Research Paper Holocaust Overview

Elana Carson

Eng Comp 102-102 Professor Neurburger 18 November 2011

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The Holocaust: an event that will never be forgotten. As one researches the life of a Holocaust survivor one is sure to be amazed at the strength of the Jewish community as they suffered through what most would call a living hell. This historical event appears not as one to be forgotten, but rather remembered in every individuals heart and a constant reminder we live in a fallen and broken world where selfish ambition impedes any type of moral standards. There have been many genocides throughout history, but understanding how the Nazis systematically murdered over eleven million people remains of utmost importance. Nazis views on Jews anti-Semitism According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Prejudice against or hatred of Jewsknown as antiSemitismhas plagued the world for more than 2,000 years.(Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred) Anti-Semitism basically poses the question of why did the Nazis hate the Jews.
A time to remember. Source; http://bit.ly/vo0Fjs

Because quite frankly, Nazi soldiers had been told they were doing a good deed and therefore had no moral conviction. This statement

does not justify the acts of the Nazi soldiers but simply points out how their head leader Adolph Hitler steered them in such an obscure direction. According to Holocaust survivor Alexander Kimel, Hitler lived in Vienna from 1907 to 1913 and these were by far the most difficult years of his life. Hitler attempted to become an architect, which was his dream job. He was twice rejected from the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. The second rejection by the Academy became one of the most traumatic experiences of his life as all his dreams had become shattered. He discovered that four out of his seven college

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professors that had failed him happened to be Jewish. This resulted in the start of Adolph Hitlers malice and rage towards the Jews. Kimel states, Life in Vienna was very rough for Hitler. The winter of 1909 was a severe winter. He was at the end of his resources, his hands covered with chilblains, his stomach empty; he had been begging in the streets, but no one paid any attention to him. He had no overcoat, his feet were in bad shape, and he walked painfully and slowly. (Hitler and the Jews) In a 1933 Interview with Adolph Hitler by the New York Staatszeitung, he quotes: Why does the world shed crocodiles tears over the richly merited fate of a small Jewish minority? I ask Roosevelt, I ask the American people: Are you prepared to receive in your midst these well-poisoners of the German people and the universal spirit of Christianity? We would willingly give every one of them a free steamer-ticket and a thousand-mark note for travelling expenses, if we could get rid of them. (qtd.in Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism) Hitler often said "Anti-Semitism is the unifying element of the reconstruction of Germany. (qtd.in Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism) That philosophy by Hitler encouraged the Nazi soldiers to continue on with the killings of the Jews. According to USHMM, the early Christian thought held the Jews completely responsible for the crucifixion of Christ. This religious teaching was embedded in the Catholic and Protestant churches theology in the first millennium, with this came terrible consequences for Jews. After the Jews had been persecuted for so many centuries the Jewish minority in Europe achieved some rights after the Enlightenment. As Europe became more secular and Jews integrated into

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mainstream society, political forms of anti-Semitism emerged. Around the nineteenth century, theories legitimized a racial form of anti-Semitism and it became popular with many political leaders.(USHMM, Antisemitism: the longest hatred) The USHMM states, History has shown that wherever anti-Semitism has gone unchecked, the persecution of others has been present or not far behind. Defeating anti-Semitism must be a cause of great importance not only for Jews, but for all people who value humanity and justice. Unfortunately, anti-Semitism is still relevant and active in todays society. Recently, there has been an increase in anti-Semitism, in the form of hate speech, violence, and denial of the Holocaust. These incidents are most commonly found in the Islamic world, but are appearing everywhere, especially in areas where the Holocaust took place. The president of Iran repeatedly has declared the Holocaust a myth and that Israel should be wiped off the map. Still today, in the United States, there are cases of Jewish students on college campuses who are confronted by anti-Semitic hostility. There is still violence towards Jews and Jewish institutions. Internet websites in many different languages are starting to deny and minimize the existence of the Holocaust, as well as many forms of hatred against Jews. This is unacceptable. (Antisemitism: the longest hatred) Nuremberg laws According to USHMM, on September 15 of 1935 the Nuremberg laws became instituted. These laws prohibited Jews from marrying or having sexual relationships with anyone of/ or related to German blood. The Nuremberg Laws define a "Jew" as someone with three or four Jewish grandparents. Unfortunately, the Nazis classified a Jew based on their relatives rather than religion when in all actuality many of the Jews had converted from Judaism to another religion, among them: Roman Catholic priests, Nuns and Protestant ministers. The Nuremberg

