1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Open-Source Software
Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved forcopyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open-source software is the most prominent example of open-sourcedevelopment and often compared to (technically defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open content movements. A report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers

Computer Software
Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Programsoftware performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it cannot be touched.Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.

Computer Hardware
Computer hardware are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to a computer case to create apersonal computer upon which system software is installed including a firmware interface such as a BIOS and an operating system which supports application software that performs the operators desired functions. Operating systems usually communicate with devices through hardware buses by using software device drivers.

Utility Software
Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.Utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer hardware, operating system, application software and data storage) operates.

2.0 THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM

2.1 Meaning of open source OS
Open source OS means that anyone is free to open and change or use parts of the code. A normal OS (like Windows or the Apple OS's) is closed source, meaning that only they can develop it. An open source program or OS normally has more features, and performs better than their closed source competitors, because there are many hundreds of people making the software better every day.

2.2 Examples of open source OS

Kubuntu Linux Kubuntu Linux is a user friendly operating system based on KDE, the K Desktop Environment. With a predictable 6 month release cycle and part of the Ubuntu project, Kubuntu is the GNU/Linux distribution for everyone. Improved desktop, updated applications and increased usability features are just a few of the surprises with this latest release. Ubuntu Linux Ubuntu Linux brings together the best of free and open source software delivered on a stable, easy to use and learn platform. Ubuntu claims to be always free of charge, including enterprise releases and security updates. It comes with full commercial support from Canonical and hundreds of companies around the world. Ubuntu includes the very best translations and accessibility infrastructure that the free software community has to offer.

3.0 THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

3.1 Meaning of open source application software

Open source application software is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. Open source licenses often meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition. Some open source application software is available within the public domain. Open source application software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source application software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user-generated content or open content movements. The term open source application softwareoriginated as part of a marketing campaign for free application software.

3.2 Examples of open source application software

NeoOffice NeoOffice is a fork of the free/open source OpenOffice.org office suite that is ported to Mac OS X. It implements nearly all of the features of the corresponding OpenOffice.org version, including a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, and graphics program. It is developed by Planamesa Software, and uses Java technology to integrate OpenOffice.org 'originally developed for Solaris and Linux' with the Aqua interface of Mac OS X. OpenOffice.org was originally released under both the LGPL and SISSL; it is now released solely under the LGPL. PHP-Nuke PHP-Nuke is a web-based automated news publishing and content management system based on PHP and MySQL originally authored by Franscisco Burzi. The system is controlled using a web-based user interface. PHP-Nuke was originally a fork of the Thatware news portal system. PHP-Nuke was originally released under the GNU General Public License as free software. Versions after 7.5 require a license fee. This is permitted under the GNU GPL (providing the source code is included), and the purchaser of the software has the right to freely distribute the source code of the product. Burzi no longer owns the PHP-Nuke site. As of version 5.6, the display of a copyright message on webpages is required in accordance with the GPL section 2(c).[1] PHP-Nuke requires a web server which supports the PHP extension (such as the Apache HTTP Server), as well as an SQL database (such as MySQL,mSQL, PostgreSQL, ODBC, ADABAS, Sybase or InterBase).

4.0 THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF ICT

4.1 Hardware 4.2 Software