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NAVEEN, LECTURER, ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HOSUR DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING NAME OF THE SUBJECT: POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR SUBJECT CODE: 708EET02 YEAR / SEM: IV / VII QUESTION BANK UNIT I PART A
1. List the basic requirements (desirable or essential qualities) of protective relay (or) what are the essential qualities of a relay? 2. Define the term burden, pilot and over reach as related to protective relay. 3. Define selectivity of protective relaying. 4. What are the advantages of percentage differential relay over a simple differential relay? 5. Give atleast two merits of a resistance grounded system. 6. Draw the different overcurrent relay characteristics based on operating time. 7. Mention the various parameters used for discriminating fault location in a power system. 8. What are the different inverse time characteristics of overcurrent relays. 9. What is meant by primary and backup protection . 10. What are the merits of mho relay? 11. What are the different types of grounding? 12. What are the advantages of neutral grounding? 13. Differentiate between static and dynamic relay. 14. What is the need for earthing? 15. What are the different types of phase comparators? 16. What is R-X diagram? 17. Define protective relay. 18. Give the types of electromagnetic relays. 19. How the relays are basically classified. 20. What is meant by directional relay? 21. What is differential relay and list the applications of differential relay? 22. Define negative sequence relay. 23. What is meant by counterpoise?

PART -B
1. Explain the working principle of Non directional and Directional Induction type over current relay. (12) Explain the operational characteristics of directional over current relay. (4) 2. What is meant by directional feature of a directional overcurrent relay? Describe the construction and principle of operation. (16) 3. Show that the amplitude and phase comparators are dual to each other. (8)

Explain any two types of phase comparators. (8) 4. Describe solid grounding and resistance grounding for earthing the neutral point of generator. (16) 5. Explain backup protection. (4) Explain with the aid of neat diagram, the principle of operation of an induction type overcurrent relay. Explain IDMT characteristics and how they are obtained in an induction type relay. (12) 6. Illustrate with a neat sketch and vector diagram a system of protection making use of negative sequence currents for the operation of relays. (16) 7. Explain with sketches and their R-X diagrams for the following distance relays. (i) Impedance relay (5) (ii) Mho relay (5) (iii) Reactance relay (6) 8. Derive the universal torque equation of relays. (8) Setting of Distance relay (8) 9. State the various functional circuits in a static relay with the help of block diagram. Explain the functions of various blocks. (16) 10. Explain the nature and Causes of Faults. Discuss the consequences of faults on a Power System 11. What are the different types of faults? Which type of fault is most dangerous? 12. What do you understand by Zone of Protection? Discuss various Zones of protection for a Power system? 13. Explain what you understand by Primary & Back up Protection. What is the Role of Back-up protection? What are the various methods of providing Back-up protection? 14. Explain in detail Current Differential Relay, Biased Beam Relay (Percentage differential Relay) & Balanced voltage Differential Relay 15. What are the different types of electromagnetic relays? Discuss their field of applications. (16) 16. What are the various types of over current relays? Discuss their area of application. (16) 17. Describe the operating principle, constructional features and area of applications of reverse power or directional relay. (16) 18. Explain the working principle of distance relays. (16) 19. Write a detailed note on differential relays. (16) 20. Explain with a neat sketch the principle of operation of translay relay.(8)

708EET02 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR SEVENTH SEMESTER DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TWO MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. List the basic requirements (desirable or essential qualities) of protective relay Reliability, selectivity, discrimination, fastness of operation or speed and time, sensitivity, adequateness, simplicity and economy. 2. Define burden, reach and over reach.
Burden is the normal continuous load imposed on the current transformers by the relay, normally expressed in VA or some times in ohms. For electromechanical relays, this is normally stated as 3 VA nominal.

