Chart symbols

Geographical positions Natural features, Foreshore Landmarks Tides & currents Depths & depth contours Intertidal areas Rocks, wrecks & obstructions Offshore installations Tracks & routes Submarine cables Anchorages Restricted areas Lights Buoys, beacons & fog signals Radar Pilotage p. 6 p. 9 11 & 25 27 p. 14 15 p. 20 22 p. 23 24 p. 26 p. 28 30 p. 31 32 p. 33 35 p. 32 p. 36 p. 37 p. 39 44 p. 45 51 p. 52 p. 54

The international hydrographic organisation (IHO)

Definition of hydrography
Hydrography deals with the measurement and description of features of seas and coastal areas for primary purpose of navigation and all other marine purposes and activities

IHO
Intergovernmental consultative and technical organisation Established in 1921 Main goal: to support safety in navigation and protection of marine environment Members: 74 states Object o Coordination national hydrographic offices o Standardisation o Adoption reliable and efficient methods of carrying out hydrographic surveys o Development of new techniques in field of hydrography and oceanography

Standardisation
IHO publication M-4 Adoption of consistent colours, symbols, nomenclature and general presentation for charts Part A: regulations for international charts Part B: chart specifications of IHO for medium- and large- scale national and international charts (scales larger than 1:2 million) Part C: chart specifications for small-scale international charts (scales smaller than 1:2 million)

International charts
Common worldwide chart series (INT Chart) Internationally agreed limits and scales IHO publication M-11 (Guidance for the preparation and maintenance of INT Chart Schemes) o Scheme determines which hydrographic office is responsible for mapping area and at what scale o Member States can join together => Regional Hydrographic Commission Publication INT chart o Producer nation = responsible for publication o Printer nation = allowed to make some modifications such as language o Produced by UKHO => only INT number o Produced by other member state => INT number + national number Definition o Produced within limits and scales following international scheme o Has INT number o Conform to chart specifications of IHO o Conform to regulations of IHO for international charts

S-57 standard
Standards for transfer of digital hydrographic data & chart display and content of ECDIS If conform => Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC)

Nautical publications
Reasons for global reputation UKHO o Global coverage o Information o Language o Organisation o Uniformity o Supply Full range = listed in Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications o Standard Navigational Charts (SNC): 3300 o Publications: 220 o Also online catalogue (updated each Thursday (NtM))

NP 131 Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications

Graphical & textual Listed by region Full details each chart & publication, details electronic charts & Admiralty distributors Updated and published annually Part 1: general information o Arrangement of Catalogue o Products and services o List of Admiralty authorized chart agents (location, contact & products) International agents Immediate supply digital & paper products Supply of Admiralty Notices to Mariners Charts dispatched fully corrected Correction-tracing sets each week Notifying automatically of new products & editions appropriate to ships trading pattern Weekly lists of applicable corrections Control & inspection routines Chart agents / distributors Broad range digital and/or paper products All corrected for latest NtM Retailers Small selection local charts and/or chart ordering service Uncorrected Full range of Admiralty Leisure products o ENC software suppliers Part 2: digital services o Admiralty digital catalogue o Admiralty updating service o Digital publications o Admiralty ECDIS service

o Admiralty ARCS service o Admiralty AVCS service (vector charts) Part 3: nautical charts, paper & digital o Index chart for world o General charts of the ocean o Planning charts o Admiralty chart folios (100) (each folio contains all Admiralty navigational charts published for area concerned) Part 4: thematic charts Part 5: nautical publications, paper & digital o Tidal publications o Sailing directions o ALL & FS o ALRS o Other Part 6: related Admiralty publications o Admiralty notices to mariners and update services o Distance tables o Astronomical publications o Leisure products Part 7: countries with established hydrographical office Part 8: index of advertisers Part 9: numeric index & price list

Admiralty thematic charts

Routeing charts (pilot charts) o Passage planning & ocean voyages o Routes and distance between major ports, ocean currents, ice limits, load lines, wind roses, expected meteorological and oceanographic conditions for each month o Five charts North Atlantic South Atlantic North Pacific South Pacific Indian Ocean Time zone chart o To be able to relate local time to standard GMT o International date line on latest edition Planning charts o Planning tools o Educational, travel & decorative purposes o Small-scale charts covering all significant ports worldwide Load line regulations chart o Draught as by the SOLAS o Latest designated zones & seasonal periods

