Melleltutorialforbeginners

MELLEL BEGINNERS TUTORIAL
for Mellel 2
Using Panther (OS X 10.3) and Tiger (OS X 10.4)
Written by Donald Broadribb

<donbroadribb@optusnet.com.au>
2005 Donald Broadribb
THE APPLE KEYBOARD

Let us start with the very keyboard itself, since it is important to know the names of the keys most often referred to in this tutorial.
Control Key
Alt/ Apple/ Option Command Key Key
Return Key
Enter Key
Note: The keyboard illustrated is that which came with the original iMacs. There are several other Apple keyboards with some variations in particular the keyboards that come with the laptops. However, the basic keys remain in the same position. Windows users need to be aware that the Control Key plays a very different role on the Macintosh. Most functions which use the Control Key on a Windows computer use the Command/Apple Key on a Macintosh. The Macintosh Control Key has various special uses which we need not dwell on in a beginners tutorial. The option key plays the same function as the alt key on a Windows keyboard; and Macintosh keyboards often list both names, alt and option, on the key itself. The Command/Apple Key is used very frequently on the Macintosh. Usually it is simply called the Command Key, but because it also has the symbol on it, many users prefer to call it the Apple Key. On most, but not all, Macintosh keyboards the Command/Apple, Option, and Control keys are repeated on the right side of the keyboard, for the convenience of being able to use them with the right hand as well as the left. There is also a row of F keys along the top of most Apple keyboards. The number varies, from F1-F12 (in the keyboard illustrated above), to F16 on more recent keyboards, or possibly even more. Many of the F keys have a special function when used with the command/apple and shift or option/alt keys, leaving them available for use on their own for functions specially assigned by programs. Mellel has special functions for the keys F1-F8.
GETTING USED TO MELLEL

Introduction
Mellel is designed to be a very reliable, very complete, very malleable word processor. It is unlike any other Macintosh word processor on the market thus far, and so the user has to become familiar with its way of doing things. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain how common tasks are performed with Mellel, and to point out the easiest way of using Mellel for ordinary, everyday purposes. To use this tutorial, I suggest you start with a blank Mellel document, and type a few paragraphs. (In the samples I give in this tutorial, I use a nonsense text in pseudo-Latin generated by a handy freeware program called MacLorem, which you can download from http://www.ka.org/davew/judebear/MacLorem/. If youd rather not type texts you yourself make up to experiment on while working through this tutorial, I suggest you get hold of Maclorem, which generates absolutely beautiful Latin-looking nonsense texts. You might do best to start by opening Mellel just as it came from the factory. This is so the various Menus will look like those in this tutorial. First of all, be sure you have an original copy of Mellel saved in a safe spot on your computer, in case you need or want to reinstall the program later on. You might name the copy Mellel Original. To make a copy of the program, simply click on the application icon before you open the program, and press Apple/Command D. This duplicates the program. Single click on the programs name, and rename it, then move it to a safe spot on your computer, perhaps into your User Library. After you have done this, continue on to the explanations below. I give samples and explanations, but you will get the most from this tutorial by trying out each suggestion yourself. Another interesting way to approach this tutorial is to make a copy of it (Use Save As in the File Menu) and name it, perhaps, Mellel Beginners Tutorialfor Exercise. This way the original of the tutorial will remain on your hard drive unchanged, in case you really mess up while you experiment. By using this new for Exercise version of the tutorial, you can play with various bits of the ruler as you go along and see how the tutorial itself changes. By the way, you will probably nd the Undo in the Edit Menu very useful, since you can undo any number of alterations you make. You may want to print each page as you try each example in the tutorial by using it on
your own practice text. Make a note at the top telling you what it illustrates. To print a page, simply press the Command/Apple key and the letter P key at the same time. For your reference, this keyboard shortcut generally applies across all Macintosh software.
THE ARRANGEMENT OF THIS TUTORIAL

To get an overview of this Tutorial I suggest you click on the little icon second from the right at the top of the Mellel screen. The icon looks like this:
Figure 1: The Outline Icon

When you do this, you will see an outline of the entire tutorial. It is best to work through the tutorial in order, rst. Later, if you wish to review some particular topic, all you need to do is click in the outline, on the particular topic you want, and Mellel will take you to exactly that point in the tutorial. By the way, if you happen to want to to go to some specic page number, the easiest way is to click on the little icon at the bottom of the Mellel screen:
Figure 2: The Go To Page Icon
This will open a little pane:
Figure 3: The Go To Page Window

All you need do is type in the page number you want, and click on Go.
TRYING OUT MELLEL: YOUR FIRST PARAGRAPHS

Before you do anything else: Open Mellel, and type out a few paragraphs. First, just type without using any of the adjustments you are used to making when using other word processors. Heres a sample taken from MacLorem:
Iusto erat, vero dolore et tincidunt consequatvel consequat iriuredolor minim exerci blandit commodo consequatvel, wisi eros et wisi? Illum quis qui feugait hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue amet dolore nisl. Aliquip dolore facilisi minim lorem, veniam consequatvel, ipsum ullamcorper duis hendrerit, commodo enim. Ipsum amet accumsan blandit duis velit iusto laoreet lobortis facilisis nulla lobortis luptatum te.
Figure 4: Sample Text
You may be quite happy with this setup, in which case you can go on and type a letter or essay or whatever you like. Mellel comes from the factory with certain features preset. Nearly every aspect of Mellel can be altered to t your own likes, and learning to use Mellel really means learning how to adjust its features to suit your liking not all at once, but bit by bit as you need them.
USING THE RULER: TABS

We begin with a look at the ruler, the section at the top of the Mellel screen. Then we proceed to examine each of the items in turn, from left to right, with a few detours here and there. The purpose of this is to help you get to know what sorts of things you can do with your text right from the start, without having to learn special tricks and methods. One of the most prominent features of the ruler is the set of tab marks which is set directly above the numbers. (The numbers represent points, the basic computer system of measurement. We will see later on how to change the measuring system to inches or centimeters, if you prefer.) When you rst start up Mellel, its tabs are set at 36 point intervals (that is: half inch, or 1.27 centimeter intervals). These tabs are what typewriter users consider to be ordinary tabs. Technically, Mellel calls them Regular tabs.
Figure 5: The Ruler with its Default Tabs

To see how these preset tabs work, lets look at the MacLorem Sample typed text that was created (p.6, above):
Aliquip dolore facilisi minim lorem, veniam consequatvel, ipsum ullamcorper duis hendrerit, commodo enim. Ipsum amet accumsan blandit duis velit iusto laoreet lobortis facilisis nulla lobortis luptatum te.
Place your cursor at the start of any paragraph in your text, and then press the tab key. It is best to try it with your own text; but if you are using the For Exercise version of this Tutorial, you can try it out by placing your cursor at the start of any paragraph in the MacLorem text.) Here is an example where I have placed the cursor before the rst line of the rst paragraph, and then pressed the tab key:
Aliquip dolore facilisi minim lorem, veniam consequatvel, ipsum ullamcorper duis hendrerit, commodo enim. Ipsum amet accumsan blandit duis velit iusto laoreet lobortis facilisis nulla lobortis luptatum te.
As you can see, the rst line of the paragraph has been indented by 36 points (half an inch).
If you want to change the size of this indent, there are two ways to do it. You can simply click on the rst tab with your mouse, and holding the mouse button down simply move the tab mark to the right or left as you wish. (If you move it downwards, so that it goes off the ruler, it will vanish altogether). The other way is more precise. This is to type in the precise position of the tab in the Margins and Tabs palette. Details of how to do this are given below, on page 11, so we will come back to it. At the top of the window, to the far left, is the tab well:
Figure 6: The Tab Well

the little markers can be very confusing to decipher at rst, so let's look at them close up and see what each of them is for.
Combo tab
Full Left Center- Right Paragraph Align ing Align Indent Tab Tab Tab Tab
Decimal Align Tab
Figure 7: The Tab Well Close Up

Most word processing programs have only three of these tabs. I know of no other program which includes all six.
Removing a Tab from the Ruler

In order to try out each of the types of tabs and see how they work, we need to remove the preset tabs from the ruler in order to free up space. To do this: Place the cursor (mouses pointer) over a tab mark on the ruler and click the mouse button. The tab mark will turn blue:
Figure 8: The Tab Mark Turns Blue
With the mouse button pressed down, drag the tab mark down off the ruler. When you let go of the mouse button, the tab mark will disappear:
Figure 9: The Tab Mark Has Disappeared
I suggest, for this exercise, that you now remove each of the tabs which are on the ruler when you rst open Mellel; or, at least remove three or four of them.
Moving a Tab Onto the Ruler

Now that the ruler is free of tabs:
Figure 10: The Ruler Free of Tabs

in order to try out the other kinds of tabs, we need to learn how to place any particular tab onto the ruler: Place your cursor over one of the tabs in the tab well and press the mouse button to grab the image of the tab.
Figure 11: Grabbing the Tab Image
Keeping the mouse button pressed, move the cursor along the ruler. The cursor will turn into a + sign enclosed in a green circle. Stop the cursor at the point where you wish the tab to be set and release the mouse button. The tab image will now appear on the ruler.
Figure 12: Moving the Tab Image Onto the Ruler
As mentioned before, you can move the tab anywhere on the ruler simply by clicking on it and moving it with the cursor while holding the mouse button down. If for any reason you want to undo what you have done, the easy way is to select undo in the Edit Menu. You can undo as many actions that you have done as you like, by selecting undo in the Edit Menu for each unwanted action
The Palettes Icon

If you want to know how to position each end very precisely, open the Margins and Tabs palette. To do this, rst click on the icon furthest to the right on the ruler:
Figure 13: The Show Palettes Icon
This will make a series of 12 palettes appear on your screen to the right of the text window.
The Margins & Tabs Palette

One of these palettes is named Margins and Tabs. It looks like this:
Figure 14: The Margins and Tabs Palette

Tip: If all you see is
with nothing under the title, click on the little arrow
and that will open the palette.
Conversely, if you want to make the palette close so that only its title is visible, click on the and the palette will close all but its title.
To set the precise position of any tab, click on the tab mark on the ruler, then type the number desired in the Position part of the palette. However, at this point you may just want to play around with the tabs to see how they affect a text. In that case, just positioning the tab on the ruler by eye will do well enough. To use the tab: Place your cursor before the rst line of the paragraph you have written. Then press the Tab Key. Mellel will then position your text according to the way you have set up the tab.
The Individual Tabs and Their Uses

Here is what the Mellel tabs are used for:
The Combo Tab
Figure 15: The Combo Tab
The combo tab allows you to indent both the rst line of a paragraph and the following lines at two different locations. In other words, this remarkable tab enables you to move the entire left edge of your paragraph inwards on your page, while keeping the rst line indented. Here is a sample text using the Combo Tab:
Iusto erat, vero dolore et tincidunt consequatvel consequat iriuredolor minim exerci blandit commodo consequatvel, wisi eros et wisi? Illum quis qui feugait hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue amet dolore nisl.
Place your cursor on any line in the illustrative text above, and you will see the combo tab I have set for that text magically appear on your ruler. I have arranged for it to disappear as soon as you move your cursor out of that text, since I want to leave the ruler free of tabs. This way you can try out setting the combo tab for yourself. In order to move a combo tab onto the ruler, you need to grab one of the two ends of the combo tab in the tab well, and, still holding your mouse button down, move it onto the ruler area. Grabbing either of the two ends of the combo tab will select the entire tab.
Moving the Two Parts of the Outline Tab

You can move each of the markers in the combo tab icon separately, to alter the
distances as you like. To move either marker, click on it and move it to the location of your choice, while keeping the mouse button pressed. The other marker will remain in its place until you click on it and move it also. For the following paragraph, I have set the two ends of the Combo Tab at 20 points and 40 points respectively:
You may nd it rather fun to use the combo tab on some text you have written, and watch how your text changes as you move one of the ends of the tab back and forth. Try it:
Figure 16: Playing with the Combo Tab

You can even move the two marks in the opposite direction and create this remarkable effect:
Figure 17: "Reversing" the Combo Tab

Figure 18: Effect of the Reversed Combo Tab

You are unlikely to have any particular reason for using the combo tab in this way in ordinary writing, but if you are writing a technical report or doing specialized work you may nd it very useful.
The Indent Tab (Full-Paragraph-Indent-Tab)
Figure 19: The Indent Tab

The Indent Tab is a full-paragraph-indent-tab which indents not just the rst line of your paragraph but all the lines of your paragraph. Try it. I have set the indent tab at 25 points:
Figure 20: The Indent Tab Placed onto the Ruler

Now press the tab key, and see what happens:
Also try placing your cursor somewhere inside one of these paragraphs, or at the start of one of the other lines in the paragraph, press the tab key and see what happens. What might you use this type of tab for? Well, it is one way of emphasizing a paragraph in your document, making it stand out through its position. In writing reports or instructions, it is also useful for making block comments and the like. You might also nd it handy for making unusual effects when writing a poem.
The Regular Tab
We already looked in detail on the use of this Regular tab on page 7. You may nd it
handy to go back and review the details, since this is probably the kind of tab you will be using most.
The Centre Tab
The centre tab is particularly useful if you want a series of lines to center neatly underneath each other. This tab does not have to be in the center of the ruler, it can be positioned anywhere on the ruler you feel like.
Figure 21: The Center Tab Placed on the Ruler

To use the Centre tab, place your cursor before the rst line and press tab. If you want several lines centered nicely under each other, do this before each line: 6 12 232 Special note: If all you want to do is center something like a title precisely between the margins of your page, it is far easier to use the Align Centre icon, which is discussed later on (p.30, and see Figure 35).
Figure 22: The Align Centre Icon
The Right-Align Tab ("Reverse Tab")
This tab, known as the right-align tab, is useful if you want your text to line up its right edge, but not at the far right margin of the page. For example: 6 12 232 This right-align tab is technically called the reverse tab and is primarily used for writing in languages like Hebrew or Arabic which ow from right to left. But occasionally it has uses for writing in western languages too.
The Decimal Tab
This tab is extremely useful if you want a set of gures with decimals in them to line up precisely:
Figure 23: The Decimal Tab Placed on the Ruler

I have set this decimal tab at 100 points: $1300.92 6.28 212.00 In making invoices, price lists, or other occasions where you wish the decimal points to align exactly under each other, this is the tab to use. Having set your tab on the ruler, position your cursor at the start of each line that you want aligned, and press the tab key.
Special note: Reverse vs. Decimal Tab

Special note: Question: What is the difference in effect between using the reverse tab and the decimal align tab, when it comes to numbers? Answer: Using the reverse tab: 1300.9272 6.28 21200 Using the decimal align tab: 1300.9272 6.28 21200
The right align tab ignores the presence of decimal points when positioning the numbers. The decimal align tab aligns the decimal points instead of the numbers. When aligning decimal points is important, as in a column of prices, the difference is important: 1300.9272 6.28 21200 Especially if you wish to express prices: $1300.93 6.28 21200.00
Making Your New Tab Positions Permanent

After you have set tabs to t the way you normally want to use them, you may want to make your new settings permanent. To do this, click anywhere on a paragraph which has the tabs set the way you wish, then open the menu called Paragraph, and click on the selection near the bottom that says Save Changes to Regular:
Figure 24: Saving Changes

After this, all new documents you create will have the paragraph tab indent set this way.
The Tab Leads

If you click on one of the tab markers and also on the rectangle beside the words Tab Lead you get:
Figure 25: The List of Tab Leads

This allows you to set what sort of leader you would like to ll the space between the point where you press the tab button and the tab setting itself.
The Tab Leads Illustrated

This is what each tab lead looks like when it is used: None: p.2 [just blank space before the tab]
Dot: ..............................p.1 Dash: ---------------------p.1 Asterisk: ***********p.1 Bullet: p.1 Low Line: __________p.1 Ellipsis: p.1
SETTING MARGINS
The simplest way to set margins in nearly all OS X programs can also be used in Mellel. On the ruler at the left there is an odd shaped pair of marks:
Figure 26: The Left Margin Markers
Indenting the First Line of Every Paragraph

If you use your mouse to move the top triangle, like this:
the result will be that the rst line of every paragraph will be indented, like this:
Nisl in, feugait illum present ut in velit ad hendrerit enim elit wisi dolore commodo. Enim ad molestie illum feugait ex minim. Dolore volutpat in nibh aliquip ipsum dolore, aliquip nisl consequatvel illum nisl dolore nostrud facilisis exerci in ea enim, eros aliquip laoreet.
In the sample text above, the margin indent was set at 25pt. You could, of course, set a Regular Tab, as discussed on page 7, but this means that you must remember to press the Tab key every time you start a new paragraph. By setting the Align Left icon before you start typing your document, you can ensure that every new paragraph will have its rst line indented the way you like. You can set it by hand, as, mentioned above. Or you can set it to a precise position by setting the size of the indent in the Margins and Tabs palette:
Figure 27: Setting the Margins by the Margins & Tab Palette
Of course, there may well be be specic paragraphs you do not want to be indented this way. It is very easy to override the setting you have made. For any individual paragraph that you do not want to have an indent, in the Margins and Tabs palette type the Indent as 0:
Figure 28: Overriding the Margin Setting
Indenting Every Line Except the First