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legislation was also called the Reich Citizenship Law or the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor.(Nuremburg laws) In an interview with the United Press Hitler stated, This legislation is not anti-Jewish, but pro-German. The rights of Germans are thereby to be protected against destructive Jewish influences. (qtd.in Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism) According to the History Place, On October 18, 1935 the new marriage requirements became instituted. The "Law for the Protection of the Hereditary Health of the German People" required all prospective marriage partners to obtain from the public health authorities a certificate of fitness to marry. The Germans fully believed that these laws against the Jews had been created for their own good. Hitler stressed that the legislative measures he took would in time protect, help and serve the Jewish community. Hitler issued a third law on November fourteenth of 1935; this law now extended to other groups and races. The law extended the prohibition on marriage or sexual relations between people who could potentially produce a racially suspect offspring. After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, nearly a dozen Nazi decrees eventually outlawed the Jews completely. This deprived them of their rights as human beings. (World War II in Europe, the Nuremberg race laws) USHMM states, for a brief period after Nuremberg, around the time of the Olympic Games, held in Berlin, the Nazi regime moderated its anti-Jewish attacks and in turn removed many of the signs saying "Jews Unwelcome" from public places. Hitler wanted to keep Germanys reputation on a good note with so many people from other countries attending the games. He could not let
The Nuremberg laws. Source; http://bit.ly/sslvTx

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other countrys change their view on Germany, so he did everything within his power to put on a show and shield the world of the truth going on in his own country. Moreover, after the Olympic Games (in which the Nazis did not allow German Jewish athletes to participate), the Nazis continued the persecution of German Jews. In 1937 and 1938, the government set out to impoverish Jews. They required them to register their homes and businesses so they could later on ruin them. This meant that Jewish workers and managers were dismissed, and the ownership of most Jewish businesses had been taken over by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by Nazis. This affected Jewish doctors and lawyers as well. The Jewish doctors could no longer treat non-Jewish patients and lawyers lost their jobs because not one organization would allow a Jewish lawyer to represent them in court. As was the custom in Germany, all people were required to carry identity cards, but the government added special identifying marks to Jews cards: a red "J" stamped on them. These cards allowed the police to identify Jews very easily. (Nuremberg laws) Kristallnacht According to MTSU, in the spring of 1938, Hitler sent his German army to relocate over 17,000 Polish Jews and forced them to leave Germany. On November seventh, of 1938 a seventeen-year-old Polish Jew named Hershel Grynszpan had shot Ernst Vom Rath, the Third Secretary of the German Embassy in Paris. Grynszpan, horrified by the deportation of his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where they had lived since 1914 hoped that his dramatic action would alert the world of the mistreating of Europe's Jews. (Kristallnacht) According to an article by PBS titled The American Experience, when the French police arrested Grynszpan, he sobbed: "Being a Jew is not a crime. I am not a dog. I have a right

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to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal."(qtd in Kristallnacht) In addition MTSU states, The assassination provided Goebbels, Hitler's Chief of Propaganda, with the excuse he needed to launch a pogram against German Jews. The young mans attack was interpreted by Goebbels as a conspiratorial attack by "International Jewry" against the Reich and, symbolically, against the Fuehrer himself. This pogrom has come to be called Kristallnacht, "the Night of Broken Glass. (Kristallnacht) MTSU answers the question of what exactly happened during Kristallnacht. The Nazi youth roamed through the Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of businesses and homes and burning synagogues. They stole collectibles, values and possessions. There were roughly 101 synagogues destroyed, 7500 Jewish business burned, 26,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps and 91 Jews beaten and killed on that night.
A home being burnt on the evening of Kristallnacht. Source; http://bit.ly/2ZngeB

Three days later, on November 12, Goering called a meeting of the top Nazi leadership to assess the damage done during the

night and place responsibility for it. The intent of this meeting was two-fold: to make the Jews responsible for Kristallnacht and to use the events of the preceding days as a rationale for promulgating a series of anti-Semitic laws which would, in effect, remove Jews from the German economy. In the meeting, Goering stated: I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I

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implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me.(MTSU) In addition MTSU states that at the meeting the board decided that the Jews must to be held responsible for the damages that occurred during Kristallnacht. Because of the events that took place, Kristallnacht is believed to be the beginning of the Holocaust. At this time it became clear to Hitler and his top advisors that forced immigration of Jews out of the Reich had no feasible options. Numerous concentration camps and forced labor camps had begun operation and the Nuremberg Laws had taken place. The path to the final solution had been chosen. And, the passivity of the German people in the face of the events of Kristallnacht made it clear that the Nazis would encounter little opposition, even from the German churches. Furthermore, a Holocaust survivor, Walter Pehle shares his thoughts on Kristallnacht. He states: It is clear that the term Crystal Night serves to foster a vicious minimalizing of its memory, a discounting of grave reality: such cynical appellations function to reinterpret manslaughter and murder, arson, robbery, plunder, and massive property damage, transforming these into a glistening event marked by sparkle and gleam. Of course, such terms reveal one thing in stark clarity - the lack of any sense of involvement or feeling of sympathy on the part of those who had stuck their heads in the sand before that violent night. (qtd in Kristallnacht) The ghettos According to the Holocaust Education and Archive Research team (HEART) the Ghettos: an invention not created by the Nazis but rather traced back all the way to the medieval times. In that day restrictions placed on Jewish residencies forced the Jews to reside in specific areas. This did not phase the Jews, because in Judaism it is custom that you live in direct proximity to your