Reach is the distance upto which the relay will cover for protection.Define blocking. It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to additional relays. Over reach or under reach are the errors in relay measurement resulting in wrong operation or failure to operate respectively. A relay is said to overreach when it operates at a current which is lower than its setting. This occurs when asymmetrical current is applied. 3. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection. Pilot wires refers to the wires that connect the CTs placed at the ends of a power transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is usually less than 500 ohms. 4. Define selectivity of protective relaying It is the ability of protective system to select correctly that part of the system in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system. 5. What are the advantages of percentage differential relay over a simple differential relay Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when a large through-current flows. Accurate matching of CT cannot be achieved due to pilot circuit impedance. The impedance of pilot cables generally causes a slight difference between the currents at the two ends of the section to be protected. If the relay is very sensitive, then the small differential current flowing through relay would operate even under no fault. All these disadvantages are overcome to a great extent in percentage differential relay.

6. Give atleast two merits of a resistance grounded system The earth fault current is small due to earthing resistance. Therefore interference with communication ckts is reduced. It improves the stability of the system. 7. Draw the different overcurrent relay characteristics based on operating time. What are the different inverse time characteristics of overcurrent relays The different characteristics of overcurrent relay are a) Definite time b) Inverse definite minimum time c) Very inverse d) Extremely inverse (For characteristics diagram refer class notes) 8. Mention the various parameters used for discriminating fault location in a power system Time, current magnitude, direction, distance, current balance, phase comparision and power direction 9. What is primary protection? It is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay and circuit breaker. It serves as the first line of defence. 10. What is back up protection? It is the second line of defence, which operates if the primary protection fails to activate within a definite time delay. It is non unit type. Not as fast and as discriminative as main protection. 11. What are the merits of mho relay Inherently directional by addition of a voltage winding known as polarising winding. Does not need seperate directional element. 12. What are the different types of grounding State the various types of earthing. Solid earthing, resistance earthing , reactance earthing , voltage transformer earthing and zig-zag transformer earthing. 13. What are the advantages of neutral grounding Provides greater safety to personnel and equipment High voltages due to arcing grounds are eliminated Overvoltages due to lightning are discharged to earth Provides improved service reliability Operating and maintainence expenditures are reduced 14. Define protective relay. What are the functions of protective relays?

It is the device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system, thereby protecting the system from damages consequent to the fault.

15. Differentiate between static and dynamic relay. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay? Low power consumption as low as 1mW No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion, replacement of contacts No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in vessels ie,ships,aircrafts etc. A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage,single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible in electromagnetic relays Static relay is compact Superior operating characteristics and accuracy Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static relay Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical quantities to electrical in conjunction with transducers. 16. What is the need for earthing? It provides protection to power system It ensures the safety of persons handling the equipment 17. What are the different types of phase comparators? Induction cup structure, induction disc structure with wattmetric type and induction dynamometer structure 18. What is R-X diagram? The usual way of expressing the operating characteristics of an impedance relay is on R-X diagramit is a circle with its centre at the intersection of the X and R axis, ie X and R are zero. The locus of impedance will also be a circle with Z as radius Z2 = R2 + X2 19. Give the types of electromagnetic relays. Attracted armature type: Plunger type, hinged armature type, balanced beam type polarised moving iron type Induction type: shaded pole type induction disc relay, wattmetric type induction disc relay, induction cup relay 20. What is differential relay? Mention any two applications of differential relay. The relay that operates when the phasor difference of two or more electrical quantities exceeds the predetermined value Protection of generator & generator transformer unit; protection of large motors and busbars.

21. What is meant by directional relay? The relay that operates for the specific direction of actuating quantity in the circuit.