If instead of moving the top triangle you move the mark underneath it:
Figure 29: The "Start" Position Marker

something very different results:
Nisl in, feugait illum praesent ut in velit ad hendrerit enim elit wisi dolore commodo. Enim ad molestie illum feugait ex minim. Dolore volutpat in nibh aliquip ipsum dolore, aliquip nisl consequatvel illum nisl dolore nostrud facilisis exerci in ea enim, eros aliquip laoreet.
You are not likely to want to make your paragraphs that way very often, but its handy to know that it can be done. Somewhat confusingly, this is called the Start position, which you need to keep distinguished in your mind from the Indent position. Start in this context means Start every line except the rst:
Figure 30: Setting the "Start" Position in the Margins & Tabs Palette
Moving the Entire Paragraph to the Right

If you move both marks to the same position:
the result comes out like this:

This is, in fact, the same result as using the Indent Tab discussed on page (15). The advantage of using the tab method is that you dont have to move the indent markers back and forth in order to change how the paragraph looks.
The Right Margin

There is another margin marker at the far right end of the ruler:
If you move this right edge marker:
Figure 31: The Right Margin Indicator

the result is that the lines of your paragraph will end less further to the right:
Figure 32: The Right Margin Changed
Making Your New Margin Settings Permanent

If you wish to have a standard setting that applies to all your documents, place your cursor in one of the paragraphs, open the Paragraph Menu, and click on the line near the bottom which says Save Changes to Regular, just as you did earlier to have your tab setting saved for regular use. This alters the default paragraph setting.
THE MARGIN ICONS

Beside the tab well on the ruler are some familiar markers that are also used in many other OS X programs, though not all:
To Left Align Lines

The one to the left is what is highlighted when you rst turn on the Mellel program. It is what I used when creating the sample pseudo-Latin paragraphs so far:
Figure 33: The Left Align Icon

With that highlighted I typed the following text:
Figure 34: Example of Left Aligned Text

This aligns the left edge of every line, but leaves the right edge of the paragraph ragged. The old mechanical typewriters used to make text come out this way. If I want the rst line indented, of course, I use the Indent the First Line setting also and then the text comes out looking like this: Nisl in, feugait illum praesent ut in velit ad hendrerit enim elit wisi dolore commodo. Enim ad molestie illum feugait ex minim. Dolore volutpat in nibh aliquip ipsum dolore, aliquip nisl consequatvel illum nisl dolore nostrud facilisis exerci in ea enim,
eros aliquip laoreet. In typing that text my ruler settings looked like this:
Figure 35: Ruler Settings for Indented Left Align Text
To Center Text Between the Margins

If, instead, I had highlighted the second icon:
Figure 36: The Centering Text Icon

The result would have been: Nisl in, feugait illum praesent ut in velit ad hendrerit enim elit wisi dolore commodo. Enim ad molestie illum feugait ex minim. Dolore volutpat in nibh aliquip ipsum dolore, aliquip nisl consequatvel illum nisl dolore nostrud facilisis exerci in ea enim, eros aliquip laoreet. This is a setting usually used for centering titles or other headlines on a page.
To Right Align Only the Right Margin of Lines

The third icon:
Figure 37: The Right Align Only Icon

causes all the writing to be straight at the right end and straggly at the left:
Figure 38: Sample of Right Aligned Only Text
This is useful if you happen to want to just put a date, a name, an address, or some other text at the right end of the line
Donald Broadribb February, 2005
To Justify Text (= Align at both left and right)

The fourth of the icons:
Figure 39: The Justify Icon

justies the lines of writing. In typesetting jargon, to justify means to make both sides of the paragraph look straight:
This was done by using the Justify icon and the First Line Indent margin setting. This result is similar to what printed material used to look like when type was set for printing presses by hand or by using a machine such as a Linotype or Monotype.. At the present time, many publishers continue to prefer their texts to look this way. Some other publishers prefer ragged right edges, the way the old time typewriters presented their text. And still other publishers like to mix the styles, using one style for some text and a different style for another text.
Force Justifying the Last Line of a Paragraph

There may be occasions when you need to make the last line of a paragraph extent all the way to the right margin also. This is called Total justication and is done by pressing the command and return keys simultaneously. (Remember: the Return key is the key next to the apostrophe key on your keyboard not the key which is at the bottom right of the set of numbers at the right side of the keyboard.) This is a sample paragraph with ordinary justication:
Praesent, vulputate in veniam, dignissim vulputate dolor eum; ipsum ea lobortis. Nisl esse, augue ullamcorper; accumsan nulla te eum. In praesent; exerci blandit qui lobortis, in iusto ad iusto luptatum ex aliquip nulla ullamcorper eros nulla ullamcorper lorem nulla dolore lobortis autem dolore, eu et feugiat te vel. Consectetuer, lobortis molestie blandit ex nibh velit duis; nostrud iriuredolor qui ullamcorper, quis vero hendrerit ut qui, dolore et. Ut, eu nibh nulla autem aliquam at, dolore hendrerit, in ex... luptatum nostrud, ut eros. Wisi odio accumsan exerci ipsum consectetuer accumsan.
And this is the same paragraph with forced justication of the last line.
Praesent, vulputate in veniam, dignissim vulputate dolor eum; ipsum ea lobortis. Nisl esse, augue ullamcorper; accumsan nulla te eum. In praesent; exerci blandit qui lobortis, in iusto ad iusto luptatum ex aliquip nulla ullamcorper eros nulla ullamcorper lorem nulla dolore lobortis autem dolore, eu et feugiat te vel. Consectetuer, lobortis molestie blandit ex nibh velit duis; nostrud iriuredolor qui ullamcorper, quis vero hendrerit ut qui, dolore et. Ut, eu nibh nulla autem aliquam at, dolore hendrerit, in ex... luptatum nostrud, ut eros. Wisi odio accumsan exerci ipsum consectetuer accumsan.
Note: Forced justication of the last line of a paragraph is usually only useful when doing specialized or technical types of typesetting. Also, Mellel considers the line immediately a force justied line to be part of the same paragraph. In order to start a new paragraph, the return (or the enter key is equally valid for this) key must be pressed,
Margin Setting or Tab Setting?

You may have noticed that these margin setting methods give results very similar to those you get by using Mellels tabs. Despite the similarities, note these major differences: When you make a default margin setting, the setting will automatically apply to all the paragraphs in your document. When you set a tab, you decide exactly which paragraph(s) you wish it to apply to. Place your cursor at the start of the paragraph and press the tab key. But only the specic paragraph(s) will be affected.
Setting a Default (=Regular) Margin and Tab style

If you would like to make your margin setting and/or tab setting standard for all new documents, this can easily be done. Place your cursor inside any paragraph which uses the margin style and tabs you prefer. In the Paragraph Menu highlight the line Save Changes to Regular
Figure 40: Saving Your Changes

After this, whenever you start a new document, your preferred margins and tabs will automatically be used. (You can, of course, make changes to individual paragraphs by using the margin and tab icons. Of if you would like to have several standard margin+tabs styles, simply set the margins and tabs for any paragraph in the way you want, then in the Paragraphs Menu click on Create New Paragraph Style, give it a name, and it will always remain in your Paragraphs Menu for you to choose whenever you wish.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PALETTES SET

In Apples System X a new feature was introduced: the ability for programs to use palettes. One way to see all of Mellels palettes is to click on the little icon at the top far right of the Mellel screen:
Figure 41: The Palette Set Icon

Clicking on this icon causes 12 palettes to appear alongside the text screen:
The Complete Set of Palettes
Figure 42: The Complete Set of Palettes (closed style) This image shows the set of palettes with them all in their closed state. However, when you click on the Palettes icon for the rst time, some of them will be open and others closed. To open any particular palette, click on: Figure 43: The "Open Palette" Button
To close the palette, click on
Figure 44: The "Close the Palette" Button

which appears once a palette has been opened. To make all the palettes invisible at once, click on the Palettes icon again.
Tips
Tip: The Windows Menu shows the names of all the palettes. Those which are showing on the screen at the moment have a tick before their name. Tip: The palettes can be moved about as a set or individually. Place your cursor on the topmost palette on your screen to move the entire set wherever you like. Tip: To separate a palette off from the set, place your cursor on the palettes name line and with the mouse button held down move it wherever you wish.
When an individual palette has been moved from the set, it can be made visible or invisible by clicking on its name in the Windows Menu.
These 12 palettes are used to set specic sets of features. Most, though not all, of these features can also be accessed from the Menus, but if you have a large monitor screen, it is useful to have them alongside your text window, for making changes.
The Individual Palettes

The Main Font & Style Variation Palette
This is used to set details about the fonts you use. It is used in conjunction with the Character Menu. Details are given in Chapter 14 The Secondary Font Palette
This is mostly used for writing with a second script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, or Hebrew), and is the subject of special tutorials which you can download from www.redlers.com. It too is used in conjunction with the Character Menu. Details are given in Chapter 23.
The Character Appearance Pallette
With this palette you can set the color of your typing, the language you wish to type in, whether you want a line under or through text you type, and other useful options. It is used in conjunction with the Character Menu and both the Main Font & Style Variation and the Secondary Font palettes.
The Alignment & Spacing Palette
This palette allows you to Set the alignment of a particular paragraph (exactly the same Margin alignment icons as at the top of the Mellel Screen, with exactly the same effect). It lets you specify whether you want extra space to be placed automatically before or after a paragraph. It lets you change the spacing between lines in a paragraph.
Details are given in chapter 14.
However, to set such details for an entire document, it is better to use the Paragraph Menu.
Special Note
Pay careful attention to the bit of the Alignment & Spacing palette which says:
Figure 45: "Also at top of pg/col"?

Normally when you specify that you want to have every paragraph preceded by a particular amount of space, you do not want it to put extra space above a paragraph which comes at the top of the page or column. To ensure that this does not happen, make sure that the Also at top of pg/col option is unchecked. (And in the Paragraph Menu select Save changes to item.)
"Above" and Below" Paragraph Spacing Are Additive!

If you decide to have a certain amount of space automatically placed before or after paragraphs, be careful not to enter a gure for both options. If you do, the two options will add themselves together. For example, if you set the Paragraph spacing as:
Figure 46: Caution!

The result would be 20 pt of space between each paragraph!
The Margins & Tabs Palette
Details of setting Margins are given in chapter 6. In this palette you can set details of where the margins are to be, either for the entire document or for an individual paragraph, and details about the sort of tab you are setting, its exact placement, and whether you want some sort of lead-in when you use a tab. (Details about the tab lead-ins are given on page 21 of this tutorial.)
The List Palette
This is used for making numbered lists, or lists using other sorts of symbols than numbers. Details are given in chapter 18
The Section Palette
This palette is used for creating columns in your document, and for dividing the document into sections if you wish to vary the number of columns at any point, and make it possible to change your method of page numbering or other details. Details are given in chapter 17.
The Table Palette
Mellel allows a large selection of table styles. Details are given in chapter 20. There are also special tutorials on Tables which can be downloaded from www.redlers.com.
The Page Palette
Here details of page numbering, and the positioning of headers and footers can be entered. It is also possible to change the color of the page display, if you prefer something other than a plain white background for your typing. This is used in conjunction with the Page Menu. Details are given in chapter 9.
The Statistics Palette
This gives you information about how much you have typed.
The Bibliography Palette
Mellel has a highly sophisticated method of allowing integration with the bibliography programs Bookends and Sente. This is the topic of special tutorials which can be downloaded from www.redlers.com.
The Auto-title Palette
This palette is used not only for inserting titles into a document, but Mellel also uses this palette for making an outline of a document such as you can see as part of this Tutorial by clicking on the Outline icon:
Figure 47: The Outline Icon

near the right edge of the ruler on the Mellel screen. To make the Outline disappear, just click again on the Outline Icon. Details about using this palette are given in Chapter 15.
WHERE ARE THE FONTS?

At this point Mellel departs radically from most other word processor programs. Usually in word processing programs there is a Fonts menu, and sometimes also a separate size menu for determining the size of the letters the computer makes. There are no such menus in Mellel. Instead, the Character Menu and the Main Font & Style Variation palette.
The Fonts Palette
Figure 48: The Main Font & Style Variation Palette

This is where you change fonts and sizes. If you click on the rectangle under the word Font, you will see a list of all the fonts installed in your computer. Here is a partial view of the list as shown on my computer:
Figure 49: Font List

The entire list will be as long as is required to include all the fonts installed on your particular computer. The font which is in use at the present moment has a check mark in front of its name.
Choosing a Font
To select a specic font, simply scroll through the list and highlight the one wanted. For
example:
Figure 50: Choosing a Font
Similarly, to select the size of the letters in the font scroll in the little rectangle under the word Size: and highlight the size desired
Figure 51: Choosing the Font Letter Size

Now try this out by changing the font and size on the paragraphs you typed. Select some of your text and then do as described above to change the font and size. This time we will choose Helvetica 11point. Nisl in, feugait illum praesent ut in velit ad hendrerit enim elit wisi dolore commo-
do. Enim ad molestie illum feugait ex minim. Dolore volutpat in nibh aliquip ipsum dolore, aliquip nisl consequatvel illum nisl dolore nostrud facilisis exerci in ea enim, eros aliquip laoreet. For this example, I placed my cursor in the text, and chose the Apple Chancery font from the list of fonts:
Figure 52: A Font Is Chosen and the font size chosen was 11pt:
If you dont do anything more, the bit of text you selected will be in the new font and size. Any text you have not selected will be left in its previous font and size.
Making a Font and Character Size a Menu Item

How to make a new font choice always available You may want to be able to use the new font-and-size choice again, in this or another document, without having to create it anew each time, but also without having it as an automatic default character style. There is a very simple way to make it always available for use whenever you want: Select a bit of text that is in the font and font size you wish to have always easily available for use. In the Character menu, click the line near the bottom that says Create New Character Style:
Figure 53: Creating a New Font (=Character) Style
When you do so, you will be asked to give a name to this new Character Style and you can type in whatever identication you wish:
Click on the Create button. The new Character Style will now appear in the Character Menu and can be selected whenever you wish:
Making a Font and Character Size Your Default Preference

If you want to have your new Character Style used by Mellel automatically whenever you start a new document, this can easily be done. Instead of using the above method, do this: In the Character menu select the rst item, which says Regular:
Click on the bottom-most line, which will now say Edit Regular:
A new menu will open:
Figure 54: Characer style: Regular (Window)

The item at the very left of this pane Style Variations is one that we will come back to shortly. But for the moment let us look at the other parts of the pane. The central part of the window is our main interest right now:
Figure 55: Character Atributes Pane

Essentially this section of the pane combines the two palettes Main Font & Style Varia-
tion and Secondary Font. To set the main font, which is to be your default font, click on the lozenge under the words Main font and the list of all the fonts on your computer will appear. Select the desired font. Click on the lozenge under the word Size and choose the size of the letters you wish to be the default. Every font is designed according to the way the creator of the font wanted it to look, and as a result the same Size number will turn out to give a very different appearance. For this reason, at the bottom of the Character Style Edit pane there is a specimen text which shows exactly what your choice of font and type size will look like:
Lets compare several different fonts all with Size 11:
Not only do the samples look very different, but the Size 11 letters in Zapno are a great deal larger than those in any of the other fonts. 11 points may mean different things in different fonts. If you click on the lozenge under the word Face: a list shows up:
Fonts vary a great deal in which particular forms they come in. While Regular, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic are the most common sets, many fonts come with only one or two forms, others with a great many more: Times has four forms, as shown above Chancery. Lucida Grande has two forms:
Once you have chosen the font and size you prefer, click on Save.
Fractional Fonts
Although customarily the font sizes available are in terms of full points (10pt, 11pt, 13pt, etc.), specialist typesetters sometimes require fractional sizes, e.g. 10.7pt. These can be made in Mellel, by a special method discussed in Chapter 16. Though it is not really relevant for a typical computer user.
Italics, Bold, Underline, Superscripts, Subscripts etc.