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brothers and sisters. Therefore the Jews did not particularly care about the rules being forcibly placed upon them. Soon there became many splits in cities; you would have your Jewish towns and your Christian towns. Jews could not settle in the restricted areas, however they could trade with and work for the Christians. In the late 1930s, the Germans started forcibly moving Jewish families to the Ghettos. The Ghettos had dilapidated housing, poor quality food, horrid sanitary conditions and an absence of medical supplies. Most ghettos served for the same purposes and all had many things in common such as, diseases, starvation, exhaustion and shooting pits. Moreover, the purpose of the Ghettos was: to get all of the Jews consolidated into one specific area so that the Nazis could deal with them accordingly. If the Germans could maintain control over all of the Jewish community, they had complete access to easily wiping away an entire generation of Jewish believers.(The Warsaw Ghetto) According to HEART, Hundreds of ghettos were established in Nazi occupied Europe, ranging in size from the 445,000 inhabitants of the Warsaw ghetto to those containing just a few families in rural quasi-ghettos. (The Warsaw Ghetto) The HEART foundation continues on by saying that today, the term ghetto has acquired a somewhat different meaning. It is no longer applied solely, if at all, to Jews. Essentially it is used as a slang word for poor or rough areas as well as a title for a fashion choice. If you asked any human being, they would agree that it is very comforting when one is surrounded by their peers, religious family or racial community. But in no way can these modern ghettos be compared to the Nazi version. One inmate of the Holocaust describes the ghettos as a prison without a roof. (The Warsaw Ghetto)

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As told by the HEART foundation, There were of course survivors, and it is from their evidence and the extraordinarily detailed archives and personal diaries of those who did not survive, that it is possible to construct some kind of historical record of individual ghettos. No writing can begin to adequately describe the misery and despair of life in the ghettos established by the Nazis.(The Warsaw Ghetto) Wannsee Conference The Final Solution According to USHMM, the Wannsee conference is what one could call a rally of injustice. Many German officials spoke at this conference and encouraged the crowd to view Jews as a race of insignificance to the world. (The Wannsee Conference) A famous quote by Adolph Hitler states, "We swear we are not going to abandon the struggle until the Last Jew in Europe has been exterminated and is actually dead. It is not enough to isolate the Jewish enemy of mankind-the Jew has got to be exterminated." (qtd. in Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism) The History Place informs us that, at the Wannsee conference the first action steps of the final solution came about. These were to make all necessary arrangements for the preparation of an increased emigration of the Jews, to direct the flow of emigration, and to speed the procedure of emigration in each individual case. This would achieve the goal of cleansing the German living space of all Jews in a somewhat legal manner. The Germans placed a tax on the Jews, an immigration tax that forced the wealthier Jews to pay for the needier Jews to emigrate. (The Wannsee conference) According to The History Place; quoted from the minutes of the Wannsee conference, Under proper guidance, in the course of the final solution the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Able-bodied Jews, separated according

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to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly, because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as a the seed of a new Jewish revival. (The Wannsee conference) The History place continues on by stating, at the end of the meeting the Chief of the security police asked the participants to allow him appropriate support as he carried out the tasks involved to solve this problem. (Wannsee conference) Selection- selektion USHMM describes the Selection process as: one of the most heartbreaking moments of the Holocaust. Husbands and wives being ripped apart, children and grandparents being separated and families being destroyed. The selection process is relatively simple. The Jews would get off of large steamer trains and line up. The German soldiers would then point to the left or to the right; that one point would determine their future. Often times they would send the young children, the women and the elderly in the same direction to the death camps. On the other side they would send the teenagers, men and young boys who looked healthy and able to work in factories for the Germans. (Selektion process) Holocaust survivor Jack Kagan shares his personal view on the selection process. Early morning, the Nazis arrived and started a selection. You came out, he asked you, the head of the family, your profession, how many children. To the left, it's to go out to the yard; to the right it's to stand in the corner of the entrance of the building. It came to our turn, my uncle went in front, he said, 'What is your