Astronomical charts o Facilitate accurate plotting of position from astronomical observations

Gnomonic charts o Used in passage planning (great circle as straight line) o Fifteen charts cover the world o Scales: 1:13 500 000 & 1:26 500 000 Magnetic variation charts o Show variation of magnetic fields o Provides more detailed coverage on worldwide level Meteorological charts & diagrams o Used to plot weather information Bathymetric charts o Bathymetry = science of measurement of marine depths o Show ocean floor data Soundings Magnetic anomalies Submarine relief Instructional charts o Training school use o NEVER TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION Ships boats charts o Oceans of world covered by 6 small-plasticized charts for lifeboats o Show coastline, approximate strengths and directions of prevailing winds & currents, limits of ice & isogonic lines o Directions for use of chart & general remarks on lifeboats and weather on reverse Plotting sheets o Radar plotting diagram o Ocean plotting sheets Climatic charts o Average conditions for elements like pressure, winds, currents, temperature, ice, fog & rainfall o For months of January & July

NP 100: the mariners handbook

Compendium of essential maritime information Listed as per subject 9 chapters o Nautical publications o Use charts & navigational aids o Regulations o The sea o Meteorological information o Ice o Navigation in ice o Reporting o IALA A & B 3 annexes o National flags o Collision rules o Glossary

Admiralty list of radio signals (ALRS)

Covers all aspects of maritime communications 6 volumes Changes listed in NtM Volume 1: maritime radio stations o Satellite communication (INMARSAT) o Maritime radio stations (tel., fax, telex, VHF) o Quarantine reports o Pollution reports o Ship reporting system (voluntary system for SAR) Volume 2: radio aids to navigation, satellite navigation systems, radio time signals & electronic position fixing systems o Radar beacons o Satellite navigation systems (GPS & DGPS) o Radio time signals o Standard times Volume 3: maritime safety information services (2 parts) o Navareas o Radio weather services & navigational warnings o Radio-facsimile stations o Ships weather reports (VOS = voluntary observing ship program) Volume 4: meteorological observation stations o List of all meteorological observation stations with name, position, elevation & type

Volume 5: global maritime distress and safety system o Description of areas o Procedures for DSC & satellite communication o ITU radio regulations o List of coast stations (VHF & DSC channels) o SAR Volume 6: pilot services, vessel traffic services & port operations (5 parts) o Pilot services o VTS o Port operations & facilities

Admiralty sailing directions (Pilots)

Assists merchant mariner on all classes of ocean-going vessel Provides essential information on all aspects of navigation 74 volumes Complementary to Admiralty standard nautical charts Part 1: general info o Covered area o Local navigation & rules (traffic separation schemes, IALA, dangers ) o Meteorological information (tides, currents) o Navigation on ice Part 2: detailed information about the ports o Topography o Approach o Anchorage o Berthing o Port facilities o VTS o Small craft

Other publications
NP 136: ocean passages for the world Ocean voyage planning Routeing details for powered and sailing vessels Individual chapters on each of worlds oceans Advice on winds, weather, climate, seasonal factors, currents, swell, ice hazards & shortest routes between ports & important positions

NP 350: Admiralty distance tables Three parts Regional sub-division & tables

NP 5011: symbols and abbreviations used on Admiralty charts

Admiralty routeing guides

Important passage planning information For major shipping areas o English Channel o North Sea o Gulf of Suez o Malacca o Singapore Straits Contents o Passage planning using the guide o General rules & recommendations o Specific rules & recommendations o MARPOL o Radio reporting (VTS) o Reporting by radio to port of destination o Maritime radio services o Radio beacon o Tidal info o Pilot services o Passage planning chart Refers to the other publications needed

IMO ships routeing

Chapter 1: rules of IMO Chapter 2: 10 parts / areas Chapter 3: port routes Chapter 4: areas to be avoided Chapter 5: difficult zones Chapter 6: general regulations and definitions concerning navigation Chapter 7

Guide to port entry

2 parts 4 volumes Part 1 o General information per country per harbour o Facilities of port & harbour o Position of port & harbour Part 2 o Terminal on charts o Marine arrangements

