
s s + A + = 0 , ) ( ) 1 ( 2 cos
2
) ( ) (
, ) 1 =
g
E
3
5
Demodulation and detection
Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to
baseband, filtered and sampled.
Detection: Sampled values are used for detection using a
decision rule such as ML detection rule.

N
z
z

1
z =
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (t
N

) (t r
1
z
N
z
z
Decision
circuits
(ML detector)
m
6
Coherent and Non-coherent
detection
Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the receiver
and hence, circuits to estimate carrier phase
Possible sources of carrier-phase mismatch at
the receiver:
Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
The oscillators at the receiver which generate the
carrier signal, are not usually phased locked to the
transmitted carrier.
4
Coherent and non-coherent
detection
Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) are
implemented at the receiver for carrier phase
offset estimation ( ).
Non-coherent detection
does not require carrier phase recovery (uses
either differentially encoded modulation or
energy detectors. It has lesser complexity than
coherent detection, but at the price of a higher
error rate.
PLL
Oscillator 90 deg.
, ) ) ( ) ( cos
2
) ( ) ( t n t t
T
E
t g t r
i i
i
T
+ + + = , ) cos
2
+ t
T
c
, ) sin
2
+ t
T
c
Used by
correlators
~
I branch
Q branch
8
Bandpass Modulation Schemes
One dimensional waveforms
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
On-Off Keying
M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying (M-ASK)
Two dimensional waveforms
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
Multidimensional waveforms
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)
5
9
One dimensional modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:
, ) + = t
T
E t s
c i i
cos
2
) (
, ) cos
2
) (
2 , , 1 ) ( ) (
1
1

=
+ =
= = =
i i
c
i i
E a
t
T
t
M i t a t s


) (
1
t
1
s
2
s
0
1
E
0 1
Example:
On-off keying (M=2):
10
One dimensional modulation
M-ary Amplitude shift Keying (M-ASK)
, ) t
T
a t s
c i i
cos
2
) ( =
, )
, )
g s
g i i
g i
c
i i
E
M
E
M i E E
E M i a
t
T
t
M i t a t s
3
) 1 (
1 2
) 1 2 (
cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) (
2
2 2
1
1

=
= =
=
=
= =
s


Example:
4-ASK
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
0 g
E 3
00 01
4
s
3
s
11 10
g
E
g
E
g
E 3
...

=
=
M
i
i s
E
M
E
1
1
6
11
Example of bandpass modulation:
Binary ASK (M=2)
12
Coherent detection of M-ASK
}
T
0
) (
1
t
ML detector
(Compare with M-1 thresholds)
) (t r
1
z
m
One dimensional modulation
demodulation and detection
7
13
Two dimensional modulation
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
M
i
t
T
E
t s
c
s
i

2
cos
2
) (
, ) , )
2
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
2
sin
2
cos
sin
2
) ( cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
i i s
s i s i
c c
i i i
E E
M
i
E a
M
i
E a
t
T
t t
T
t
M i t a t a t s
s = =
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
= =
= + =


...
14
Two dimensional mod, (MPSK)
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
b
E
0 1
b
E
) (
2
t
3
s
7
s
110
) (
1
t
4
s
2
s
s
E
000
) (
2
t
6
s
8
s
1
s
5
s
001
011
010
101
111
100
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
s
E
00
11
) (
2
t
3
s
4
s
10
01
QPSK (M=4)
BPSK (M=2)
8PSK (M=8)
Exceptional case: can be represented by single dimension
8
15
Two dimensional mod,(MPSK)
demodulation and detection
Coherent detection of MPSK
Compute Choose
smallest
2
1
arctan
z
z

|
i
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (
2
t
) (t r
1
z
2
z
m
2
1
16
Two dimensional modulation
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)
, )
i c
i
i
t
T
E
t s + = cos
2
) (
, ) , )
3
) 1 ( 2
and symbols PAM are and where
sin
2
) ( cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