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profession?' He said a saddle maker. 'How many children?' Two children. To the left. Came to my father. 'Your profession?' Again, saddle maker, two children. To the right. That means it was no rhyme or reason whom to select to death and whom to life. Because he went in front, two children, saddle maker, the same profession. We were the lucky ones, he left us to remain alive, and them to death. So my uncle Moishke, Soshke, Berol, and Leizer went out to the yard. They sent out four and a half thousand, took them outside the town into graves, into prepared graves, and massacred them, they shot them. My mother was standing practically opposite the window, and suddenly out of nowhere police, came with the back of their rifles hitting everybody, and I knew that this was the end of the people which are standing on the yard. In this execution I lost my mother, I lost my sister Nachama, I lost my auntie, Surcharsky. (British Library, Selection process) USHMM then states that the few surviving Jews that made it through the selection process went on to a life of torture in which very few survived. (Selektion process) Extermination methods In discussing extermination methods Adolph Hitler states, "We swear we are not going to abandon the struggle until the Last Jew in Europe has been exterminated and is actually dead. It is not enough to isolate the Jewish enemy of mankind-the Jew has got to be exterminated." (qtd.in Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism) According to an article called The Holocaust, the Gas chambers happened to be the most efficient extermination method ridding Germany of the Jews. The Nazis used a compound called Zyclone B which evaporated at body temperature in a sealed room and led to death from

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suffocation within a very short time. Auschwitz 1 became the first camp to use this specific extermination method in 1941 in the arrest cells. The trouble with the extermination methods was keeping them undercover. Some of the camps would build gas chambers inside of old farmhouses or warehouses to hide the proof of the genocides from the outside world. Furthermore, apart from the gas chambers, other sources were used in the extermination process such as lethal injections, gas trucks, industrialized facilities of mass destruction and mass shootings.(The Gas Chambers) The Holocaust Education Center states: The Nazis and their helpers used the most terrible methods of murdering Jews, gypsies and other undesirable population groups. In the attempt to carry out the Final Solution as effectively as possible (Methods of mass murder) In addition, millions died in the ghettos and concentration camps as a result of forced labor, starvation, exposure, brutality, disease, and execution. (The Holocaust) The Death Camps In the article called The Holocaust, a death camp is a concentration camp with special apparatus especially designed for mass murder. Six such camps existed: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka, all located in Poland. Auchwitz-Birkenau became the killing center where the largest numbers of European Jews encountered death. In 1941 an experimental gassing took place in Auschwitz and the mass murder of over 850 malnourished and ill prisoners became a daily routine. In 1942 mass gassing of Jews using the deadly chemical, Zyklon-B began at Auschwitz. There extermination had been conducted on an industrial scale; this happened so that the Germans could rid the world of as many Jews as possible, as quickly as possible. Through gassing, starvation, disease, shooting, and burning eventually 3 million Jews died at this camp. (The Holocaust) According to MTSU, Nazi Doctor Robert J. Lifton asks the question:

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How did a profession committed to healing, the protection of human life and the relief of human suffering become part of the Nazi killing machine? The apparent answer to this question is that it was a gradual process, a "slippery slope" which began with the Euthanasia Programme of "mercy killing" and resulted in the full scale involvement of some members of the medical profession in the mass extermination of Jews and others in the Nazi death camps. (Kristallnacht) As mentioned by MTSU, in some sense, all of the concentration camps could be called death camps. Thousands of inmates died of starvation, worked until death, experienced exposure to the elements, had diseases, or simply experienced execution for alleged crimes. However, the camps are classified on the basis of their primary, or intended, function. Some camps, however, had been specifically equipped for mass killing by means of gas chambers and crematoria for disposing of the remains these are titled as Death camps. In the first few camps they started using exhaust fumes from truck engines, or tank engines, and pumped them into sealed gassing vans, sealed railroad cars, or specially constructed gas chambers. In Stutthof, lethal injections became popular in killing sick prisoners. This did not eliminate other methods, such as: shootings, hangings and fatal beatings. Furthermore, Auschwitz became a location for medical experiments that used humans as the guinea pigs. Josef Mengele performed most of these experiments. His favorite types of Experiments, he would run on sets of Jewish twins, dwarfs or Gypsies. Out of all the killing centers in the Nazi system, Auschwitz exemplified the rationalization of murder as well as being the most efficient camp for carrying out the "Final Solution." The total number of Jewish dead in Auschwitz-Birkenau will never be known for certain because most had not been registered. Rough estimates vary between one and two and a half million.