There are several ways to make a word or line or paragraph italicized, or bold faced, or underlined or a combination of those. The one you prefer to use depends on whether you prefer to use the mouse or the keyboard for this sort of thing. The traditional methods used in programs for the Apple computers also work with Mellel, although Mellel has another special method which many users nd preferable, namely Style Variations. We will look at the traditional methods rst:
The Mouse Method

In the Main Font & Style Variation palette click on the rectangle under the word Face:
Figure 56: Style Variation Chosen via the Palette

and choose which style you want. If you have already highlighted any word(s), they will be changed into italics form. (Or bold, or bold italic, depending on which you choose).
The sample above is in the Palatino font 10pt. To change back to the regular form, you open the same part of the Main Font palette and choose Regular.
The Keyboard Method

Nearly all word processors used with OS X, including Mellel, allow you to make italics, bold, etc. via the keyboard: Highlight the text you want to italicize, make bold, or whatever, and then: Press the Command key (= Apple key) and at the same time the letter i to make italics Press the Command key (= Apple key) and at the same time the letter b to make bold Press the Command key (= Apple key) and at the same time the letter i and then the letter b to make bold italics Press the Command key (= Apple key) and at the same time the letter u to underline
You can underline italics or bold or bold italics by pressing the letter u while you press the i or b or b and i key(s) at the same time as holding down the command/ apple key:
underlined italics underlined bold underlined bold italics If you have not yet typed the text you want to be in italics, or bold, etc., then hold down the command/apple key and the letter i, or b, or u before you start to type. In order to stop using italics, bold, or underline, hold down the command/apple key and the i, b, or u key again, and you will again begin typing with regular letters.
The Style Variations Method

As set up at the factory, Mellel comes with a unique feature, called Style Variations. If you look at the Main Font & Style Variations palette and click on the lozenge under the words Style Variation you will see this:
Figure 57: Style Variations List

This mysterious list conceals a number of valuable items. Let us look at each one in turn. Base means the regular form, like Times New Roman Regular, which is the default font in Mellel as it comes from the factory. When you select Base the Main Font & Style Variations palette shows this:
There is a simple keyboard method of choosing this Base variation: just press the F1 key.
Now try selecting B instead of Base:
B gives you Bold, still with Times New Roman 12 pt. From the keyboard this can be selected by pressing the F2 key Here is the list for the F keys for all the 8 style variations:
Figure 58: The F-keys Associated with Each Style Variation Here are all 8 Style Variations, as they come preset in Mellel: Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style: Base = F1) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style B = F2) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style C = F3) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style D = F4) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style E = F5) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style F = F6)
Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style G = F7)) Autem exerci, dignissim tation wisi commodo ad exerci vero (Style H = F8)
Renaming the Style Variations

You may nd it difcult to remember that style F (F6) gives the underlined bold style, etc. You can rename the styles to something easier to remember in this way: Select Mellel Preferences from the Mellel Menu:
Figure 59: The Mellel Menu

Choose the Styles section:
Figure 60: The Mellel Preferences Styles Pane
Double click on, for example, B and type in a new name, such as Bold:
Figure 61: A Style Variation Renamed
You will now nd that Style Variation to have been renamed Bold in the Main Font & Style Variation palette.
Figure 62: Another Style Variation Renamed

If you do this for all 8 variations, the list will then read:
Figure 63: The Default Style Variations with Names
The drawback to this renaming is that since not all fonts have all these variations, if you happen to choose as your regular font one which does not have all these possibilities, some of the Variations will simply give you the ordinary Base style.
Such is the default set of Style Variations as they come in Mellel version 2.0, and probably most beginners will be content with the set. Like nearly all of Mellels defaults, any or all of these variations can be changed to suit your personal preferences. In the Character Menu simply choose Regular and then Edit regular and make different choices with the Edit Palette. Or choose Create new character style and set up your choices. Once you click on Save they will be kept as long as you wish.
Superscript and Subscript Variations

If you frequently write mathematical symbols, you may wish to have a simple way to make a superscript or subscript, so as to write E=MC2 or CO2. Superscript and subscript can be chosen from the Character Appearance palette:
Figure 64: The Window for Superscript and Subscript Choices

but this is a rather cumbersome method if you frequently need to use superscripts and subscripts. A much more handy method is to change the Character variations to make the superscripts and subscripts available from a simple press of a key. For example: subscript might be assigned to character variation G:
Figure 65: Subscript Added to the Character Variations
and superscript might be assigned to character variation H:
Figure 66: Superscript Added to the Character Variations
Special notes
Why Sometimes Styles Cannot Be Made
How to Create Fake Small Caps

It is possible to create fake small caps, in Mellel, which, though to a purists eyes they look poor, may reasonably approximate genuine small caps for ordinary purposes. Here is a method for doing this: Type some text in both lower case and upper case forms, in your regular font: fake small caps FAKE SMALL CAPS
In the Font Menu choose Create New Character Style Name the new style Small Caps and save In the Character Menu choose Edit Small Caps choose a style variation such as variation Base. Set Style Variation Base as follows:
Figure 67: New Character Style: Small Caps

Save. In in your sample text highlight the words in capitals and select Small Caps from the Character Menu. fake small caps FAKE SMALL CAPS Of course, if your Main Font is not Lucida Grande, you need to select Edit Small Caps and in the Secondary Font choose the name of your regular font. Depending on which font is your regular font, you will need to adjust the percentage in the Secondary Font palette. The goal is to have the capitals approximately the same height as the lower case letters in the regular font. In the Character Menu select Save Changes to Small Caps.
To make small caps after this, choose Small Caps from the Character Menu, and type the text you want in capitals. The capitals will turn out to be in the new small caps style. Remember to go back to your regular font when you are done writing with small caps.
OpenType Fonts
There is a type of fonts which allows for many more features than the standard regular, italic, bold, and bold italic variations. Unfortunately, OS X 10.3 and 10.4 do not include any of this type of fonts in its standard set. They have to be acquired from other sources. What sorts of features a particular OpenType font includes varies greatly. Some include a great variety. If you click on the OpenType lozenge in the Character Appearance palette, you will nd this list:
Figure 68: OpenType Styles
Examples of OpenType Special Styles

These are special variations which may or may not be included in any particular OpenType font. The following are in the font named Warnock Pro, which is made by Adobe. This font is not a regular part of Panther or Tiger and must be purchased from Adobe. Discretionary ligatures: Fractions: Ordinals: Swash: Genuine Small Caps: Historical Forms: Numerator and Denominator:
And these variations on the formation of numerals are from the Adobe font Minion Pro, which also must be purchased separately: Tabular lining: Proportional lining: Proportional old style: Tabular old style: Some of the OpenType features, such as Justication alternates and Contextual alternates refer to special forms of letters in Arabic or Hebrew and other languages, and have no effect on typing in the European languages. In theory, OpenType fonts have the sufx .otf added to their name. In practice, they do not always do so. If you wish to discover more about OpenType fonts, I suggest you go to Adobes font page, at http://www.adobe.co.uk/type/opentype/main.html. It is extremely rare to nd a single OpenType font which contains all the possible special
features which Mellel can enable if such a font is installed in your computer.
PAGE NUMBERING
In most word processing programs setting up page numbers if a complex and often unreliable procedure. Mellel assumes that its users will want to have their pages numbered, and makes the procedure very easy. It allows the user to decide precisely where the page numbers should appear, and how they should look. Open the Page palette. By default, it looks quite blank:
Having the Page Number Always at the Same Position

Do you want the page number to be in the same position on every page? If so, beside the words Page Type leave the default All pages as is, and check Show rst page footer and All/Odd footer:
Having the Page Number at a different Postion on Even and Odd Pages
If you will want the numbers to be in different positions depending on whether they are on even or odd pages, then click on the lozenge beside Page Type and select Even/ Odd:
Let us suppose you want the page number always to be at the center at the top of every page. Choose All pages and Click on All/Odd header or on All/Odd header::
When you do this, by default the Show rst page item is automatically checked. Try this now on a blank Mellel page. The result will look something like this:
Figure 69: The Page Number Always Centered

You can change the style of the number by simply clicking on it and from the Main Font and Style Variation choosing the font and style you prefer, e.g.:
Figure 70: Style Variations for the Page Number
Having the Page Number Not on the First Page

If you prefer to have the page number appear on all pages except the rst, simply unclick the Show rst page header item in the Page palette.
If you wish to remove the hyphens on either side of the number, or use some other decorative motif, you can do so by clicking next to the number and changing the details to your liking. If you would like the number to be somewhere other than the center, you can move it where you want by using one of the alignment icons at the top of the screen, or by setting a tab at the exact place you would like the number to appear.
Having the Page Number At a Different Position on Even and Odd Pages
If you would like to have the page number appear, for example, like this on odd numbered pages:
and like this on even numbered pages:
so that the page number will always be on the inside edge of each page: Choose Even/Odd pages in the Page palette:
Click, as before, on All/Odd header or All/Odd footer Place your cursor in the same header or footer line as the rst page number, and choose the Align left setting at the top of the Mellel screen. Now go to the second page of your document. (If you have no second page, make one by using the keyboard shortcut Shift-Enter (make sure you use the Enter key at the far right of your keyboard!). Click, in the Page palette on Even header or Even footer:
And in the header (or footer) click on the same line as the page number, and then on the Align right icon at the top of the Mellel screen.
Again, alter the font and style of the number and any ornaments you wish with it, as you did for the odd pages.
Be sure that you have Show rst page header or Show rst page footer ticked or unticked, to ensure the rst page of the document does or does not have a page number:
Figure 71: Page Number in Footer
Page Number in Header
Choosing What Sort of Page Number You Want

Mellel makes it possible to choose a wide variety of page number types. In the Page palette near the bottom is a section that by default looks like this:
If you click on the lozenge beside the word Unit you will see these choices:
If you prefer to use roman numerals instead of regular arabic numbers, click on whichever of the choices you like best. Mellel will automatically make all your page numbers conform to your choice.
To Prevent a Page Being Numbered

You may wish to have some pages, such as blank pages, not have numbers appear on them. To achieve this: Place your cursor at the end of the last line of the page immediately before the one which you wish no number to appear. From the Insert Menu choose Breaks and then Page style break
Then on the Page palette uncheck the Show rst page header or Show rst page footer.
That particular page will not have the page number, but all the subsequent pages will have their regular numbers.
To Change or Restart Numbering at a Particular Page

From the Insert Menu choose Page Style Break, as described above. On the Page palette choose the type of numbering you wish (Arabic Numerals, Roman Numerals, etc.). Click on the little box before the word Start at:
Type in the page number you wish this section to start at.
For example, you may wish the introductory pages of your essay to be numbered with roman numerals, but the main portion of the essay to use arabic numerals but otherwise keeping the number of pages consecutive, so I typed the number 17 in the Start at lozenge. If instead I had wanted to start with numbering the new set of pages with 1, then make
sure the Start at box is ticked, and type 1 for the page number:
PAGE NUMBERING PROBLEMS

Occasionally if you have had a number of page style breaks or section breaks in a document, Mellel may get confused and not change the page number properly even when you have typed the correct number, as above, in the Start at area. To set Mellel right, merely double click on whatever number has appeared as the page number of your problem page, and from the Insert Menu choose Page Variables and in that choose Page Number. This will force Mellel to correct itself.
Other Header/Footer Considerations

Your header or footer can, of course, contain anything you want, not just page numbers. It can contain a graphic, or any text you want repeated on each page, with or without a page number. If you want to make a change in any of the content of the header or footer, in order to start a new section, insert a Page Style Break at the start of the rst line, and type into the header or footer (or both) the changes you want in the header or footer or both. If for some reason you want consecutive pages or even all the pages of your document to have different header/footer texts, place a Page Style Break at the start of the rst line of each page involved. Page Style Breaks can be used with or without out Section Breaks, depending on how you want to deal with your document. (See, elsewhere in this Tutorial, the discussion of Sections and Columns).
SPELL CHECKING
Mellel uses the spell checker built into OS X. In the Edit Menu, choose Spelling > Spelling, in order to bring up the list of dictionaries installed in your computer. Choose your desired dictionary, and then close the Spelling window. Next either Check Spelling In Document, Check Spelling As You Type or Check Spelling Per Paragraph:
If you choose Check Spelling, Mellel will proceed to go through your entire document checking all the words. If you choose Check Spelling Per Paragraph, the Spell Checker will highlight misspelled words in the previous paragraph each time you start a new one. For example:
The other day I bought a booklate about wild owers.
The word booklet will be highlighted in gray. Now control click on the highlighted word and the following will appear:
Figure 72: Using the Contextual Menu
Assuming that you had actually intended to write booklet, click on the spelling booklet in the list, and your text will be corrected. Alternatively, choose Spelling... from the Edit Menu:
Figure 73: Using the Spell Checker Window

If the Spell Checker caught a word you really did misspell, and under Guess a correct spelling is proposed, then click on the correctly spelled form and then on the Correct button, to correct the spelling in your document. If you spelled the word correctly and the Spell Checker simply does not recognize it, then click on the Learn button.
Enabling the Learn Button

There are some problems with OS X Panthers and Tigers spell checker, which sometimes grays out the Learn button in Mellels spell checker window. If this happens, click in the spell checker window on the word you want the spell checker to learn. The Learn button will suddenly become enabled. If the spelling of your word is unusual and you wish it to be kept in this particular document but not to be added to the dictionary, click on Ignore. If you want the spell checker not to bother with the word at all, click on Forget. To check whether any other word has been misspelled, click on Find Next.
Other Spell Checkers

I have been assuming that you are using the Spell Checker which comes as an integral part of OS X. There are many spell checking programs, some free, others that may be purchased, available on the market which can also be used with OS X. If you obtain one of these, it will give instructions on how to install it. To use it in Mellel, you will then need to choose it in the Spelling pane. However, some shareware or commercial spell checkers do have problems when working with Mellel. If you decide to use one, be sure to try it out thoroughly with Mellel before buying it!
HYPHENATION
History of Hyphenation
Historically, in the Medieval period it was customary, when writing manuscripts to justify the margins. Since there were no computers, and no method of mechanically setting type, and (in most of the world, except for China) no method of printing, the justication of margins had to be done by hand, a difcult task for the manuscript writer or copyist to do. The most common method used was to divide a long word, when it came at the end of a line, into two parts, using a hyphen after the rst part. The rst part would be on the original line, the hyphen would indicate to the reader that the second part of the word is at the start of the next line. When printing began in the West, the attempt by the early printers was to imitate the style of Medieval manuscripts as much as possible. This included the custom of hyphenating long words at the end of lines. Eventually, as mechanical printing developed, methods of inserting extra space between words were also introduced, but the custom of end of line hyphenation continued, even with the introduction of completely mechanical typesetting (the Linotype machines, for example). With the introduction of typesetting by computers was introduced by Apple Computer in the 1980s, the custom became that of imitating the sort of typesetting produced by Linotype machines, which in turn traced its details back into the Medieval period and hand copied manuscripts.
Automatic Hyphenation
It was not long before computer program makers became interested in nding a way to cause computer programs to automatically hyphenate texts at the ends of lines. The results varied a great deal. At present, the majority of word processing programs have provision for automatic hyphenation at the ends of lines, though the cleverness and accuracy of these methods of automatic hyphenation vary a great deal from program to program. Of course, most word processing programs which allow for automatic hyphenation at the end of lines also have provision for the user to turn that feature off, if that is desired. Mellel also incorporates a unique automatic hyphenation feature, especially developed and rather unique, which the Mellel user may activate if she so desires. This feature may be activated or inactivated via the Paragraph Menus.
Choosing How to Automatically Hyphenate
Every Paragraph style window has provision for enabling automatic hyphenation:
Figure 74: The Hyphenation Section of a Paragraph Style Window

This gives you a number of options: Whether to enable automatic hyphenation or not. If unchecked, Mellel will not automatically hyphenate when that particular paragraph style is used. Choice of dictionary: Mellel comes pre-loaded with a large number of hyphenation dictionaries specially prepared for Mellel. More than 20 languages are catered for, and more are frequently being added. The user may select which dictionary corresponds to the language of the document.
Figure 75: List of Hyphenation Language Options
Some default settings are included, but if you (or your publisher) have special requirements for how hyphenation is to be achieved, you can change: The minimum length a word must be in order for automatic hyphenation to be allowed The minimum number of letters are required before an automatic hyphen may be inserted The minimum number of letters a word must have after a hyphen, if it is automatically hyphenated The number of automatically hyphenated lines that are permitted in a paragraph
The hyphenation zone

Of these, the hyphenation zone needs special explanation. It refers to the amount of blank space allowed at the end of a line, when a line is not justied. Compare these two examples, the rst is set with a hyphenation zone of 0pt and the other with a hyphenation zone of 50pt
Hyphenation zone set at 0 pt
Hyphenation zone set at 50pt
The effect of altering the hyphenation zone are fairly subtle. If used with justied text, altering the size of the hyphenation zone causes extremely minute alterations in the size of spacing between words. For everyday use, you will probably nd it best to keep to the default setting of 0pt.
Varying by Paragraph Style

What is unique to Mellel is that automatic hyphenation may be turned on for some paragraph styles and off for others. Thus, for example, you may prefer that your Chapter
titles or Centered lines never be hyphenated, but that your main text and footnotes always have automatic hyphenation. Whether or not automatic hyphenation is allowed can be set by the user for each paragraph style, and, if desired, the rules for the hyphenation may also differ from one paragraph style to another. Of course, by default the hyphenation rules as they come with Mellel 2 are uniform in all paragraphs styles.
Overriding the Auto Hyphenation

Discretionary ("Soft") Hyphens
You may wish to use auto hyphenation but disagree with how Mellel does it in certain specic instances. Mellel, almost alone among word processor programs for Jaguar and Tiger, allows the user to insert what are often called soft or discretionary hyphens. These are hyphens which show up only when a word is at the end of a line, but not otherwise. They are made in Mellel by pressing the control+hyphen keys simultaneously. They are particularly useful when you do not wish to use automatic hyphenation, but prefer to do the hyphenation yourself.
To illustrate, let us make a new paragraph style for which automatic hyphenation is turned off. This paragraph that I am typing now, is an example. When there is a particularly long word at the end of a line, Mellel simply inserts extra space between words, unless you use Soft hyphens.
Now let us look at the same paragraph, but this time I will insert Soft hyphens:
Or even:
This last paragraph does not look very nice, because of the second and third lines both being hyphenated at their ends.
Permanent Override
If you want to permanently change Mellels automatic hyphenation of a particular word, or if you have a word which Mellel does not know how to hyphenate, Mellel can be taught this. In Mellel Preferences choose the Hyphenation panel:
Figure 76: The Mellel Hyphenation Variation Preference Window

If you click Add you can type a word in this, placing hyphens at spots which you wish to be made available for automatic hyphenation. Use regular hyphens to indicate this in this window. For example:
Figure 77: New Word for Hyphenation

When you have done this, click on the lozenge Refresh open documents, so that your current document will have the benet of the change. There is no limit to the number of special hyphenation words that can be entered.
Preventing a Word from Being Hyphenated