Updating charts & publications

SOLAS chapter V requires that vessels maintain all charts & publications necessary for intended voyage up to date

Admiralty notices to mariners, paper version

General Weekly published in small booklet Obtained by subscription Lists important changes to charts & lights, radio signals & sailing directions Contents o Cover Number of week of publication Numbers of all notices in the booklet o Part I How to use the booklet Index of all charts to be corrected Index by Folio, numerical & geographical o Part II corrections for Admiralty charts Text Full colour blocks Significant amount of new complex safety-critical data Relatively small area Volume of changes would clutter if done by hand Temporary & preliminary corrections o Part III listing of all radio navigational warnings still in use o Part IV corrections for Admiralty sailing directions o Part V corrections for Admiralty list of lights o Part VI corrections for Admiralty list of radio signals

Working method See p. 30 31

Admiralty notices to mariners, digital version

Free service Data available on date of publication Search for o Chart updates latest edition o Chart updates last NtM o Chart updates between specified dates o Individual NtM, by number, by year Download o Chart update listings o NtM text chart updates o NtM full colour blocks & note updates o Temporary & preliminary NtM updates Advantages o Quick & easy access o Immediate access to official paper chart & publication updates o View & print individual notices & full colour blocks o Reduces delays in obtaining safety critical navigation information

Chart folio management system

CHART-TRACK Not by the Admiralty Complete chart & publication management solution On-board inventory management o Tracks each chart & publication held on board o Captures updated information & compares list of new editions with inventory Automatically places order Entry added in order file New edition available => supplied to the vessel o NtM & tracings downloaded every week o Includes complete list all standard nautical publications Guide to port entry SOLAS MARPOL Simplified chart correcting o Receives only those corrections in need to be applied o Corrections arrive via e-mail => easily transferred into database o Activate & de-activate charts & books On-shore ship management o Check on current inventory status o Check on status of chart corrections o Check on ships orders

CHARTCO Chart folio management system of UKHO (Admiralty) Maritime data supply service o Paper chart corrections o Paper nautical publications o Electronic chart updates o Updates to British Admiralty electronic products o Global weather data o Global & regional news services o Easy-to-use fully searchable database Flag state legislation SOLAS MARPOL EC Directives Transmitted through Inmarsat Satellite Network via Inmarsat Terminal Passes data to ChartCo Broadcast Receiver ChartManager service o Management & delivery of NtM & corrections to paper charts o Complete NtM received but corrections applicable are highlighted OceanXpress service o Delivery of updates to electronic charts & publications RegsManager o Easy & up-to-date access to relevant documentation News services o Digital news & information service MetManager service o Weather information & computer based onboard vessel routeing advice o Broadcast daily o Forecast data automatically received o Large format full ocean region coverage

Supplementary means
NP 294: How to keep your Admiralty charts up-to-date Good chart management practice with step-by-step correcting techniques using real Admiralty NtM NP 133A: Chart correction log Log to record Admiralty chart correction details Record weekly NtM & new charts & editions Index to check NtM against all Admiralty charts

NP 247: Annual summary of Admiralty NtM First Notice of each year Notices covering important subjects Reprints of all temporary & preliminary notices still in force Reprints all amendments to admiralty sailing directions published & in force

Admiralty list of lights and fog signals

Introduction
Navigation aids Special structures like lighthouses, lightships, beacons, buoys etc used to enhance safety by providing more opportunities to obtain LOPs Prescribed by IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities)

Light identification Features to describe light o Colour o Period (time in seconds needed for one complete cycle of changes) o Phase characteristics (particular pattern of changes within one complete cycle) Fixed (F) = unblinking, steady intensity, always on Flashing (Fl) = duration light less than duration darkness, frequency < 30 times / minute Quick flashing (Q) = frequency > 60 times / minute Very quick flashing (VQ) = frequency > 100 times / minute Interrupted quick flashing (IQ) = quick flashing with one moment of darkness in one period Isophase (Iso) = equal duration between light & darkness Group flashing (Fl (x+x)) Occulting (Occ) = opposite of flashing Alternating (AL) = changes colour (in same direction) Morse U (Mo (U)) Long-flashing (LFL) = one long flash (at least 2 seconds) Fixed & flashing (FFl) = always on, sometimes greater intensity Major lights o Used for key navigational points along seacoasts, channels, harbour & river entrances o Installed on permanent structures o High intensity & high reliability o Primary lights (very strong, long range, marking landfalls or coastal passages) o Secondary lights (shorter range, harbour & river entrances) o In list of lights Minor lights

