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A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
Popular in the 1980s and used for digital audio broadcasting (DAB)
OFDM + QPSK modulation
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
What is COFDM ?
C - Coded O - Orthogonal F - Frequency D - Division M - Multiplex
s2(t)
S2(f)
Sn(f)
Transimitter
G(t)
:
sn(t)
Carrier modulation fcn
Transmitter architecture
ASK
FSK
Quadrature (QAM) phase shift uses a /2 phase shift. phase shift is shown here
PSK
Tu Tu 1/(Fc1 - Fc2)
Guard interval
Time
time
s1(t)
BPFc2
s2(t)
:
BPFcn Carrier demod
sn(t)
s2(t)
S2(f)
Sn(f)
Transimitter
G(t)
:
sn(t)
Carrier modulation fcn
IDFT
s(t i ) =
2W N
Transmitter architecture
S(f k)ej2f t /N f =1
k i k
BPFc1
G(t)
s1(t)
BPFc2
s2(t)
:
BPFcn Carrier demod
sn(t)
DFT
S(f k ) =
T N
s(t i )ej2f t /N t =1
k i i
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
Carrier types
9 Data carriers - 2,4 or 6 bits per symbol, per carrier 9 TPS carriers - Transmission information 9 Pilot carriers -Channel estimation at receiver, Tx at boosted power levels Continual - 177 in '8K' mode, 45 in '2K' always in same position within symbol Scattered - 524 in '8K' mode, 121 in '2K' pseudo random within symbol
Modulation used
9 Increases number of bits that can be transmitted 9 Eg each carrier transports 4 bits for QAM-16
....
4 x OFDM frames
Ts
Guard interval Useful data
t
OFDM frame
Tu
Tf
....
67
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
PRBS
Inner coding*
Amplitude/phase mapping
|||||||........|||||||| R
|||||||........||||||||
|||||||........||||||||
Analogue conversion
Filtering
Upconversion
Transmission
R |||||||........|||||||| I |||||||........||||||||
IFFT
FIR
DAC
|||||......||||||
|||||......||||||
* Same as DVB-S
PCR_1 TELETEXT_1
ES
VIDEO_1 AUDIO_1
TP
TP1_1
TP1_2
TP1_3
TP2_1
TP2_2
TP2_3
TP3_1
TP3_2
TP3_3
TP4_1
TP4_2
TP4_3
Data scrambling
Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) Energy dispersal to ensure adequate binary transitions
1 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 0 5 1 6 0 7 1 8 0 9 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
Initialisation sequence
11 12 13 14 15
Error correction
Error prone environment hence small packets (188 bytes) with additional error correction data (16 bytes)
Known as Forward Error Correction (FEC) Also known as channel coding Two main parts: Outer coding for burst errors (Reed - Solomon and Forney) Inner coding (Convolution coding)
QEF Channel
Data
Data
Energy dispersal
Forney Interleaving
Outer coding
Reed Solomon
Operates over individual packets Corrects up to 8 erroneous bytes per packet Non correctable flag for > 8 byte errors Bandwidth overhead is 8%
Inner coding
Convolution coding
2 identical streams produced from outer coded stream Output stream formed from combination of these new streams Not all simultaneous bits taken - hence rate defined (DVB-T code rates: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8)
No puncturing data rate is halved since convolution encoder produces two identical streams
Symbol interleaving
The 2, 4 or 6 bit words are mapped onto the OFDM carriers 1512 for 2k mode or 6048 for 8K mode
16-QAM
log N
Main signal
Also means receiver can identify start of symbol using a correlation function
Analogue transmission
Digital transmission
f
518 MHz 519.25 MHz 526 MHz 530 MHz +/- 1/6 Mhz (Centre) CH28
CH27
PRBS
Inner coding*
Amplitude/phase mapping
|||||||........|||||||| R
|||||||........||||||||
|||||||........||||||||
Analogue conversion
Filtering
Upconversion
Transmission
R |||||||........|||||||| I |||||||........||||||||
IFFT
FIR
DAC
|||||......||||||
|||||......||||||
* Same as DVB-S
What is COFDM ?
C - Coded O - Orthogonal F - Frequency D - Division M - Multiplex
Orthogonality
Definition possible due to signals being described as vectors Spacing between carriers is minimised
Results close to theoretical maximum are achieved (f 1/) Expensive in analogue FDM due to costly band pass filters
1/T
fk
fk+1
fk+2
fk+3
fk+4
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
Useful data
Main signal
Max. delay
Guard interval
Useful data
Delayed signal
COFDM
A brief history COFDM principles DVB-T framing structure COFDM transmission sequence Countering against echoes and reflections DVB-T variable parameters
1/8
5.53 7.37 8.29 9.22 9.68 11.06 14.75 16.59 18.43 19.35 16.59 22.12 24.88 27.65 29.03
1/16
5.85 7.81 8.78 9.76 10.25 11.71 15.61 17.56 19.52 20.49 17.56 23.42 26.35 29.27 30.74
1/32
6.03 8.04 9.05 10.05 10.56 12.06 16.09 18.10 20.11 21.11 18.10 24.13 27.14 30.16 31.67
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
In poor S/N ratio conditions 16 64-QAM constellation points can be demodulated as one QPSK constellation point