Occasionally it is desirable to override Mellels autohyphenation in a particular instance only. This also can be done. Simply place a Soft hyphen before the last letter of the word. This forces Mellel to move the entire word to the next line, unhyphenated.
Hyphenation Mistaking the Purpose of a Hyphen

Very occasionally a hyphen is required before a special character and its location would cause an ordinary hyphen to be mislocated. Mellels Insert Menu > Special Characters > Hyphen & Dash > Non breaking Hyphen can be used to force Mellel to include the hyphen with the following character. This is a very rare need, because Mellel already knows to keep the minus sign - with a number, such as -38C, or 28-13 and not mistake it for a hyphen, even though the same character is used.
USING UNUSUAL CHARACTERS

Because Mellel has been designed for use with many languages and for many purposes, it has a special Insert Menu which is worth investigating. If you click on the Insert Menu, you will nd many useful items:
Figure 78: The Insert Special Characters Menu

Each of the items can be inserted into your document simply by clicking on it. This is especially useful if you are trying to use a particular symbol but do not know how to make it with your keyboard, or if you are trying to nd where a special symbol was used and replace it with something else. For example, in the Find/Replace pane, best accessed by pressing Command/Apple and F simultaneously, you can nd and replace by easily:
If you want to nd a complete list of all the characters possible, choose Special Characters from the Edit Menu. This brings up the OS Xs systems Apple Character Palette. Since Mellel uses Unicode, if the chosen character is not in your usual font, nor in Mellels own Insert > Special Characters menus. Mellel allows Apples Character Palette to insert any of thousands of characters or symbols into your document using a font that is installed in your computer and which includes the selected item.
STARTING A NEW PAGE
Have you ever wondered what to do when you have only typed one part of a page, and you want to start a fresh page? The method is simplicity itself in Mellel. Just press the shift and enter keys at the same time.1 Oh oh! Which enter key? If you are used to using Windows, you know that on a windows keyboard there are two enter keys, one beside the apostrophe key, and the other at the bottom right of the number set which occupies a square or rectangle at the far right of the keyboard.
Control Key
Alt/ Apple/ Option Command Key Key
Return Key
Enter Key
The Shift and the Enter Keys

If you take a careful look at an Apple keyboard, you will nd those two keys have different names. The one beside the apostrophe is called the Return key; the one at the bottom right of the number keys set is called the Enter key. For the most part, the Return Key and the Enter Key do the same thing. But there is allowance for them to be given different special functions by individual programs. Mellel does distinguish them in this way:
Shift Enter = New Page

Shift and Enter Key pressed simultaneously: starts a new page in your document.
On laptops, which, to save space, have an abridged keyboard, the keys to press for this are fn/shift/return
1.
Shift Return = Forced Justication

Shift and Return key pressed simultaneously at the end of a line forces the line to extend to the right margin, and begin a new line as if it were a new paragraph:
Iusto erat, vero dolore et tincidunt consequatvel consequat iriuredolor minim exerci blandit commodo consequatvel, wisi eros et wisi?
Illum quis quifeugait ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue
There may be times when you wish the last line of a paragraph to extend the entire width of the page. This is called a forced justication. The ordinary user of Mellel will most probably have no need for it; but there may be occasions when it is useful. Typesetters, and persons writing in Arabic and some other languages may nd it necessary.
THE REVERSE DIRECTION ICON
So far we have examined the tab bar and the margin icons on the ruler. Immediately to the right of the margin icons is a mysterious image that looks like this:
Unless you are going to work with languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, which have their text read from right to left, you are unlikely to need to use this icon. But it may be fun to choose a paragraph in your text and see what happens when you click on that button: First, here is some text typed, with no change to the icon as it appears when you rst install and start to use Mellel:
hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue amet dolore nisl.
Now, click on the icon and it will change its appearance:
and the text you type will look like this:

hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue .amet dolore nisl
If you were to continue typing in the bottom line, just before .amet you would discover that the new words you typed would appear at the right end of the last line. In other words, you are typing from right to left instead of left to right.
SERVICES
Figure 79: Sample Services Menu
The Concept of Services

Services is an innovation in Panther and Tiger. It enables small programs with specialized purposes to be used with any of the programs, such as Mellel. Some Services are included automatically when you install OS X, others can be obtained via the Internet, generally for free. A good place to look for available Services is www.macupdate.com, or www.versiontracker.com. Simply type the word Service in the Search box and see all the possibilities.
Among the most useful services are: Word Service. Probably the most useful Service of all for a program like Mellel, it gives a very wide selection of tasks which it will fulll with a click (or keyboard shortcut), such as All Caps, All Lower Case, Smart Quotes, and much much more. CalcService, for performing calculations Nisus Thesaurus. Provides a very useful thesaurus (OS X has no built in thesaurus facility)
THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF STYLES

CHARACTER STYLES
Most word processing programs have a feature called Styles, and often it seems as if the people who made the program have done their very best to hide that feature, or at least to make it as difcult as possible to use. Mellel, on the other hand, does its very best to make this feature one of its greatest assets. That long stretch in the center of the ruler shows what styles you happen to be using at the present time:
Figure 80: The Ruler Indicates Your Current Styles

This tells us that at present you are using the regular Tutorial Default Paragraph Style and the Tutorial Default Base Character Style.
Character Styles are Set in the Character Menu.

When you start up Mellel for the rst time, if you click on the Character Menu you will see this:
Figure 81: The Default Character Set List

This list shows a number of character styles that have been preset at the factory. Every one of them can be renamed, changed in its details, and altered as you wish. Any number of new styles can be added. To do so, select Create new character style... from the Character Menu. In the same way, new paragraph styles can be created by using Create new paragraph style from the Paragraph Menu. We will shortly see that any name of a paragraph of menu style can be changed as you prefer. And any number of character styles may be created. Once created, and saved, they will regularly turn up in the Menu. New paragraph styles can be created for just about anything. Footnote styles can be created by a special method, as will be illustrated on pages
PLAYING ABOUT WITH CHARACTER STYLES

Once you have started to work with the Style Set Edit sub-menu, you will discover a number of neat things you can do to enhance any aspect of a particular style.
Making a Keyboard Option for Selecting a Character Style

In the illustrations above, you will notice that the Regular style was preset by Mellel so that it can be accessed by the combination of the command/apple key and the 1 key pressed simultaneously. In the Style Set edit menu you can assign such keyboard shortcuts from ten possible combinations:
Figure 82: Assigning a Keyboard Shurtcut

You may well decide that you have no use for some of the preset styles. You can remove any style from the Style Set by clicking on the style and then clicking the Delete style icon. Alternatively, you may prefer to change the name and/or characteristics of any style by clicking on the style name, in the Style Set, and typing in a new name; and by editing the style either by clicking on the Edit style icon, or by double clicking on its name. Any of the keyboard shortcuts can be changed by clicking on the shortcut beside the style name, in the Style Set, and selecting a new one. If you select a shortcut already assigned to another style, the new shortcut will be set and the old shortcut will be removed from the other style:
Figure 83: Changing a Keyboard Shortcut

Previously, as you can see from the earlier illustrations, the Body style was activated by the combination of the command/apple and the 2 keys. When this combination was assigned to the Regular 13pt style, it was automatically removed from the Body style.
Making Additional Keyboard Shortcuts

At present Mellel has no method for making macros, or for assigning other key combinations than certain pre-ordained ones to menu functions. However, Systems OS 10.3 and 10.4 (Panther and Tiger) allow for other combinations via the Keyboard Shortcuts panel in the Keyboard and Mouse Preferences (accessed via the Apple Menu). For instructions on how to set these shortcuts, from the Help Menu select System Preferences Help. It is worth keeping in mind that any menu item in Mellel can have a keyboard shortcut assigned to it via the Systems Keyboard Shortcuts method.
You can also purchase two handy programs which allow you great exibility in assigning special key combinations to menu items in Mellel and other programs. One such program is iKey available on the Internet from http://www.scriptsoftware.com/ ikey/. Another popular program is Quickeys available on the Internet from http:/ /www.cesoft.com.
Basing a New Style on an Old One: Inheriting Styles

At the bottom of the Character column are four icons:
New Duplicate Edit Delete style style style style
We have already discussed making a new character style (p. 46). If you click on a style and then on the Duplicate style icon you create an exact copy of the selected style. Then by clicking on the Edit style icon you can make alterations. For example, if we have as a regular style:
You might like to have a form of this which is in 13 point style. You could, of course, use the Main Font & Style Variation palette to change the font size. But a simpler way is to make a duplicate of the Regular character style which is already set to 13 point style:
Click on the Duplicate style icon and name the new style, perhaps Regular 13pt:
Click on the Edit style icon and change the font size from 12 to 13:
The new style will automatically be added also to the Character Menu by Mellel:
If you prefer to use the mouse in changing character styles, you can change from the 12pt style to the 13pt style by selecting the item from the Character Menu. If you would like the 13pt style to be next to the Regular style, you can drag and drop it in the Style Set edit menu:
If you prefer to choose your character style from the keyboard, that is also easy to set up:
PARAGRAPH STYLES
Individual paragraph styles can be made from either the Paragraph Menu or via the Paragraph column of the Style Set edit menu. The methods of creating or altering paragraph styles are very similar to those for creating or altering character styles.
Mellel's Preset Paragraph Styles
As they are preset when you open Mellel for the rst time, a number of styles are available for immediate use. To see what paragraph styling involves, click on Edit Regular, in the Paragraph Menu, or double click on the word Regular in the paragraph column of the Style Set edit menu. Either method will bring up the paragraph editing pane:
We already examined Setting Margins starting on page 21 of this Tutorial. I suggest you review that part of the Tutorial before proceeding.
Setting the Paragraph Spacing

Paragraph Spacing refers to the amount of space that will automatically be placed between the paragraphs you type.
After the word Above: you can specify how much blank space you wish to have automatically inserted above each paragraph. After the word Below: you can specify how much blank space you wish to have automatically inserted below each paragraph. Remember that this, like any other setting in Mellel, can be overridden by the user. If for any particular paragraph, or set of paragraphs, you wish to change the spacing, you can do so using the Alignment & Spacing palette.
Setting the Line Spacing Automatic Single Line Spacing

Line spacing means the amount of space between the lines of a paragraph. Consider these three examples:
Iusto erat, vero dolore et tincidunt consequatvel consequat iriuredolor minim exerci blandit commodo consequatvel, wisi eros et wisi? Illum quis qui feugait hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue amet dolore nisl. This column is set at 1 full line. Iusto erat, vero dolore et tincidunt consequatvel consequat iriuredolor minim exerci blandit commodo consequatvel, wisi eros et wisi? Illum quis qui feugait hendrerit ex velit iriure in quis delenit eu molestie nulla commodo euismod, ut delenit blandit ipsum ut te dolor? Quis nulla lobortis, illum et iriuredolor augue amet dolore nisl. This column is set at 1.1 lines.
This column is set at 0.75 of a line.
As preset from the factory, in the Alignment & Spacing palette the default setting for line spacing is 1 line. The exact amount of space between one line and the next is determined by Mellel according to the font and the font size which is being used. But the user can change this default to any amount, by typing in a different gure in the rectangle below the word Amount.
In this tutorial the line spacing has been set at 1.25 (if you are using the Mellel version of the Tutorial rather than the pdf version, place your cursor in this paragraph and look at the settings in the Alignment & Spacing palette. Then place your cursor in each of the three columns above and see how the line spacing gure changes in the Alignment & Spacing palette for each of the columns. This sort of line spacing is similar to that of the old mechanical typewriters, which sometimes gave you the choice of 1 or 1 line spacing. The difference is that Mellel considers the line spacing in respect to the font. For example, all three of the following columns are set to 1 line in the Alignment & Spacing palette, but with different fonts:
If for any reason the font used or size of the type changes within the same paragraph, the results can be quite devastating:
The words nulla commodo in the left column are in Apple Chancery 11pt, while the remainder of the paragraph is in Times 11pt. In the right column the entire text is exclusively in Times 11pt. Although both fonts are
11pt and line spacing is set at 1 in each case, when the fonts are mixed in the same paragraph: Times and Apple Chancery the line spacing goes awry.
The Points Spacing Option

The alternative is to chose the Points setting in the Paragraph Spacing drop down menu:
Having Chosen Points try out various numbers to see which gives the most attractive results: If you choose Points the computer will automatically place exactly the same amount of space between each line regardless of the font or the size of the type in each line:
The words nulla commodo are still set in Apple Chancery 11pt in the left column, and in Times New Roman 11pt in the right column. But by specifying the space between lines at precisely 14 points, the distance between lines does not change, and the result looks
good in both columns. If you place your cursor in the two columns and play with changing the line spacing points gure about, you can see how the results look. The disadvantage is that you have to be careful to ensure that the letters in one line do not overlap letters in the line above or below, as in the following example:
When the distance between lines is expressed in points, there is the danger that if the number of points is set too low, the tops of some letters may overlap with the letters in the line above. Compare: hendrerit ex yqlit iriure in quis delenit eu hendrerit ex yqvelit iriure in quis commodo molestige nulla
delenit eu commodo molestige nulla
Setting a Key Shortcut for Choosing a Paragraph Style

Just as with the character styles, you can assign any one of various key combinations by which you can choose a paragraph style, in the Style Set edit panel:
Thus, as shown in this illustration, Command/apple+Option+1 all pressed simultaneously will make Regular the paragraph style being used. You can choose any one of these key combinations for any style you wish. If you create a new style, you can assign an unused key combination to it.
Associating a Character Style with a Paragraph Style

You have a choice of whether you wish to have any particular character style associated with a particular paragraph style. For example, if you open the edit panel of a paragraph style you will see:
If you click on the lozenge next to Associated character style you see a variety of choices:
If you chose the word none, this means that you can use this particular paragraph style with any font or font size or character variation. This is particularly useful if you are working over a text which someone else has written, and you want to make changes in its paragraph styles without changing the character styles they have chosen. By choosing to have no particular character style associated with the paragraph style, you can alter any text which uses this paragraph style while retaining everything else untouched. On the other hand, you may wish to have a default character style always used with a particular paragraph style. For example, you may wish all paragraphs using the style Regular to use the character style you have chosen as your Regular character style. If you chose that character style in the list, then whenever you choose the Regular paragraph style you will simultaneously use your Regular character style.
The list of character styles that shows up, as in the illustration above, is identical with that in your Character Menu.
Altering Other Aspects of a Paragraph Style
Which style should follow next?
In the Paragraph style edit pane you can also designate whether you want the same paragraph style for the following paragraph, or a different one. For example, you may want to have your Regular paragraph style to regularly be followed by the same paragraph style. Beside the words Next paragraph style you may select Same style, as in the illustration above. In this illustration, the Regular paragraph style has been set with the rst line indented by 30 points. There is also a regular tab at 72 points. The alignment has been set to the left (unjustied) and there is a six point blank space set below the paragraph.
Making the paragraph ush with the top of the page

You will also note that in the Paragraph spacing portion, Also at top of pg/col has not been ticked. pg/col means Page/Column Normally, when a paragraph style has been set to have some particular amount of above it, you nevertheless do not want a paragraph which happens to start at the
top of the page or the column to have any space above it; usually you want the paragraph to start ush with the top of the page.
When you may want to have the pargraph moved down

On the other hand, you may want to have your Chapter titles stand out by being somewhat lower than the extreme top of the page. One possibility would be to set the paragraph style thus:
In this illustration the setting for a Title has been made. No tabs have been set, and the Title has been set to be centered between the margins. It has been set to have 12 points of blank space between it and the paragraph which follows. It has also been set to have 24 points of blank space (= a third of an inch, approximately 8 and a half millimeters) above it, so that it draws attention to the fact that a new chapter now begins. The next paragraph style is set as Regular. As a result, whenever you type a Heading, which will automatically use the character stye you have set as the Heading character style, the next paragraph you type will automatically use the Regular paragraph style, which in turn will use the Regular character style.
"Widows" and "Orphans"
When typing letters, notes, diary material, or other informal material, you are probably not too concerned about the layout of the typed material on the page. On the other hand, if you are typing material for a professional journal, a book, a thesis, or some other formal publication which is to appear before the public, your publisher, employer, school or university, etc., may have very strict regulations as to precisely how the material is to be presented. Many publications, for example, have strict requirements regarding widows and orphans. In printing terms, a widow is a last word or short last line of a paragraph falling at the top of a page or column and considered undesirable. For instance, suppose that you turn the page of a book and at the top of the page you read: bherontm. Ek'womos kwesyo bhrater woghom bherontm woghom weghontm, owioom sebhi wlunaam widntmos:, owioom ek'woons. Ewewkwet neghi kludhi kmtom kwon esti gwhermom megam kludhi.and so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so on.
An orphan is sort of the reverse: the rst line of a paragraph set as the last line of a page or column, considered undesirable. For insance, if a page were to end as follows: owioom sebhi wlunaam widntmos:, owioom ek'woons. Ewewkwet neghi klud-
hi kmtom kwon esti gwhermom megam kludhi.and so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so onand so on.
Ek'womos kwesyo bhrater woghom bherontm woghom weghontm,