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Furthermore, the Nazis had the Jews hair cut off before their bodies burned in the crematory. After liberation, tons of hair was found in camp warehouses. When the Jews became aware of their death that awaited them, resistance would come about. This resistance often resulted in being beaten, clubbed with rifle butts and whips by the camp staff. A conservative estimate of those murdered in the Nazi death camps stands at about 3.5 million. The Nazis rationalized the process by the ideology of racial superiority/inferiority. The Nuremberg Laws even gave legal sanction to these ideas. Because of Hitlers goals of world domination, and with World War II as a cover, the Nazi regime was able to carry out the greatest crime in human history. (Kristallnacht) The Holocaust website informs us that, while it is impossible to ascertain the exact number of Jewish victims, statistics indicate that the total was over 5,830,000. Six million is the round figure accepted by most authorities. (The Holocaust) Liberation According to USHMM In 1944 allied troops began to move across Europe in a series of offensives against Nazi Germany; they began to encounter tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners. The prisoners had survived forced marches, starvation, and diseases. When the Soviet Union arrived in Poland in 1944, the Germans attempted to hide the mass murdering that had taken place by demolishing the camp. Due to the magnitude of the gas chambers, they ran out of before the Soviets arrived. In the summer of 1944, the Soviets also overran the sites of the Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka killing centers. However, German soldier had destructed these camps in 1943, after a large percentage of the Jews from Poland had already been murdered. In January of 1945, the Soviets liberated Auschwitz, which was the largest extermination and concentration camp.

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Furthermore, upon entering the camp the Soviet soldiers found only several thousand emaciated prisoners alive. The Soviets could clearly see the mass murder that had taken place over the past few years; there was no hiding what went on in Auschwitz. The retreating Germans had destroyed most of the warehouses in the camp, but in the remaining ones the Soviets found personal belongings of the victims. For example, they discovered hundreds of thousands of men's suits, more than 800,000 women's outfits, and more than 14,000 pounds of human hair all taken from the Jewish people. They continue on by saying that, upon arriving at the camps liberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps, where piles of corpses lay unburied. Only after the Jews had been liberated was the truth revealed about the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps. The small percentage of inmates who survived resembled skeletons because of the demands of forced labor and the lack of food; in addition, months and years of maltreatment had taken place. Many became so weak that they could hardly move. Disease remained an everpresent danger, and many of the camps had to be burned down to prevent the spread of epidemics. Survivors of the camps faced a long and difficult road to recovery. (Liberation) After liberation USHMM says that after being liberated, many Jews, terrified to return to their homes migrated westward to other European territories. Their original cities no longer would allow them to safely live in their homes due to a large presence of anti-Semitism still being active. Unfortunately, the only places they found shelter happened to be in refugee centers or displaced persons camps. Israel became an established nation in May 1948, Jewish displaced persons and refugees began streaming into the new sovereign state. Roughly 170,000 Jewish displaced persons and refugees had immigrated to Israel by 1953. The United States, had extremely strict immigration restrictions, these limited the number of refugees allowed to enter the country. The

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British also restricted Jewish emigration due to Arab objections. Unfortunately, most countries closed their borders to immigrants of Jewish decent. However, despite these obstacles, many Jews attempted to leave Europe as soon as possible. (The aftermath of the Holocaust) USHMM states that, on May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel, declaring, The Nazi Holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the reestablishment of the Jewish State, which would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness by opening the gates to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in the family of nations. (Postwar Refugee Crisis and the establishment of the state of Israel) In conclusion, one is still amazed at how the Nazis successfully pulled off such a horrific genocide. Through research and studies it is still hard to believe the realism of this event and the torture that the Jewish nation had to overcome. The Holocaust is definitely an event that will never be forgotten.

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Works Cited "Anti-Semitism: The longest hatred." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "Extermination Methods: Gas Chambers." Institut Fuer Sozial- Und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Uni Linz. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://www.wsghist.unilinz.ac.at/auschwitz/html/Gaskammern.html>. "Holocaust F.A.Q." The Holocaust, Crimes, Heroes and Villains. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://www.auschwitz.dk/docu/faq.htm>. "Holocaust Timeline: The Wannsee Conference." The History Place. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "KRISTALLNACHT." Middle Tennessee State University. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "Liberation United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. Nuremburg laws United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "Postwar Refugee Crisis and the establishment of the state of Israel." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "Selektion process." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazis Concerning Jews and Judaism." HLSS - Social Sciences. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "The aftermath of the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "The Wannsee Conference United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "The Warsaw Ghetto: Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. "World War II in Europe Timeline: September 15, 1935 - The Nuremberg Race Laws." The History Place. Web. 16 Nov. 2011.