o Low to moderate intensity o Within harbours, along channels & rivers

Special lights
Sector light o Sector of a light = portion of circle defined by bearings from seaward within light shows specified character or colour, or is obscured o Used to indicate presence of navigational hazards & safe water around o Limits marked on charts Leading lights (Ldg.Lts) o Lights at different elevations so situated to define leading line when into transit Aero lights (Aero) o Aids to aircraft Aeromarine lights o Marine-type light in which part of beam is deflected Obstruction lights (Aero + Obstruction in ALL) o Light marking obstruction to aircraft o Not on chart Occasional lights (Occas) Fog detector light o Automatic detection of fog (blue shine) o Various types Direction light (intens) o Light shining over very narrow sector, forming single leading light o Sometimes flanked by sectors of greatly reduced intensity / different colours / character Directional light (Dir)

Fog signals
Sound signals emitted in thick weather or low visibility (less than 3 miles) Attention o Signals heard at greatly varying distances o One of the notes may be inaudible due to atmospheric conditions o Fog may exist at short distance from station but observable from there Sound signals o Bell Mechanically / wave action Mostly on small buoys o Diaphone Compressed air Generally powerful low not, ending with sharp descending note o Horn Compressed air / electricity Vibrates a diaphragm Vary greatly in sound & power o Siren Flow of compressed air through rotating slots Different tones On LANBYs o Gong Used instead of bell o Whistle Machinery / hand / wave action Usually weak sound On pillar buoys o Explosive Firing explosive charges o Reed fog horn Thin metal reed vibrating by compressed air Weak low noise

Range of a light
Range is the distance at which a light can be seen Luminous range Maximum distance determined by intensity and meteorological visibility No account of elevation / eye height / curvature earth Diagram in ALL

Nominal range Nominal range is luminous range when meteorological visibility is 10 sea miles

Geographical & extreme range Geographical range is distance limited by curvature of earth, refraction of the atmosphere, elevation of light & height of eye of observer See in ALL Extreme range is distance limited by elevation of light and height of eye See in Nories Distance to horizon o D = 1,15 h in feet o D = 2,08 h in meters

Remarks Super refraction o Light seen farther than usual o Temperature water < temperature air Sub refraction o Range is less o Temperature water > temperature air

ALL & FS paper publication

Listing all lighthouses, lightships, lit floating mark (higher than 8 m), fog signals & lights of navigational significance Lists characteristics lights & fog signals & equivalent foreign language light descriptions Tables to calculate geographical & luminous range of lights Details including international number, location and/or name, geographical coordinates, characteristics, intensity, elevation, range & description of structure New editions published annually Changes listed in NtM 11 volumes for covering the world

Properties International number Name & location o Capital letters = place name o Bold letters = lights with range 15 o Big italic letters = light-vessels o Small italic letters = light-floats o Normal letters = fixed lights with range < 15 Geographic position (approximate, exact position on chart) Characteristics o Character o Period o Colour o Fog signal Elevation of structure in meters o Vertical distance between focal plane & chart datum o Normally MHWS Range in miles o Nominal range used standard o Check in ALL! Description of structure in meters + height (distance between top & base) Special remarks

Abbreviations used in ALL See p. 56

Distance by vertical angle

D = h * cotg Height & distance in same terms Assume o Height of eye = 0 o Earth = flat o h = elevation (MHWS) Table in Nories

Effect of height of eye Ignore observers height of eye Angle measured too large Margin of safety is given by ignoring height of eye!