The Keep options in the Paragraph Style set-up make it possible to avoid such situations. It does, of course, do so at the expense of leaving large blank spaces at the ends of pages sometimes.
Automatic Hyphenation
When printed text is justied (the lines extend evenly from the left page margin to the right page margin, as in this Tutorial), in Western languages it has for thousands of years been the custom to separate long words at the end of lines in order to avoid excess space between the words in that line. Many writers are unsure about, or do not wish to bother with, exactly words should be hyphenated at the ends of lines. For that reason many computer word processing programs include provision for the computer to automatically hyphenate lines when needed. Mellel offers this option, in the Paragraph Style set-up dialogs. Different languages have different customs for just how words are to be hyphenated, and Mellel takes account of these differing customs by incorporating hyphenation dictionaries for well over 20 languages. Users may choose which of these dictionaries is for the language which they are typing. Mellel also allows the user to decide many details, if desired, such as how long a word must be before it may be hyphenated, how many consecutive lines in a paragraph may be allowed to be hyphenated, and other details. Other writers prefer to hyphenate their lines themselves, or not to use hyphenation at all,
and therefore turn the automatic hyphenation feature off.
Altering Hyphenation
It is possible to override automatic hyphenation for individual lines of text, if desired. If automatic hyphenation splits a word and you wish to force that particular instance not to be hyphenated, the easiest way is to place a soft hyphen (also called a discretionary hyphen very near the end of the word. This is done by placing the cursor at that position and then pressing the control and hyphen keys together: differing customs by incorporating hyphenation dictionaries for well over 20 languages. Users may choose can be changed to: differing customs by incorporating hyphenation dictionaries for well over 20 languages. Users may by placing a soft hyphen between any two of the nal letters of the word dictionaries. If for some reason you wish to have a particular word hyphenated differently from the way Mellel has hyphenated it, you can do this by placing a soft hyphen somewhere else in the word, usually somewhere before the hyphen Mell has placed: differing customs by incorporating hyphenation dictionaries for well over 20 languages. Users may choose Here, I inserted a soft hyphen after the syllable dic, which then overrode Mellels hyphenation for that particular instance of the word.
Permanently Changing a Word's Hyphenation Points

Mellel also makes it possible to add new words to its hyphenation dictionaries, or to alter the positions inside any particular word Mellel is allowed to use a hyphen. For example, suppose that for some reason you want Mellel to hyphenate the word diction aries by always placing the hyphenation before the o instead of after the n. Here is how to do it: 1. From the Mellel Menu choose Preferences... and from the Preferences choose Hyphenation
2. Click on the word Add and then type in the empty box above it: dicti-onaries:
and then click also on the words Refresh open documents.
3. You will now nd that in your present document, and all other documents you create, whenever Mellel needs to hyphenate the word dictionary it will do so thus:
I do not suggest you make such changes unless you have very good reasons to do so.
Tabs
For each paragraph style it is also possible to set the margins and tabs. This has the same effect as setting them with the Margins & Tabs palette
STYLE SETS
The Style Set Menu, as it appears by default in Mellel, looks like this:
Figure 84: The Default Style Set Menu

Click on Edit style sets... to see what the Default set looks like:
Figure 85: The Default Edit Style Set Window

I made the Tutorial set specically for writing this Tutorial, so of course it is not in Mellel as it comes from the factory. But it does illustrate a very important feature of Mellel, that you can create any number of specialized style sets for special purposes. Lets take a quick peek inside the Tutorial set just to see this in action:
Figure 86: This Tutorials Special Style Set

This set contains the Character, Paragraph, and other styles that I set up especially for writing this Tutorial.
First Way of Making a Style Set

At the bottom left of the Default set there is the following graphic:
I clicked on
which makes a new blank style set, and named it Tutorial set. I clicked on Default set and from it chose each item whose name began with Tutorial which I had added to my Menus.
I dragged and dropped each of those chosen items onto the Tutorial set icon. I clicked on Tutorial set (still in the Edit style sets pane) to check that each of the tutorial items I had made was now in place. Mellel had automatically distributed the paragraph, character, etc. items into their correct categories. Satised with the Tutorial set, I now clicked on the Default set icon, and from the Default set I removed each item which began with the word Tutorial. I did this by clicking on each of those items in turn, and clicking on the
under the category to which the item belonged. This left the Default set as it had been before I set up the Tutorial. I clicked on the Tutorial set icon to check that it remained OK. It did.
Now if I want to work further on the Tutorial, or to write a new Tutorial, all I need to do is click on Tutorial set in the Style Set Menu, and my various menus will contain the settings I had made for this Tutorial. Notice that there is a little hyphen to the right of each Setting name. By clicking on the hyphen, you will see a set of possible key combinations from which you can select a key combination for those settings, if you prefer to access settings from the keyboard rather than the menus. Also note that if you double click on any style name, or if you click on the pencilicon, it brings up the entire edit palette for that particular style. This enables you to ne tune the styles if necessary.
Second Way of Making a Style Set

The method I presented above represents my personal way of doing things: to start working on a document, and make ad hoc character and paragraph styles as I go along, altering them from time to time as seems desirable. But many people work with a very different system: they like to plan out in advance exactly how they want their document to look. For them, it is more suitable to create an integrated style set for their work at the very start. If this is your preferred way of working, then the Second Way of Making a Style Set is for you.
Let us make a Style Set for professional correspondence:
Professional Letter Style Set

Here is one way to go about it: Open a blank page in Mellel, and in the Page palette check the items as shown below:
A header space will now appears on your blank page. Type in whatever you want in your Letterheads rst page, setting the Character and Paragraph styles as you prefer. As a simple example:
Place your cursor just under the header area, and press the Align Centre icon:
Type: [Short Date] In the Layout Menu choose Page style and then click Create new page style and type in its name: Professional Letter
Figure 87: Naming Window for New Page Style

In the Style Set Menu, select Edit style sets and in the pane that appears click on the Add style set icon at the bottom left:
Name the new set Professional Letter. Click on the Professional Letter icon.
At the bottom of the Character section click on the Add style icon:
Name it Addressee. Double click on the word Addressee and the Edit character pane will open. Choose the font and size you prefer for the addressee section of your letter. At the bottom of the Paragraph section click on the Add style icon:
Name it Addressee. Double click on the word Addressee and set the margins and line spacing as you wish. Still in the Paragraph editing pane for Addressee set the bottom right as follows:
You choose the Associated character style from the drop down box which appears when you click on the lozenge beside those words. In the Page section choose the Add style icon and name the style Professional Page. Do not double click to edit this. In the List and Note sections click on the Add style icon. Either leave them Untitled, or give them names. If you expect to use either Lists or Footnotes in your professional letters, double click to edit them. Otherwise leave them unedited. Click on Save.
You have now set up a Page style set.
Saving a New Page Style as a Template

On a blank Mellel page, in the Layout menu choose Page style and select Profes-
sional Letter In the Style set menu select Professional Letter. In the Page palette tick as shown:
It is a good idea to make this a Template, so that the set up is immediately available whenever you wish to write a professional letter, without having to set page styles etc. To make what you have prepared a Template, in the File Menu choose Save As Template and label the Template:
In the future, whenever you want to write a professional letter, from the File Menu choose Open Template... and click on the one named Professional Letter. When you write a letter using this Template, when you come to the end of the rst page and begin the second page, you will discover that the second page is automatically numbered 2, and subsequent pages will also be appropriately numbered.
Adding different headers/footers for later pages

Suppose you want to have the second (and later) pages of your letter have a header, but one different from that on the rst page: As you have set it up, the Professional Letter setup gives a professional Letterhead on the rst page, but subsequent pages will have no header. If you wish pages 2 and up to have a header or footer different from that on the rst page, when you reach the end of the rst page, after the last character you type on that page, select Page style break (Insert Menu > Breaks > Page style break). This will cause the following page to use a different set of header and footer. The page numbering will continue, unless you decide
to change it, but you can choose to have the page number in either the header or footer, regardless of its position on the rst page; and you can type in a new header or footer text. In other words, it is as if you are starting a fresh document, only you arent. You will need to adjust the Page palette for the new arrangement, perhaps like this:
(adjust this to suit your wishes). In the Layout Menu > Page style click Save changes to Professional Letter. Note Computers are simple minded creatures, and even the best of programs can bet confused when confronted with intricate tasks. Fortunately, it is always possible to override Mellel if it becomes necessary. In particular if you have made a number of page style breaks in a long document, Mellel may stubbornly refuse to get the next page number right. There is a simple way to force it to correct itself:
Place your cursor in the header or footer where the page number is or should be. From the Insert menu choose Page number (Insert Menu > Page Variables > Page Number). Mellel will instantly repent and insert the correct page number at the in the header or footer where you positioned your cursor.
FINAL APPEARANCE
At the bottom of the Paragraph style dialog there is a sample text which shows you exactly how your paragraphs will look look when using the selected style. You can easily see whether you like the nal appearance, and try out changes. You can also replace the wording of the sample text if you wish:
Extra Space at Top of Page or Column?

Usually you will probably want a new paragraph which is at the top of a page not to have any blank space above it. The Alignment & Spacing palette makes it possible to include space above the rst paragraph in a page or column if for some special reason you wish it.
With no space above With 10pt space above In the left hand column, Mellels default is used: the Also at top of pg/col is unchecked. In the right hand column for some reason the writer has decided to start the rst paragraph 10 points below the top of the column, and so has checked the Also at top of pg/col.
FOOTNOTES & ENDNOTES

A footnote can be put in your text either by choosing Note from the Insert Menu, or by using the keyboard to tell Mellel to make a footnote. To Insert a Footnote Using the Insert Menu
Using the Keyboard Method

Another way of inserting a footnote is by using the keyboard: command-option-n. (It is possible to change the keyboard shortcut if you so wish for some reason.)
The Default Footnote Setting

As Mellel comes from the factory, it is set up so that footnotes are arranged like this:
The footnote comes at the bottom of the page.
Editing the Footnote Style

If this default setup is satisfactory to you, no alterations need to be done. But it may be that for some reason you do need to change the default setup. Most publishers and educational institutions have precise requirement as to how footnotes are to be set up, and you may need to change the default to suit their demands. To change the details of the Footnote style there are two separate windows in Mellel that need to be considered. One is in the default Style Set Menu, the other is the Edit note attributes found via the Insert Menu (see further on). Although these two windows are for the most part identical, there are some important differences.
Footnote Settings via the Style Set Menu

The Style Set menu is the place where virtually all the Mellel settings that deal with the appearance of text can be made. Whenever you make a change via the Paragraph or Character Menu, these changes are automatically reected in the default Style Set, and vice versa. Open the Style Set Menu and choose the Default Set. The window that opens allows you to see the setup of a normal footnote by double clicking on the name Footnote at the bottom right, in the Note section of the pane.
Under Placement, Position by default the footnote appears at the bottom of the page. There are two other possible settings which can be found by clicking on the Position lozenge:
Below text means that if the text on your page only covers a part of the page, the footnote will be placed immediately below the end of the text, rather than at the bottom of the page.
Footnote Numbering
here there are four choices
By default, the numbering is contiguous which means that the rst footnote of the document will be numbered 1 and every subsequent footnote will be numbered in order. So if there are 29 footnotes in the document, they will be numbered 1-29. If it were to happen that after some footnote you later added a new footnote, it would be automatically be receive a number consecutive to the previous footnote, and all subsequent footnotes in the document would then be automatically renumbered, so that the last one was number 30. This means that regardless of how many sections or chapters or subdivisions there are in the document, the footnotes will be numbered consecutively from the rst page to the last. Restart every page means that the rst footnote on every page will be numbered 1, and any other footnotes on the same page will be numbered consecutively; but on the next page the rst footnote would again be numbered 1. This will hold true throughout the document. Restart every section means that if a new section in the document is started by using the Section break:
in the new section the footnotes will begin again with the number 1, and then consecutively thereafter. Restart every page range means that if a new page range has been begun by choosing Page style break from the Insert Menu, the footnote numbering will begin again at 1 following the page style break.
"Keep with Reference" or Not?

At the bottom of the Position section of the Footnote Preferences window is an important option:
Suppose that you decide to have a footnote, but there is not enough room on the page to have the complete footnote appear. There are two possibilities: By default, Mellel will attempt to put at least some of the footnote on the page where it should appear, but if there is not enough space for all of it, Mellel will complete the footnote at the bottom of the following page. If you prefer to have your footnotes complete and not spread over two pages, you can check the box in the Footnote Preferences window that says May separate from reference. Mellel will then move the entire footnote to the bottom of the next page. The result will be that the reader will know that there is a footnote, but in order to read it she will have to turn to the next page.
Another possibility also exists, which is discussed below in connection with the Edit Note Attributes pane.
#
At the right of the Footnote style pane, you have a choice of Symbols that Mellel will use in your text to indicate in the text that there is a footnote:
It is possible to use one type of symbol in the text in order to indicate that there is a footnote, but (if you wish) to use a different type of symbol alongside the footnote itself. For this purpose, there is also the list of Note symbol types:
The Superscript Option

For both the Reference symbols and the Note symbols it is possible to change the default style. If you tick the Superscript option, the symbol will be a small symbol raised above the text line, thus: 1 or *, etc. If you do not tick this option, the symbol will be on the text line, thus: 1 or *, etc.
The Symbol Character Style

By default, the symbol chosen will use the same style as the text beside it. But if for some reason you wish a different style or font, the Character style lozenge in the Footnote style pane allows you to choose one.
The Separation Line
The separator line is the line which separates the footnote from the main text on the page. As can be seen from the Figure 62 (on page 116) the default version of the separator line looks like this:
There are many possibilities for changing this display. The line need not be solid. If you press on the lozenge that says Line, you will see other possible forms:
The line does not have to be on the left, as in our sample above. You have a choice. If you click on the Alignment lozenge you will see these choices:
Notice that if you prefer, you can have no line at all. If you prefer to have your line shorter or longer, you can type in how far across the page you want it to extend. You can choose how thick a line you wish. You can choose the color of the line. You can choose how much space you prefer between the separator line and the last line of regular text on the page, and how much space between the separator line and the rst line of the footnote. Also between footnotes when there is more than
one on the page.
Important Warning
If you change the default settings for footnotes in the Style Set display, you must be careful that the same change of settings is made in the Edit note attributes from the Insert Menu. Otherwise Mellel will get confused.
Multiple Footnote Streams

Mellel is unique in allowing you to make as many streams of footnotes as you wish. For everyday writing and most journal or book texts, a single stream of footnotes is usual. But for scholarly works you may nd it useful to have a variety of footnote styles for different purposes. You might, for example, nd it useful to have one set of footnotes for references to other writers or sources, and a separate set of footnotes for your personal comments. Simply click on the + icon underneath the footnote area in the overall default Style Set, to add more types of footnotes and to edit their symbols etc.
The "Edit note attributes" Window from the Insert Menu.

There is another pane in which Footnote arrangement can be set, which though largely identical with that in the Style Set menus also has some differences. This second pane is accessed from the Insert Menu:
The Edit note attributes Window
This window allows you to make some extra settings for your document:
The Height limit lets you set how much of the page may be used by footnotes. If set at 100%, this means that you can have a page consisting entirely of a footnote, if your footnote is extremely long. On the other hand, if you prefer, you can set the % to any amount that you want. For example, 25% would mean that footnotes could occupy no more than a quarter of any single page. The amount you decide on depends partly on esthetics how you feel about the appearance of your pages; and partly on requirements by your publisher or institution, if you are writing for publication
You can choose to have the footnotes highlighted on the screen, to make them more obvious when you are checking through your text. You can choose to have the footnotes highlighted on your print outs, if you want them to stand out more. If for some reason you prefer to have your footnotes start at some other number than 1, you can specify what number you prefer. This could be useful if you were writing a large piece for serial publication, and wanted to keep your footnote sequence unbroken from a previous installment of the article.
IMPORTANT!
Most of the settings in the Edit note attributes window can also be edited in the Style Set editing window. If you change the details in either of the two windows, be careful to ensure that the same change of settings is in the other window. Otherwise Mellel will become confused.
How to Change the Format of Footnotes

Footnotes (and Endnotes) may have their own character style and paragraph style. Let us compare two different footnote appearances: First, the default style
Second example:
This was achieved by typing a footnote, and then, with the cursor in the footnote text, changing the margin:
The font was also changed:
Moving from Reference Symbol to the Footnote, or from the Footnote to the Reference Symbol.
You can, of course, move to a footnote by scrolling down the page, and move from the footnote text back to the point where you put the Reference symbol in the text, also by scrolling. But there is a faster way, which may also be simpler if you have a number of footnotes on a particular page: In the regular text, double click on the Reference symbol and Mellel will immediately take you to the footnote text referred to. With your cursor in the footnote text, press the Escape key on the keyboard, or double click on the footnote symbol immediately to the left of the footnote text. Mellel will immediately take you back to the point in the text where you had inserted the Reference symbol.
Searching through the Footnote Texts

In the Find and Replace pane you can do a search for any footnote word(s) by checking the Search notes button:
Endnotes
Mellel also makes provision for endnotes which places all the notes together at the end of the document. The Style Set edit menu has a separate item titled Endnotes, which can be congured in exactly the same way as footnotes.
Bottom of Page and Endnotes Also?