=
= =
= + =
M
E a a
t
T
t t
T
t
M i t a t a t s
s i i
c c
i i i

...
9
17
Two dimensional mod, (M-QAM)
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
2
s
1
s
3
s
4
s
0000 0001 0011 0010
6
s
5
s
7
s
8
s
10
s
9
s
11
s
12
s
14
s
13
s
15
s
16
s
1 3 -1 -3
1000 1001 1011 1010
1100 1101 1111 1110
0100 0101 0111 0110
1
3
-1
-3
16-QAM
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Two dimensional mod, (M-QAM)
demodulation and detection
Coherent detection of M-QAM
}
T
0
) (
1
t
ML detector
1
z
}
T
0
) (
2
t
ML detector
) (t r
2
z
m
Parallel-to-serial
converter
s) threshold 1 with (Compare M
s) threshold 1 with (Compare M
10
19
Example of two dim. modulation
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
s
E
00
11
) (
2
t
3
s
4
s
10
01 QPSK
3
s
7
s
110
) (
1
t
4
s
2
s
s
E
000
) (
2
t
6
s
8
s
1
s
5
s
001
011
010
101
111
100
8PSK
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
2
s
1
s
3
s
4
s
0000 0001 0011 0010
6
s
5
s
7
s
8
s
10
s
9
s
11
s
12
s
14
s
13
s
15
s
16
s
1 3 -1 -3
1000 1001 1011 1010
1100 1101 1111 1110
0100 0101 0111 0110
1
3
-1
-3
16QAM
20
Multi-dimensional modulation
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)
, ) , ) , )

= A
= A
A + = =
detection coherent - non ,
1
detection coherent ,
2
1
) 1 ( 2 cos
2
cos
2
) (
Hz
T
f
Hz
T
f
t f i f
T
E
t
T
E
t s
c
s
i
s
i

, )
2
1
0
cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) (
i i s
s
ij i i
M
j
j ij i
E E
j i
j i E
a t
T
t
M i t a t s
s = =

=
=
= =
= =

=


) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
3
s
) (
3
t
) (
2
t
s
E
s
E
s
E
,...,
frequency spacing required
to guarantee orthogonal
FSK waveforms
11
21
Multi-dimensional mod,(M-FSK)
demodulation & detection
Coherent detection of M-FSK

M
z
z

1
z =
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (t
M

) (t r
1
z
M
z
z
ML detector:
Choose waveform
corresponding to
the largest element
in the observed vector
m
22
Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in-phase with the
received carrier
Less complexity as compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error rate.
12
Types of non-coherent detection
1. Differentially coherent detection
Example: Differential PSK (DPSK)
The term differentially coherent detection of
differentially encoded PSK (which is the usual
meaning of DPSK) refers to a detection scheme
often classified as non-coherent because it does not
require a reference in-phase with the received
carrier.
At the transmitter, the current information bits and
previous symbol, determine the phase of the current
symbol (called differential encoding).
24
Non-coherent detection (DPSK)
Differential encoding of the DPSK message
The symbol phase, , changes if data bits in
current symbol interval differ from data bits in
previous symbol interval.
, ) ,...,M i T t t t
T
E
t s
i
s
i
1 , 0 , ) ( cos
2
) (
0
= s s + =
) (
1
t
1
s
2
s
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0
Symbol index:
Data bits:
Diff. encoded bits:
Symbol phase:
, ) k
, ) k m
k
, ) k
i

Binary (M=2) DPSK encoding example

Note: The first bit of the encoded bit sequence, c(k), is chosen arbitrarily, here taken to be binary 1.
, ) k c
13
25
Non-coherent detection (DPSK)
differentially coherent detection for DPSK message
assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch, , during
two symbol intervals.
uses the phase difference between the current received
symbol and previously received symbol
, ) T t t n t t
T
E
t r
i
s s + + + = 0 ), ( ) ( cos
2
) (
0

) (
1
t
) (
2
t
) , (
1 1
b a
) , (
2 2
b a
i

, ) , ) ) ( ) ) 1 (( ) ( ) ) 1 (( ) ( nT T n nT T n nT
i j i j i
= = + +
26
Non-coherent detection (DPSK)
Differentially coherent detection of Binary (M=2) DPSK
During each symbol time match received symbol with prior symbol and
look for correlation or anti-correlation (180 deg out of phase)
}
T
0
) (t r
m Decision
Delay
T
14
Consider the received signal with phase shift
sequence entering the correlator, in the
absence of noise:
0 0
, ) = k
Non-coherent detection (DPSK)
= k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Detection for the Binary (M=2) DPSK encoding example
28
2. Energy detection
Example: energy detection for orthogonal
signals such as M-FSK.
The received energy corresponding to each
candidate signal is used for detection.
Types of non-coherent detection
15
29
Energy detection of Binary FSK
}
T
0
) cos( / 2
1
t T
}
T
0
) (t r
11
z
12
z
}
T
0
}
T
0
21
z
22
z
Decision stage:
) cos( / 2
2
t T
) sin( / 2
2
t T
) sin( / 2
1
t T
, )
2
, )
2
, )
2
, )
2
+
-
) (T z
0 , 0 ) ( if
1 , 0 ) ( if
= <
= >
m T z
m T z
m
2
12
2
11
z z +
2
22
2
21
z z +
Types of non-coherent detection