Danger angle Vertical danger angle o Maximum angle o Reflected image below sea level => ship in safety o Charted height used, ship further away from danger Horizontal danger angle o Between two fixed objects o Angle measured less than danger angle => ship in safety

Admiralty digital list of lights Details of more than 70 000 lights Global coverage across 9 areas on 1 CD-ROM Advantages o Global coverage on 1 CD o Powerful search & identification tools o Geographical search facilities o Lights can be grouped in user-defined files o Unique light identifier tool: panoramic impression of all lights together with range o Flexible subscription options o Access to additional areas easily obtained o Automated weekly update service Licence runs for 1 year Expensive

Admiralty tide tables

General arrangement
Published annually Volumes o Vol 1: UK & Ireland, including European channel ports o Vol 2: Europe, Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean o Vol 3: Indian Ocean & South China Sea o Vol 4: Pacific Ocean Contents o Index to standard ports o Instructions for use of tables o Part 1: daily predictions of times & heights of high & low water at standard ports + diagram for calculation heights at times other than high & low water o Part 1a: hourly height predictions for some standard ports o Part 2: data for prediction of large number of secondary ports o Part 3: harmonic constants for use with simplified harmonic method of tidal prediction

o Geographical index

Methods of prediction
Standard ports Predictions based on continuous observation over period of at least 3 years Average changes in mean sea level are calculated & included All times given in official standard time kept at that place Summer time => one hour added Predicted heights in meters above chart datum

Secondary ports Predictions made by applying time & height differences to predictions at selected standard port Tidal characteristics should be similar Times in time zone of secondary port Correction for summer time NOT for difference in zone time

Seasonal changes in mean level

Monthly variations in mean sea level If maximum variation < 0,1 m => negligible

Meteorological effects on tides

Effect of the wind Wind raises sea level towards which it is blowing Positive surges (wind from the sea) Negative surges (wind to the sea) Along the coast => long waves => in crest raising sea level, in through lowering sea level

Barometric pressure Low barometer => raise sea level High barometer => depress sea level Water level doesnt adjust immediately => responds to average change in pressure Seldom exceeds 0,3 m Important in combinations with negative / storm surges

Seiches Oscillations due to abrupt changes in meteorological conditions Large seiches can set up strong currents dangerous to small craft

Storm surges Storm generates long waves travelling faster than storm in deep water Along coastline speed of waves falls & depends on depth of water If storm keeps pace with waves => continuous input of energy Can attain considerable height (flooding if coincides with HW springs)

How to find the time and height of HW & LW at a secondary port

See exercise p. 69 71

Other Admiralty tidal products

Co-tidal charts Predict offshore tidal conditions Admiralty tidal stream atlases Major tidal streams for selected waters of North West Europe shown in diagrams Include o Direction & rate of tidal streams at hourly intervals by use of graded arrows o Display mean neap and spring tidal rates in tenths of a knot o Diagram to help calculate tidal stream rate for required date

NP 102: Admiralty manual of tides Detailed description of tidal theory Application to analysis & prediction of tides & tidal streams Approach = largely mathematical

NP 122: Admiralty tidal handbooks SHM Simple Windows-based tidal prediction programme on CD-ROM Outlines Admiralty method of harmonic tidal analysis Volume on datums for hydrographic surveys

Admiralty total tide Tidal prediction software Rapid access to more than 7000 ports & 3000 tidal stream stations worldwide Tidal information for 7 geographical areas Advantages o Latest tidal data (port & streams) o Licence valid for chosen area o Safe water tab providing information on minimum & maximum tidal heights that will allow safe passage during seven days following prediction time o Tidal curve for 24 hours o Determination of tidal window (draught, under keel clearance & air draught) o Astronomical information for any set of coordinates worldwide o Easy update

Means of fixing the position of the ship in coastal navigation

See p. 75 85

Voyage planning principles

What?
Key element of bridge resource management Comprehensive berth-to-berth guide Developed & used by vessels bridge team Goal o Determine most favourable route o Identify potential problems or hazards o Adopt bridge management practises to ensure vessels safe passage

Regulations
MCA SAFETY OF NAVIGATION implementing SOLAS CHAPTER V, 2002 Regulation 34 safe navigation o Master shall ensure that intended voyage planned using appropriate charts & publications o Voyage plan shall identify a route which Takes into account relevant ships routeing systems Ensures sufficient sea room Anticipates all known hazards Takes into account marine environmental protection measures Regulation 28

o In short: keep a logbook Annex 24 & 25 o States principles of voyage planning based on IMO Resolution A.893 (21)

IMO Resolution A.893 (21) See p. 87 90 STCW Code Section A-VIII/2 part 3-1 Navigation planning for all conditions Routeing according with general principles on ships routeing Voyage planning principles with respect to weather conditions & wave height

Procedure
See p. 91 93

Passage planning guidelines

See p. 95