Question: is it possible to have two kinds of notes in use as the same time: bottom of page notes and end of document notes? Answer: Yes, of course. Many times a writer wants to be able to have two streams of notes: notes placed at the bottom of the page for the reader to refer to in order to understand the text; and notes which merely give technical notes or references to literature on which text was based or from which text was taken, which are placed at the end of the chapter or the document. Question: Is it possible to have a large variety of footnote or endnote styles from which I can choose? Answer: There is no practical limit on the number of footnote and endnote styles you can make. In the Style Set edit menu, in the Note section either make a new note style or duplicate one already present, and give it a distinctive name. In the Character section make a new character style and give it the same name as the name you chose for the note style. In the Paragraph section make a new paragraph style and give it the same name as the name you chose for the note style. Now edit the newly named Note style, and in the Note text style section
choose the paragraph style and the character style that correspond to the new note styles name. Click on Save. If you wish to assign a key combination for this new style, you must do it via the Edit note attributes submenu of the Insert Menu.
COLUMNS
Mellel allows you to change the number of columns in your text at any time and at any point. The Sections Menu and the Sections palette are the two principal places where the details can be set. While there is rarely any need to use multiple columns in ordinary every-day writing such as letters or lists, when preparing material to be printed the ability to use columns is extremely important. Mellel allows detailed control over this.
Section Break
To change the number of columns, a Section break is rst made by choosing Section break from the Insert Menu:
If you plan to change the number of columns fairly often, it will be worth your while to use the keyboard shortcut, as shown in the illustration above: controloption-command-L. The purpose of the Section break is to tell Mellel that you want to change the number of columns from the point where you inserted the break. Special note: If you want to change the number of columns at the start of the following page, it is best to place the secion break at the very end of the text of the page current page. For example, to start a new number of columns on page 141 of this tutorial, it would be best to place the section break right here:
Setting up the Column Options

The most handy way of setting up the details for columns, once a Section break has been inserted, is to use the Section palette:
Count
This refers to the number of columns that you wish to have on your page. By default, the Palette is set so that there is only one column of text on a page. You can type in whatever number of columns you wish. There is almost no limit to the number of columns you can have on a page, but obviously in practice too many columns make reading more or less impossible. For example, if you were to choose 13 for the number of columns, the result would be pretty dreadful:
On the other hand, it is common for newspapers to have eight or more columns on a page, so if you were typesetting a newspaper page with Mellel that would be perfectly feasible:
However, two or three columns is very common in books articles:
1) Aminda. Leendert C. Deij. LFkoop. Prilly. 1997. 103 paoj. Prezo: 15.00 2) Bestoj en nia domo. Zdravka Metz. E-Societo Kebekia. Montrealo. 1999. 58 paoj. Prezo: 7.80 3) Eraro. Stig Jacobson. Al-fab-et-o. Skvde. 1998. 52 paoj. Prezo: 4.80 4) Flustr el uragano. Hasegawa Teru. Oosaka. 1975. 89 paoj. Prezo: 4.50 5) Koko kantas, La. Willy Kokouvi. Fondao Afriko de UEA. Lom. 2001. 24 paoj. Prezo: 3.00 6) Koloroj de sopiro. Paulina Danut Vidrinskien. Piko valandana. Marijampol. 2003. 63 paoj. Prezo: 3.00 7) Lasta taglibro de l' poeto, La. A.
Logvin. REU - Impeto. Moskvo. 2003. 48 paoj. Prezo: 3.00 8) Memor mortiga. Sten Johansson. Al-fab-et-o. Skvde. 2003. 79 paoj. Prezo: 6.30 9) Mia pado. Gerrit Berveling. Fonto. Chapec. 1997. 311 paoj. Prezo: 19.80 10) Mia verda pado. Eseoj kaj rakontoj. risto Gorov. BEA. Soo. 1986. 182 paoj. Prezo: 3.00 11) Regulus. Lorjak. Gabrielli. Ascoli Piceno. 1981. 340 paoj. Prezo: 9.00 12) Sur la linio. Georgo Kamao. Bero. Berkeley. 1991. 40 paoj. Prezo: 4.80 13) Tunelo, La. Marco Picasso. LFkoop. La Chaux-de-Fonds. 1998. 171 paoj. Prezo: 13.50
Mellel Guide Lists
LISTS
There are simple lists and there are complex lists. Mellel allows for both. Let us start with the basics of making a very simple list. As an exercise, on a blank Mellel page make a list of a variety of items such as this: table List is a special paragraph attribute thatchair you to create a series of paragraphs allows preceded by a numbering or a bullet. You can create an unlimited number of such lists book in a document, stop and continue lists, copy and paste list styles, and so on. You can light customise the list appearance, numbering, or bullet type, change their position in the writing instruments list and their formatting. pen pencil biro
Lists
The List palette
The list palette includes options to start, manage and reset a list, a pop-up menu to select the type of list you want, delete and create new lists, and options to control the (The appearance of the list.left margin has been set at 175pt, to center the list.) Now take a look at the List palette. It is all greyed out and tells us nothing much.
Start or increase list level
Decrease the list or reset
Press to reset the list
The list style pop-up menu Set and reset start number
Symbol options Character style options Symbol and indent options
Figure 155: The List palette
But now: Highlight the seven items in our Sample Tiny List. In the List Palette click on the Increase icon (the second from the left), at the top of the palette:
Our list of seven items now looks like this:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
table chair book light writing instruments pencil pen biro
The items in the table are, in technical terms, said to be set at Level One. Take a look now at the List palette and you will see it looks like this:
The palette tells us that we have made a numbered list, using Arabic numerals, and we have started with 1. The Symbol format (The format of the Numbers) is #. # stands for Number and the dot is the dot beside each number.
The Ruler Reects the Position of the Numbers

I moved the margin on the page to center the list better. Put your cursor in the list above, and take a look at the ruler on your screen. You will see:
The left margin was set at 175 pt. But notice a new marker to the left of the margin markers. Mellel has positioned a small circle 18 points to the left of the margin markers. Or, more precisely, the margin markers are 18 points to the right of the circle.
On the List palette we may note: The position of the Symbols (= Numbers) is at 0 pt, that is, the left margin. The items themselves are indented 18 points from the numbers. If you move the circle on the ruler to the right, the symbol position will decrease on the list palate: 1. table 2. chair 3. book 4. light 5. writing instruments 6. pencil 7. pen 8. biro The List now says the Symbol position is 2.857 pt. Now lets look at the bottom-most bit of the List palette which says Margin: 18 pt. Clearly it has nothing to do page margin. We will play with this bit now:
Sub-Indents
Highlight the second and third items in the list, and in the palette change the bot-
tom-most number to 25pt:
Now click on the Increase icon again, and you will see our list now looks like this:
1. table 1. chair 2. book 2. light 3. writing instruments 4. pencil 5. pen 6. biro

The items chair and book have been moved inwards 25 points and given separate numbers. Books which have their material organized with this system would say that table is item 1, and chair is item 1.1. while book is item 1.2. In technical terms, the indentation of chair and book has been increased to Level 2. Finally, while those two items are still highlighted, in the palette change the Symbol type to this:
And now our list looks like this:
1. table a. chair b. book 2. light 3. writing instruments 4. pencil 5. pen 6. biro

We could now speak of chair as item 1.a, and book as 1.b Now one last experiment for the moment: We will try something really fancy. We will highlight item 3 (writing instruments) and with the Increase icon move it to level 2.
We will then highlight items 4, 5, and 6 so as to make them appropriately subordinated to one another:
1. table a. chair b. book 2. light 3. writing instruments a. pencil b. pen . quill pen (pen made from a bird
feather)
. metal pen (imitation of a bird

feather/quill, but with a metal nib)
. fountain pen (developed from the
metal pen, but with an ink container inside it as well as a metal nib) pen, but with a container lled with a thicker ink, and a nib replaced by a oating tiny ball)
. biro (developed from a fountain
1. ink biro (i.e., a pen which
evolved out of the biro, but which substitutes fountain pen ink instead of biro ink)
By the way, notice that the list function applies only to paragraphs, not to individual lines.
After item 5 in our list try pressing the return key, and see what happens:
1. table a. chair b. book 2. light 3. pen 4. pencil 5. paper 6.

The computer has put in a place for you to add an item 6 to the list. In order to tell Mellel that you are nished with the list, put your cursor next to the 6. and press the third of the icons:
The third icon tells Mellel that your list is nished. It removes the 6. If you change back to the regular paragraph format (in this case, Tutorial Default in your Paragraph Menu),
1. table a. chair b. book 2. light 3. pen 4. pencil 5. paper

your cursor will pop back to the normal start of a line on the page.
Now lets go back to our real list on page 136. Place your cursor in the list on page 136, and then open the List palette. Lets see what List style actually means: List style: When you click on the List style lozenge it shows:
As you can see, the default style called Numbered was chosen for the list on p.136. Another possible style choice is called Harvard. Put your cursor in item 11 in the list, and then choose from List style the Harvard style: What differences are there between those two styles?
Numbered style
Harvard style
When you look at the lower part of the List palette, you see that the settings are different:
Symbol type: The Numbered style uses ordinary Arabic numerals, the Harvard style uses Roman Capital letters. Start at: Both styles start the numbering at 1. (Isnt that inevitable? Well, no, actually. It might well be that you stopped the list at the end of item 13, put in some comments and
suggestions about the list, and then decided to start the list again underneath, starting it with 14 so that it would follow on.) When you choose a different format for one item, notice that the format changes for the entire list. Symbol format: Both lists are shown as having this setting:
What does this actually mean? #. means the item number followed by a dot. In this lozenge in the List palette try choosing some of the other Symbol formats, to see what they look like. Notice that the entire list now uses a slightly different format for the item numbers:
These settings illustrated hold only for the individual lists I have created. If you should want to make such setting permanent for all lists, you need to go to to Style Set > Edit Style sets > Default set > List > Numbered, as shown on the next page:
AUTO-TITLES
This is a feature which Mellel includes primarily for specialists, but which is meant persons writing theses, books, and scholarly articles. The subject of Auto-Titles can become extremely complex, so here we will only deal with some of the basics. Specialized tutorials on the subject can be downloaded from the www.redlers.com site.
Setting up the Auto-Titles Details

Open the Auto-title palette. The default palette looks like this:
This will have to be edited considerably in order to make it useful for a book or thesis, so we will click on the icon at the right Edit title ows and see the edit window which then comes up:
None of the items in the window is permanently xed. Each can be modied to suit your specic needs. By double clicking on any of the items in the Title ows list, at the left, you can retitle it. You can remove any of them by clicking on it and then clicking on the Delete button at the bottom of the list. You can add new items by clicking on the Add button at the bottom of the list.
Here is a sample set-up I personally nd useful:
Working on the Title Flows List
Although the editing panel does not make it possible to delete the rst 10 items, it does allow them to be given new titles, or left simply blank. I really only need the rst ve, which I have renamed as you can see in gure 89.
Saving My Changes
The way to save changes to the Edit Auto-ow window is not as obvious as you might think. Here is how to do it: At the top of the window you will see that it now says:
so I rst click on the bit that says Save setup.... Now a little window will pop up that looks like this:
I will change the wording so that the Setup name is Book:
Now I click on the Save button and the top of the Edit Auto-ow window now looks like this at its top:
This is what I wanted, so I now click on the OK at the bottom right of the big window. Only now is my new setup truly saved. Having saved this arrangement, my Auto-numbering palette now looks like this:
Now I need to edit the details.
Working on the Title Flow Attributes
Still in the Edit title ows window, I now click on the word Chapter and look at the part of the window titled Title ow attributes immediately to the right of the Title ows list:
Notice that it is set up so that my chapter titles will use Roman capital numerals, starting with 1. When I go to put a chapter title in my book, I will click on the word Chapter in my Auto-title palette, and Mellel will ask me to give the chapter a title. It will also include the chapter title in the Table of Contents when I make one. In the Format part of the above picture,
it is possible to double click on each lozenge and change its name if I so wish. It is also possible to remove any or all of the lozenges by moving them with my mouse off the Edit window. I can insert a new lozenge by choosing it those in the Element list and moving with the mouse to the position I want in the Format section. And I can change
the names of them as I wish, after I have moved them. Now, as it happens I do not want a tab beside my Chapter title in my book text, so I will remove that lozenge. I am also fussy about how I want the Chapter titles to look in my book, so I have previously dened a Character style and a Paragraph style in Mellels Character Menu and Paragraph Menu, and where it says Paragraph style in the Edit Auto-title window I will chose Paragraph style. I will not need to change the Character style setting, since I linked it to the Paragraph style in my Mellel menus.
However, if I did wish to have the possibility of sometimes italicizing part of my title, I can easily allow for this by making a second Auto-title style with an extra element for which the character style chosen is italics, placed at the desired position. This could perhaps be called Chapter (alt), and the Format section might be set up thus:
Figure 88: Chapter Title with Italics
With a little thought and experimentation you can make whatever other variations on the setup as you please. Now I save the whole thing again. First I must click on the Save setup lozenge at the top of the window. Mellel will query whether I still want it to be named Book, and I will say OK. Then I will click on the OK at the bottom right of the big window.
To avoid future problems, I will test my new setup to make sure it is as I want it. On a blank page in Mellel at the top of the page I double click the word Chapter in the Auto-title palette. Here is what happens: a little window pops up thus:
I remember that in the Edit window I had checked that Mellel should ask for the Chapter title whenever I want a new chapter. So I type my desired Chapter name:
and I click on OK. To my delight, at the top of my blank Mellel page my title appears:
This is exactly as I set it up in my Paragraph and Character Menus.
Now, whenever I start a new chapter, I will double click on the word Chapter in the
Auto-title palette, and every new chapter will have its appropriate number and the title which I assign to it. Lets try that out just to be certain. On another blank page I will again press Chapter in the Auto-title list, and put in a title for my second chapter. I click on the word Chapter in my Auto-title palette, and again get the little window:
I type in a title for my second chapter
I click on OK, and to my delight, my second chapter appears, correctly titled:
Not Just Chapters!

Of course, we can set up details not only for Chapter titles, but for Section titles, Subsection titles, Illustration titles, etc. in exactly the same way. Since you will probably want your Section titles to look different from your Chapter titles, you need to dene a
special Section Title Character Style in the Character Style Menu, and a Section Title Paragraph Style in the Paragraph Menu; etc. Here is how my particular set up looks for this tutorial:
Figure 89: My Section Style Settings
Figure 90: My Figure Style Settings
AND IN THE EDIT AUTO-TITLES WINDOW:
Figure 91: My Edit Auto-title Windows
Changing the Status of an Auto-title Item

Often when working with Auto-titles, you decide you want to promote (give a higher status to) or demote (give a lower status to) a title. For example, what you chose to be a section you might promote to being a chapter on its own. Or what you chose to be a section you might decide would better be a sub-section. This is the way to do it: Let us say you want to change the status of a sub-section to give it another status instead: maybe make it a subsection title, or a chapter title Select (but do not double click on) the title in your text.
In the Auto-title palette double click on the type of item you wish it to be:
Your title in your text will magically change its status, in this case to become a Chapter title:
Of course, you can change the status of your title to any other status, by highlighting it and then double clicking on Sub-section or Sub-sub Section or some other item in your Auto-title palette.
Other Uses for the Auto-titles

When we look at the Auto-title Edit window we see two other important sections:
The Table of Contents (TOC) Settings

It is possible not only to automatically generate a Table of Contents, with Mellel, but also to set up the details via the Auto-title settings. First, we need to set up Table of Contents character and paragraph styles. Heres one suggestion:
Figure 92: TOC: Setup for "Curr#" (Chapter number)

For this purpose, I selected the rst lozenge, Curr# and chose the TOC paragraph style, TOC character style, and Regular variation.
Figure 93: TOC Setup for "Title" (Chapter title)

For this purpose I highlighted the Title Lozenge and chose the appropriate styles.
Figure 94: "p." Setting
Figure 95: "Page#" Setting

And my Paragraph Style is, for the TOC setting in my Paragraph Menu:
Early on in my book I would set up a Table of Contents Page, with a Reverse Tab at the right Margin. I would choose a dotted line Lead between the Title and Page number.
Having nished my book manuscript, I would then place my cursor in the Table of Contents page, and choose Table of Contents from the Insert Menu The result would be on my Table of Contents page:
Figure 96: Resulting Table of Contents Sample
Of course, the exact page number would depend on which page my rst chapter actually starts.
The "Mentions" Format

In this context, the word Mentions means placing the Auto-title in the Header or Footer of your document. The method of setting it up is the same as for the other uses of Auto-titles, which means setting up a Character style and Paragraph Style for your Header or Footer, and then setting up the Edit Mentions Format in the Edit Auto-titles. You can choose to have the Auto-title which is used for your Mentions be any of your Auto-title types: chapter title, section title, or whatever: In order to use Mentions, the method is to place your cursor in your header or footer, and then from the Insert Menu choose as follows: Insert > Auto-title > Chapter, for example:
If, instead of the Chapter title you prefer the Section title, you would choose: Insert > Auto-title > Section and your Edit Auto-title setup would look maybe like this:
TABLES
Inserting a Table
The little icon on right hand side of the Ruler:
Figure 97: The Table Icon

when clicked on brings up the following windowlet:
Figure 98: The Table Setup Windowlet

If you clicked on Insert Table this situation would result: (Column 1) (Column 2) (Column 3)
Figure 99: Sample Table

But without the explanatory Row 1, Row 2, etc., of course. The number of rows and columns depends on whatever numbers you put in the
windowlet.
The Table Palette

There is a Table palette to use in conjunction with using tables:
Figure 100: The Table Palette The Top Row of Icons

If you wish to select a row in the table, place your cursor in that row and then click on the Select row icon. If you wish to select a column in the table, place your cursor in that column and then click on the Select column icon. If you wish to select the entire table, place your cursor anywhere in the table and click on the Select table icon.
The Bottom Row of Icons

If you wish to add a row at the bottom of the table, click on the Add a row icon. If you wish to add a column to the right side of the table, click on the Add a column icon. If you wish to add a row inside the table, place your cursor in the row above where you want a new row to be inserted, select the row with the Select row method, and click on the Split horizontally icon. If you wish to add a column inside the table, place your cursor in the column to the left of where you want a new row to be inserted, select the column with the Select column method, and click on the Split vertically icon. If you wish to split one or more individual cells into two rows, select the specic cells and then click on the Split horizontally icon. If you wish to split one or more individual cells into two columns, select the specic cells and then click on the Split vertically icon.
Other terms
Padding refers to the amount of space (up to 5 pt) between items in the table, so that columns or rows or texts do not hit up one against another, etc. The Padding lozenge allows you to chose between none, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5 pt. This can be applied to the entire table, or to individual cells. Attributes: refers to the lines which separate cells. Individual separating lines can be anywhere from invisible, hairline = ultra thin, up to 5 pt thick. Again, all lines can be made of uniform thickness, or altered on an individual basis. Two adjacent cells, for example, could have no visible line between them, if you so chose but did not want to actually merge the two cells. Type of line refers to whether you want a solid line, or a dotted line, or some other type of line. Weight refers to the thickness of a line:
Lines 5pt thick
Lines 0.2pt thick
Background refers to whether you want part or all of the table to have a background color.
Alignment
Alignment refers to how you want text within a cell to appear:
Bosch, Rembrandt, 1606-1669 William Blake, 1757-1827 Hironymus c.1450-1516 Wassily 1866-1944
Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973 Salvador Dal, 1904-1989
Figure 101: Text Top Aligned

Hironymus c.1450-1516 Wassily 1866-1944 Bosch, Rembrandt, 1606-1669 Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973 Salvador Dal, 1904-1989 William Blake, 1757-1827
Figure 102: Text Bottom Aligned

Hironymus c.1450-1516 Wassily 1866-1944 Bosch, Rembrandt, 1606-1669 Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973 William Blake, 1757-1827 Salvador Dal, 1904-1989
Hironymus c.1450-1516 Wassily 1866-1944
Bosch, Rembrandt, 1606-1669 Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973 Salvador Dal, 1904-1989 William Blake, 1757-1827
Special Note
Adding rows or columns requires a very large amount of computer processor power. The larger the table, the longer Mellel will take to add a column or row. The faster your computer processor, the more quickly Mellel will do these tasks. I recommend at least a 1 gigahertz computer, and that you quit all programs except Mellel when dealing with a
large table. Typing inside a cell will also proceed much more slowly than in ordinary text.
Font, type size, variations, colors, etc.