22. What is meant by counterpoise? When the earth resistivity is high and the driven rods are not adequate the remedy is to bury a wire in the earth and connect it to the tower footing. The wire may run parallel to or at some angle to the line conductors themselves. This is called counterpoise 23. How the relays are basically classified? Overcurrent directional, distance, differential, negative sequence, staic and microprocessor based relay 24. Define negative sequence relay. A relay which provides protection to generators and motors against unbalanced loading that may result from phase to phase fault. 25. Give the consequences of short circuit. Whenever a short-circuit occurs, the current flowing through the coil increases to an enormous value. If protective relays are present, a heavy current also flows through the relay coil, causing it to operate by closing its contacts. The trip circuit is then closed, the circuit breaker opens and the fault is isolated from the rest of the system. Also, a low voltage may be created which may damage systems connected to the supply. 26. Define protected zone. Are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as relays, fuses or switchgears. If a fault occurring in a zone can be immediately detected and or isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular zone. 27. What are unit system and non unit system? A unit protective system is one in which only faults occurring within its protected zone are isolated. Faults occurring elsewhere in the system have no influence on the operation of a unit system. A non unit system is a protective system which is activated even when the faults are external to its protected zone. 28. Define energizing or actuating quantity. It refers to the current or voltage which is used to activate the relay into operation. 29. Define operating time of a relay. It is defined as the time period extending from the occurrence of the fault through the relay detecting the fault to the operation of the relay. 30. Define resetting time of a relay. It is defined as the time taken by the relay from the instant of isolating the fault to the moment when the fault is removed and the relay can be reset.

31. What is biased differential bus zone reduction? The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms of its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected zone. It is essentially an over-current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining coil. The restraining coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force. 32. What is the need of relay coordination? The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, ie, it should isolate the fault in the shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. Also, if a relay fails to operate, there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the rest of the system is protected. By coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated quickly without serious disturbance to the rest of the system. 33. What is an under frequency relay? An under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system (usually an alternator or transformer) falls below a certain value. 34. What are the features of directional relay? High speed operation; high sensitivity; ability to operate at low voltages; adequate short-time thermal ratio; burden must not be excessive. 35. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator? In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is introduced between them. 36. What is static relay? It is a relay in which measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is made in a static network which is designed to give an output signal when a threshold condition is passed which operates a tripping device. 37. What is power swing? During switching of lines or wrong synchronization surges of real and reactive power flowing in transmission line causes severe oscillations in the voltage and current vectors. It is represented by curves originating in load regions and traveling towards relay characteristics. 38. What is a programmable relay? A static relay may have one or more programmable units such as microprocessors or microcomputers in its circuit. 39. What is CPMC? It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static system.

40. What is pick up value? It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate. 41. Define target. It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay. 42. Define blocking. It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to additional relays. 43. Name the different kinds of over current relays. Induction type non-directional over current relay, Induction type directional over current relay & directional power relay. 44. What are over and under current relays? Overcurrent relays are those that operate when the current in a line exceeds a predetermined value. (eg: Induction type non-directional/directional overcurrent relay, differential overcurrent relay)whereas undercurrent relays are those which operate whenever the current in a circuit/line drops below a predetermined value.(eg: differential over-voltage relay) 45. What are arcing grounds? The presence of inductive and capacitive currents in the isolated neutral system leads to formation of arcs called as arcing grounds. 46. What is arc suppression coil? A method of reactance grounding used to suppress the arc due to arcing grounds. 47. State the significance of single line to ground fault. In single line to ground fault all the sequence networks are connected in series. All the sequence currents are equal and the fault current magnitude is three times its sequence currents. 48. What are symmetrical components? It is a mathematical tool to resolve unbalanced components into balanced components. 49. State the three sequence components. Positive sequence components, negative sequence components and zero sequence components. 50. Define positive sequence component. -has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120 degrees and having the phase sequence as original vectors.

51. Define zero sequence component. They has 3 vectors having equal magnitudes and displaced from each other by an angle zero degees. 52. State the significance of double line fault. It has no zero sequence component and the positive and negative sequence networks are connected in parallel. 53. Define negative sequence component. It has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120 degrees and has the phase sequence in opposite to its original phasors. 54. State the different types of faults. Symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults and open conductor faults. 55. State the various types of unsymmetrical faults. Line to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults 56. Mention the withstanding current in our human body. 9mA 57. Mention the inductance value of the petersons coil. L=1/32c