If you want the entire table to use one particular font, type size, font variation, and/or colored type, select the entire table with the Select table icon, and choose your font, size, etc. as you do normally when typing text. If you want to vary the font, size, variation, color, etc., select the cells or the specic texts in the cells and proceed as you would normally do with text. Similarly, you may use the ruler icons to align text within cells, to place tabs for use in cells, etc. You may do this on an individual cell basis, an entire row or column basis, or for the entire table by selecting the Select table icon.
Using Tabs in a Table

When working in a table, the keyboard tab button moves you from one cell to the next cell. In order to move the cursor to a tab, you need to press the option+shift keys.
Line Behavior in Tables

Before you insert a table, the Table palette looks rather mystically like this:
Once you insert a table and place your cursor anywhere in the table, the diagram changes to look like this:
Altering the Lines in a Single Cell Only

The diagram refers specically to the cell in which you have placed your cursor, and only to that one. If you click on any one of the lines in the diagram, it becomes grayed out:
Any changes you make in regard to Line type, Weight, Background, or padding will refer only to the lines which are not grayed out.
These particular settings will give you a cell that looks like this:
If, instead, you applied the same settings to several cells in a column, your table might look like this:
Changing the Look of Lines in Several Cells
Changing the Size of Cells

At present, the size of cells can be be changed in only two ways:
Moving the Table Lines

The width of a cell can be changed by placing your cursor on a line:
Notice that your cursor changes into a double headed arrow when you hover over the line.. Press the mouse button and you can now drag the line left or right. As you do so, all the table lines will temporarily turn blue, and a blue ghost image of the line you are moving will follow your cursor until you release the mouse button.
At that point the lines will turn back to black and the line you wanted to move will be at the position you indicated:
Exactly the same method can be used for enlarging or reducing the vertical height of cells.
A More Precise Way to Set Row Sizes

There is a more precise way to set the height of rows, if you prefer to do it by measurement rather than by eye. 1. Place your cursor in the top left cell of the following table:
2. Now from the padding section of the Table palette change the padding to None. 3. With your cursor still in the top left cell, In the Alignment & Spacing palette, change the Units from Lines to Points. (If you prefer inches or centimeters, thats OK, but points is more precise.) 4. Increase or decrease the number of points in the Amount box in the Alignment
& spacing palette. The height of the cell will enlarge or decrease accordingly. Unfortunately there is no analogous method for determining the precise width of cells.
Placement of the Table

Assuming that your table is smaller than the width of the page, you may wish to have it centered on the page. At present there is no automatic way of doing this. However: Method 1. You may move the table by eye:
Place your cursor just very slightly to the left edge of the table. The cursor will turn into a tiny arrow. Now with your mouse button pressed, move the cursor to the right. The table will move simultaneously. When the table seems centered as you want it, let go of the mouse button and the table will remain where you have moved it. It is possible, though a bit laborious, to center the table precisely. 1. On the line above the table type a simple straight up and down line: | 2. With the centering icon center it on the page. 3. Using Method 1 given above, move the table so the horizontal dividing line in the center of the table is precisely under the | that you typed in the line above the table.
Two Level Cell Text

if you click on one of the diagonal lines, the diagram looks like this:
Now suppose I select each cell in the rst row in my table, in turn, click on a diagonal line, and deselect all the others lines:
I set up a regular tab and a reverse tab for the cells. Then in the rst cell I write the words Artist and Years, and press option+tab between the two words, here is what happens:
Artist Years Hironymus Bosch c.1450-1516 Wassily Kandinsky 1866-1944 Rembrandt Pablo Picasso Artist Years 1606-1669 1881-1973 William Blake, Salvador Dal Artist Years 1757-1827 1904-1989
Copying, Deleting, or Pasting a Table

If you double click to the left of a table, the entire table becomes selected:
You can then copy it, delete it, or cut it, just like any other text. To paste it elsewhere, you need merely place your cursor where you want the table, and do a paste.
Where to Use a Table?

With Mellel, a table can be placed anywhere in a document: in the text, in a header, in a footer, in a footnote And as we will see in the following chapter, tables come in very useful in typesetting.
Non-Printing Table Lines

Lastly, it is of course possible to have a table with no visible lines, either on screen or in printed form, by simply selecting the entire table with the Select Table (= Select all Cells) icon in the Table palette. But is there a way to see where the lines would be, without actually showing the lines? Indeed there is. In the Show Menu at the bottom of the
Mellel page, the lower part of the Menu has:
If Invisible Table Lines is checked, your screen will show the position of table lines, in pale blue:
Figure 103: Showing Invisible Table Lines

but if you uncheck Invisible Table Lines in the Show Menu, you will see only the printed text, with no lines:
Figure 104: No Invisible Table Lines
Neither Figure 1 nor Figure 2 will show any evidence of lines, when printed.
PICTURES/IMAGES/GRAPHICS
Mellel does a good job with including pictures (graphics) in its les, but there are a few things that are worth keeping in mind:
Inserting an Image
The best way to put a graphic into a Mellel document is to use the Insert Menu:
Figure 105: The Insert Image Window

It is possible to insert a picture or other graphic using drag and drop, or copy and paste, but Mellel tends to inate the le size out of proportion when this is done. When the Insert Image... menu method is used, Mellel keeps its le size a reasonable size. A picture of other graphic may be imported into any part of a document: a header, or footer, a table, a column, or whatever. When the image is inserted using the Insert Image... method, Mellel makes the picture automatically t the space available. If you double click on any image, the following window pane appears:
Figure 106: The Image Adjustment Window
Adjusting an Image
Choosing Only Part of a Picture
Fitting method: This gives you two options to choose from:
Figure 107: The Fitting Method Choices

Float in frame means that if you wish to adjust the image so that a specic part of it appears rather than the entire picture, this can easily be done. 1. First I inserted a picture. It was gigantic (13 x 9.4cm.) so I resized it so that it tted reasonably on my page:
2.
Then I chose Float in frame in the Image window that appeared when I double clicked on the image:
3. 4.
I closed the Image window. With the option key pressed, I moved the picture so that the bottom left of the picture was positioned approzimately as I wanted:
Figure 108: Picture Repositioned

5. Then while holding down the shift key, with the mouse I moved a corner of the
frame the frame only included the part I wanted visible.
Figure 109: Resulting Image
Framing an Image
I decided to put a frame around the image by double clicking on it again. I chose the desired sort of frame:
Figure 110: Choosing a Frame

I then clicked on OK. The result was this:
Positioning the Image

An image which is placed in a Mellel document is treated as if it were an ordinary character, and it can be moved in the same way as any other character: by setting an Indent with the Margins & Tabs palette:
Figure 111: Picture Placed at Indent 30pt

Or by using one of the Alignment icons on the Mellel ruler.
Other Adjustments
Fill colour: refers to setting a background color in your frame. It has an effect only if your picture is partially transparent, or if it happens not to ll the whole frame.
Figure 112: The Fill Colour Option
Adjust xed line spacing to image: This when checked causes Mellel to place your image in such a way that it does not disturb the line spacing. This is best left checked. Graphic specialists may nd it useful to uncheck it when making special effects.
Resizing an image: This can be done in two ways. One is to select the image, and, while holding down the shift key, pull one of the corners of the frame to make the picture bigger or smaller. The other is to double click on the image and set a precise size for the image, either in percentages or in points/centimeters/inches. If you do not hold down the shift key when pulling a corner of a picture frame, the picture will not keep its proportions:
Figure 113: Picture in Frame
Figure 114: The Same Picture with Right Corner Pulled Sideways without the Shift Key Being Held Down
Figure 115: The Picture with a Bottom Corner Pulled Downwards without the Shift Key Being Held Down
TYPESETTING
It is possible to prepare a book, a periodical, or some other publication using only Mellel (along with, perhaps, an artwork program such as Photoshop)? For a long time this seemed to be only a dream, but with the advent of Mellel 2 most of the ordinary publishing requirements have been met.
Illustrations
Let us begin with a simple case, and work out way along: suppose we wish to have a small illustration alongside a text, something like this:
Suscipit iriuredolor aliquip minim, aliquam commodo exerci ut dignissim sed aliquip minim. Lobortis vero eros, vel facilisi nulla ad ea dolor; esse blandit at dolore elit. Aliquip ex duis feugait, luptatum dolor; ex enim, ut delenit sciurus accumsan nisl. Ea exerci velit tation feugait duis praesent odio. Nisl in esse nulla, duis quis; vel ut. Ullamcorper iriuredolor ex eum nulla facilisis tation aliquam; praesent ut wisi dignissim luptatum enim. Exerci aliquip eros luptatum ea veniam quis te, tation minim velit quis eu commodo exerci crisare wisi sit, blandit eros ut. Feugiat vero luptatum nulla, in et nonummy, illum vel sed exerci consequat; molestie lorem suscipit dignissim facilisi, feugiat ipsum, feugait minim dolore elit ipsum. Commodo delenit eum vero, ut nisl dolore luptatum, et... erat vero esse aliquip feugait aliquam sed aliquip eros tation. Te feugiat... tation dignissim enim eros. Et consequatvel praesent ut lobortis eum elit iusto.
Figure 116: Text with Accompanying Illustration
Now, that is not the way it was set up to begin with. The original setup looked like this:
Figure 117: Original Before Adjustment

What I did was: I set the Table padding to 0 and all the lines to None. I made sure that in the Alignment and Spacing palette paragraph spacing both above and below was set at 0pt.
In the last line of the second paragraph, where in the original set up the line was not justied (because no return followed that line), I inserted a thin space from the Insert Menu (Insert Menu > Special Characters > Space > Thin Space) and also a hair space between each word. This justied the line perfectly. (To save trouble, I made a keyboard shortcut for inserting each type of space, so a simple keystroke inserted each space for me.)
Of course the illustration does not have to be at the left side. It could equally well have been placed in the right column of the invisible table. Or I could have made a three column one row table and placed it where I wished. This can also be done with a page containing columns, of course:
Suscipit iriuredolor aliquip minim, aliquam commodo exerci ut dignissim sed aliquip minim. Lobortis vero eros, vel facilisi nulla ad ea dolor; esse blandit at dolore elit. Aliquip ex duis feugait, luptatum dolor; ex enim, ut delenit sciurus accumsan nisl. sit, blandit eros ut. Feugiat vero luptatum nulla, in et nonummy, illum vel sed exerci consequat; molestie lorem suscipit dignissim facilisi, feugiat ipsum, feugait minim dolore elit ipsum. Commodo delenit eum vero, ut nisl dolore luptatum, et... erat vero esse aliquip feugait aliquam sed aliquip eros tation. Te feugiat... tation dignissim enim eros. Et consequatvel praesent ut lobortis eum elit iusto.
Figure 118: Two Columns Including an Illustration
Adjusting Columns
You may notice that in the Section palette there is a check box named Balanced:
Figure 119: The "Balanced" Setting

When this is checked, text in the two columns will be lined up as closely a possible:
Balanced Columns
Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud veniam aliquam ut, illum; lorem in diam, commodo lobortis nulla duis delenit aliquip. Lobortis quis aliquam delenit velit qui consequat; nostrud autem commodo feugiat veniam eros. Velit dignissim esse volutpat feugait dignissim odio iriuredolor, illum tincidunt in qui illum aliquam hendrerit dolore facilisi. Ullamcorper dolor erat autem; dignissim odio iriure dignissim suscipit praesent ut nisl dolore accumsan sciurus ex te et dolore ut augue. In sed feugait luptatum dignissim ea elit commodo qui odio enim te nulla augue tation enim. Qui consequat et vero; nonummy dolor, dignissim euismod dolore molestie. Facilisis consequat in feugait facilisi duis aliquip feugait ullamcorper iusto nulla. Quis praesent exerci praesent dolore suscipit augue illum blandit amet ullamcorper in quis vel. Dignissim vel ullamcorper consequatvel et. In velit; dolore feugiat veniam vel exerci, accumsan dolore, ullamcorper dolore! Ut duis commodo crisare in molestie tation dignissim consequat suscipit nisl et. Ut, aliquip veniam nulla facilisis, praesent aliquip eum luptatum enim illum exerci, consequat iriure accumsan. Conse
quat nonummy adipiscing, eum delenit, consequat nisl ullamcorper ut augue velit wisi esse consequat suscipit amet consequat erat! Qui illum ea in et minim consectetuer blandit nonummy euismod iriure. Consectetuer, praesent luptatum exerci, luptatum ea ex. Suscipit crisare veniam qui, at velit duis nostrud adipiscing sed ad quis nisl. Nostrud consequat wisi tation vel nulla eu, Ad vel vero ea feugiat te erat ut minim et ea; qui dolore nonummy nostrud duis consequat consectetuer wisi. Vulputate veniam praesent, iriure aliquip augue eum dolore ut. Esse euismod nostrud te hendrerit consequat vulputate nisl eu vero blandit vulputate, dolor et molestie, nulla vel feugiat. In, ut dolore consequat luptatum illum velit vel crisare. Eum esse autem; crisare eu ad praesent tincidunt sit, dolore velit commodo duis ad? Sit tation iriure vulputate nostrud delenit nonummy, dolore odio delenit consequat! Nulla blandit feugiat vel feugiat facilisis autem et duis, accumsan eum quis! Facilisi crisare... duis in esse veniam vel facilisi vero tincidunt wisi, amet ipsum iriure odio adipiscing, ut eum iriuredolor ut facilisi ex iusto enim aliquip dignissim ut accumsan exerci facilisis velit nulla crisare dolore?
Figure 120: "Balanced" Columns
Unbalanced Columns
If, on the other hand Balanced is not checked in the Section palette, the text in the rst column extends to the end of the text (unless it reaches the bottom of the page and automatically continues in the second column):
Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud veniam aliquam ut, illum; lorem in diam, commodo lobortis nulla duis delenit aliquip. Lobortis quis aliquam delenit velit qui consequat; nostrud autem commodo feugiat veniam eros. Velit dignissim esse volutpat feugait dignissim odio iriuredolor, illum tincidunt in qui illum aliquam hendrerit dolore facilisi. Ullamcorper dolor erat autem; dignissim odio iriure dignissim suscipit praesent ut nisl dolore accumsan sciurus ex te et dolore ut augue. In sed feugait luptatum dignissim ea elit commodo qui odio enim te nulla augue tation enim. Qui consequat et vero; nonummy dolor, dignissim euismod dolore molestie. Facilisis consequat in feugait facilisi duis aliquip feugait ullamcorper iusto nulla. Quis praesent exerci praesent dolore suscipit augue illum blandit amet ullamcorper in quis vel. Dignissim vel ullamcorper consequatvel et. In velit; dolore feugiat veniam vel exerci, accumsan dolore, ullamcorper dolore! Ut duis commodo crisare in molestie tation dignissim consequat suscipit nisl et. Ut, aliquip veniam nulla facilisis, praesent aliquip eum luptatum enim illum exerci, consequat iriure accumsan. Consequat nonummy adipiscing, eum delenit, consequat nisl ullamcorper ut augue velit wisi esse consequat suscipit amet consequat erat! Qui illum ea in et minim consectetuer blandit nonummy euismod iriure. Consectetuer, praesent luptatum exerci, luptatum ea ex.
Figure 121: "Unbalanced Columns"

The text does not extend to the bottom of the page, and since Balanced was not checked in the Section palette, text will not continue on into the second column until the rst column is full. If having typed your full text you decide you do want the text to line up neatly in the two columns, simply check the Balanced box in the palette. If for some reason you want the text to go into two columns, but not necessarily balanced, you can place your cursor where you wish in the left column, then insert a Column break from the Insert Menu (Insert > Breaks > Column break>:
Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud veniam aliquam ut, illum; lorem in diam, commodo lobortis nulla duis delenit aliquip. Lobortis quis ali-
quam delenit velit qui consequat; nostrud autem commodo feugiat veniam eros. Velit dignissim esse volutpat feugait dignissim odio iriuredolor, illum tincidunt in qui illum aliquam hendrerit dolore facilisi. Ullamcorper dolor erat autem; dignissim odio iriure dignissim suscipit praesent ut nisl dolore accumsan sciurus ex te et dolore ut
augue. In sed feugait luptatum dignissim ea elit commodo qui odio enim te nulla augue tation enim. Qui consequat et vero; nonummy dolor, dignissim euismod dolore molestie. Facilisis consequat in feugait facilisi duis aliquip feugait ullamcorper iusto nulla. Quis praesent exerci praesent dolore suscipit augue illum blandit amet ullamcorper in quis vel. Dignissim vel ullamcorper consequatvel et. In velit; dolore feugiat veniam vel exerci, accumsan dolore, ullamcorper dolore! Ut duis commodo crisare in molestie tation dignissim consequat suscipit nisl et. Ut, aliquip veniam nulla facilisis, praesent aliquip eum luptatum enim illum exerci, consequat iriure accumsan. Consequat nonummy adipiscing, eum delenit, consequat nisl ullamcorper ut augue velit wisi esse consequat suscipit amet consequat erat! Qui illum ea in et minim consectetuer blandit nonummy euismod iriure. Consectetuer, praesent luptatum exerci, luptatum ea ex.
Figure 122: Column Break Inserted

Had I inserted a column break directly after the word ut, on the same line, the line would not have been justied:
Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud veniam aliquam ut, illum; lorem in diam, commodo lobortis nulla duis delenit aliquip. Lobortis quis aliquam delenit velit qui consequat; nostrud autem commodo feugiat veniam eros. Velit dignissim esse volutpat feugait dignissim odio iriuredolor, illum tincidunt in qui illum aliquam hendrerit dolore facilisi. Ullamcorper dolor erat autem; dignissim odio iriure dignissim suscipit praesent ut nisl dolore accumsan sciurus ex te et dolore ut augue. In sed feugait luptatum dignissim ea elit commodo qui odio enim te nulla augue tation enim. Qui consequat et vero; nonummy dolor, dignissim euismod dolore molestie. Facilisis consequat in feugait facilisi duis aliquip feugait ullamcorper iusto nulla. Quis praesent exerci praesent dolore suscipit augue illum blandit amet ullamcorper in quis vel. Dignissim vel ullamcorper consequatvel et. In velit; dolore feugiat veniam vel exerci, accumsan dolore, ullamcorper dolore! Ut duis commodo crisare in molestie tation dignissim consequat suscipit nisl et. Ut, aliquip veniam nulla facilisis, praesent aliquip eum luptatum enim illum exerci, consequat iriure accumsan. Consequat nonummy adipiscing, eum delenit, consequat nisl ullamcorper ut augue velit wisi esse consequat suscipit amet consequat erat! Qui illum ea in et minim consectetuer blandit nonummy euismod iriure. Consectetuer, praesent luptatum exerci, luptatum ea ex.
Figure 123: Last Line of Left Column Left Unjustied

and there would be a space before the auge at the start of the second column. To prevent this, I placed my cursor directly beside the t of the word ut in the rst column, and inserted a forced justication (Insert > Break > Line break) and then inserted the Col-
umn break. This forced the text to justify correctly.
Fractional Points: Spacing

Mellel also allows you to use fractional points if you wish this for some reason, such as getting precision spacing. For example, in the Alignment and Spacing palette you could put, if desired.
Fractional Points: Fonts

At rst glance, Mellel appears not to allow fractional font sizes, such as 10.7pt or the like. There is, however, a simple way to enable this. In the Character Menu, make a new Character style, called, perhaps, Fractional Points. Set it up like this:
If you do not want to make it a permanent style, but use it on a specic occasion, it can be done just as easily via the Primary and Secondary font palettes:
[10.0pt] Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud
[11.0pt] Consequat iusto minim ut volutpat vel facilisi, sit vero accumsan esse nostrud Why choose Zapf Dingbats as the primary font? Because when your primary script is for the Roman alphabet, (that is, your computer has had a Western language set as its
primarily language in the International preferences:
and your secondary font is also set for the Roman alphabet,
Panther, Tiger, and Mellel take punctuation, numbers, and special symbols from the primary font when they can. Zapf Dingbats is one of the very few fonts which does not include any punctuation marks or numerals whatever, so that the Computer (and Mellel) are forced to take these from the Secondary Font despite what Star Trekkies might call their Primary Directive. This obviously applies only when the secondary script is set to Roman and the keyboard-ag is set to the same language for both the primary and secondary font.
TEMPLATES
Mellel has provision for you to set up special purpose documents or document formats. Earlier in this Tutorial (page 95 onwards) we made a Professional Letter style, and made it a regular part of the Mellel program by saving it as a page style in the Style Sets and the Pages Menus. Any number of specialized page styles can be made and saved in this way. Many beginners, however, feel uncertain about making their own specialized page styles, so Mellel includes a number of Templates: they are located by going to the File Menu and choosing Open Template.... There are 11 sample templates shown when you do this: 2 of the Templates give you a choice of an A4 page size or a US Letter page size. Whichever you chose, your Page Setup in the File Menu will automatically change to the size you selected. 3 of the Templates allow you to choose envelope styles: A Business Style Envelope, a Personal Style Envelope, or one simply called Envelope. They are three variations on very similar DL sized envelopes. 3 of the Templates allow you to choose between a Fax Cover, an Invoice, and a Resume. These are set for A4 sized pages. 3 of the Templates allow you to choose between a Business Letter, a Personal Letter, and one called simply Letter. These three are also all set for A4 sized pages. The idea of a Template is that it gives you a pre-arranged setup (character styles, paragraph styles), so that you simply have to replace the text of any part of the Template to make, for example, an Invoice, or a Resume, or a Business Letter. While you can, of course, change any of the styles for a particular instance, the Templates make it possible to write a document without having to worry about setting style details. When you open a Template, a complete Style Set appears in the Style Sets Menu, to save you having to set up the details. It is also possible to make new Templates for yourself, and use the Save As Template... in the File Menu to keep them handy.
CHANGING LANGUAGES
The Secondary Font
Mellel makes it possible to use two or more languages and two or more writing systems in the same document, and even in the same line. Let us suppose that you wish to set up Mellel so that you can switch from English to Greek and back with ease.
English to Arabic and Back

1. First: Click under the word Script in Mellels Secondary Font palette:
Figure 124: The Secondary Font Palette
2. Then click on the word Arabic. 3. Next open the Apple Preferences and select International in the rst set of icons:
Figure 125: System Preferences for Tiger (modied)

The System Preferences for Panther differ somewhat, but the International item is in much the same position. 4. From the International preferences select Input Menu:
5. In the Input Menu select Character Palette and also Arabic:
6. Click on Options at the bottom of the Input Menu, and you will see this pane:
Figure 126: The Input Menu Preferences for Tiger

Some of these options are missing from Panthers Input Menu. Import source means the language keyboards that you have checked. Suppose, for example, that you have been typing in English, using the US English keyboard. Let us also suppose that you wish to type in Arabic at some point. Your Keyboard
(Flag) menu near the to right edge of the screen might then list:
Figure 127: The Keyboard Flag Menu

If you have been typing in English, and then use the shortcut for Select next import source in Menu, Mellel will automatically switch from the US English keyboard to the next one in the list, which in this case happens to be Arabic. Mellel will automatically ensure that the language specics that go with the Arabic keyboard are enabled. For example, Mellel will choose a font that types Arabic and will automatically type from right to left. To go back automatically to resume typing in English, use the Select previous input source. Your previously used language keyboard was US English, so Mellel will automatically now enable the US English keyboard and type normally in English. Select previous input source alternates between your two language keyboards, in this case US English and Arabic, so that you can now switch at will from one to the other by using that shortcut. If you wish to use yet a third keyboard, again use the Select next import source in Menu shortcut, and the next, as yet unselected, language keyboard will be chosen, and Mellel will automatically pick a font that can type in that language, and follow the conventions for typing in that language. There is no limit to the number of language keyboards you can switch between in this way, providing they have all rst been selected in the System Preferences International Input Menu, so as to be automatically enabled for use in Mellel. The section Input source options is only found in Tigers Preferences. Thus the following information relates only to Panther:
Use one input source in all documents is program specic. In other words, if you tick this option (as in Figure 3, above), Mellel will always use the language and language keyboard you have last selected. If you tick the other option, Allow a different input source for each document, then you must specically choose a language keyboard from the Keyboard/Flag Menu in Mellel, when you start a new document. Due to a bug in Tiger, the computer sometimes forgets which language keyboard you were last using, and you must reset it via the Keyboard/Flag Menu. This bug occasionally kicks in when you restart the computer, log out and log in again, or in as yet undened circumstances. However, the bug is very sporadic. Most of the time the Input source works as chosen. 6. Close the Preferences and look at the top of your monitor screen. You will see a little icon which shows a ag:
If Mellel is not already open on the screen, start up the Mellel program. 7. Click on the ag icon and choose the Arabic Flag:
Now start to type in Mellel. You will see that your text is in the Arabic script: In other words: Mellel automatically uses the alphabet for whichever language ag is showing at the
top of your screen To switch back to English, merely press command/apple+space bar and Mellel will automatically switch back to English If you prefer to use a different font for your Arabic than the one you use for English, in the Secondary Font palette under Secondary Font choose an Arabic capable font. Be sure to also click on the Save changes to ... style in the Character Menu.
English to Arabic or Hebrew and Back: Choice of Keyboards

The only difference using Hebrew makes is that Hebrew goes from right to left, while English goes from left to right. Mellel is one of the very few words processing programs in either the Macintosh of Windows worlds which sets the direction automatically. In the Input Menu of Apples International Preferences pane choose Hebrew. You have a choice of using the customary Hebrew or Arabic keyboard settings, or of using the QWERTY keyboard setting:
The Hebrew or Arabic QWERTY setting means that the Hebrew or Arabic letters are typed by using the letters that correspond to them on the English language keyboard: or is on the r key or is on the t key etc. Fonts that include all, or nearly all, the signs and characters that are needed for full typing of Hebrew or Arabic are few and far between. The www.redlers.com website gives advice on nding such fonts. Tutorials for writing in various non-European languages can also be downloaded from the same site.
The Direction Changer Although Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and various other languages go from right to left instead of left to right, Mellel automatically chooses the correct direction for typing depending on which script system is chosen. There is no need to use the Paragraph Direction arrow-icon under normal circumstances. The Paragraph Direction arrow-icon is used only when you are typing a manuscript in Hebrew (or Arabic, or other right-to-left language) as your primary; the Paragraph Direction arrow-icon sets the Mellel program so that it places everything according to Hebrew (or Arabic, etc. standards, including line and word breaks as well as punctuation. If you are writing primarily in English or any other left-to-right language you should not worry about the Paragraph Direction arrow-icon, but always leave it pointing towards the right. Mellel will automatically chooses the right direction for the text in whichever language you are using, when you have the appropriate ag icon showing in the Menu Bar.
The Direction Breaking Space Feature One problem which can come up, though very rarely, is when both the Primary and Secondary fonts contain the same characters. In this case, even though you are writing with the Secondary Font, some characters, particularly the numbers and punctuation marks, may be used used from the Primary Font by Mellel, when they follow directly text in English. This can be a problem when writing a short text in Hebrew, if you want the numbers to follow the English pattern. For example, suppose you want to type the following: 9.31( a) If you type this following the normal procedures, what you will get is: 13.9) a( This glitch is due to a a provision incorporated in the Unicode system. Mellel, however, has a special mechanism for overcoming the glitch. This mechanism is the Direction Breaking Space, which can be typed by using the control key and space bar held down simultaneously. (It can also be accessed rather laboriously from the Insert Menu > Special Characters > Space > Direction Breaking Space. I suspect you will nd control+space to be far easier!) Now try typing this: control+space and (13.9a). Behold, it comes out as desired:
9.31( a) Notice that the Direction Breaking Space is rarely needed, only in a very few special instances. But if you are at your wits end trying to make an English and Hebrew sequence come out right, keep it in mind.
Adding Yet a Third Language

You can of course add as many languages as you like. For example, Russian. To save problems, you would need to use a font which includes all three character sets: English, Hebrew, and Russian (or whichever combination you choose). Lucida Grande is one such set, it includes also Greek. Then proceed to add the third language ag, and switch from script to script by changing the ags. In theory there is nothing to stop you using a large number of languages all in the same text, though keeping track of them may be a problem
THE MELLEL PREFERENCES

Some of the most important features relating to your typing are set in the Preferences pane of the Mellel Menu. Let us look at these carefully and become familiar with them, so as to learn how to tweak our documents to make them exactly the way we like. Most word processing programs keep their preferences a big secret. In fact, most ordinary (non-professional) users dont even know they exist, and assume that the default settings in Microsoft Word, AppleWorks, or some other program simply have to be lived with. This does not have to be most certainly not in Mellel, where virtually nothing has just to be lived with, and where almost everything can be tweaked to suit your ways of doing things. This is one of the greatest advantages of the Apple Macintosh OS X system that nearly everything can be customized to your own satisfaction, and Mellel takes full advantage of that fact. Mellel allows you to personalize almost all of its features either by making your personalizations the default whenever you start up the program, or on an individual document basis, whichever you prefer. In other words, nearly all the program preferences allow for you to override them in individual documents if and as you wish. In the Mellel Menu about half way down is the place to choose Preferences:
Click on this, and the following pane appears. By default, the rst set of Preferences concerns the Appearance of documents in Mellel:
Figure 128: The Mellel Preferences Window The "Appearances Section"

The Preferences pane gives you seven sets of Preferences which you can customize to suit your own style and liking if you desire. Of course, if you prefer to keep Mellel just as it comes from the factory, you do not need to bother with the Preferences at all. But sooner or later they will come in handy when you wonder how to make something work differently, but dont know how to do it. The Appearance set gives you a number of very useful choices for making your document writing pleasant.
Figure 129: User Interface Choices

The rst, User Interface, allows you to choose between the Brushed Metal appearance of the screen when using Mellel; or the Aqua appearance that rst characterized program screens when OS X rst came out. Macintosh users are divided as to which appearance they prefer. Mellel allows them to choose for themselves.
View Mode
View mode allows you to choose between a sort of minimalist appearance of Mellel pages, the compact view which has very small margins showing this is handy for users who have small screens, especially those used for laptop computers (Powerbooks and iBooks). The other mode is Mellel View which gives you much wider margins the appearance most people prefer when they are using large screen Monitors. If you wish to override your usual view mode for some specic document, this can be done from the Mellels Window Menu:
Zoom Options
Depending on the size of your screen or the state of your eyesight, you can specify how large you want the Mellel pages to appear on screen. In any individual case, this can be changed by the Zoom icon at the top right of the Mellel screen:
Since I have very bad eyesight and a very large monitor, I like to set the zoom to 150% or 175%. Tip: on a 1200x800 screen, 128% zoom comes out as very close to the size of the text when printed.
Measurement Units
Here you can choose how you want your measurements in Mellel to be expressed: in points, centimeters, or inches. Font sizes are always expressed in points; otherwise, all other measurements, including those on the ruler, will be expressed in terms of inches or centimeters if that is what you prefer. If for any reason you need to type in a measurement in a different system say centimeters, although your have chosen inches as your standard, you do not need to change the Preferences. Merely type your measurement (for example, 3.5 cm) in whatever pane or palette you are working in, and Mellel will automatically convert it to inches. (1.378 in. in case you are wondering.)
Page Up/Page Down Keys
Figure 130: Page up/down options

The OS X System Preferences give only partial control over the scroll bar at the right side of your document window. Mellel adds to this the option of controlling how far you want the page to scroll when you use the keyboard Page Up/Page Down keys, or the alternative provided at the bottom of the Mellel page itself:
If you prefer that when you press the page down key or click on the page down icon, the visible text go so that the top of the following screen display be the top of the following document page, then in the Mellel Preferences ensure that the Top of next page (which is the Mellel default) is the item which is showing If, on the other hand, you prefer that when you press the page down key or click on the page down icon, the visible text go so that the top of the following screen image starts from the bottom of the screen image that was showing before you clicked on this key, then choose the Screen length option.
Which preference you prefer depends, among other things, on the size of your screen, and, of course, on your personal choice.
Show Options
The Show Options list in the Mellel Preferences
The Show Menu at the bottom of each page
Figure 131: The Show Options Lists

The Shot Options list (at the left) allow you to turn on or off, on a program wide basis, nearly everything that is or can be visible on the Mellel screen. At the bottom left of every Mellel page there is also a tiny item called Show:
when you click on this, the same list of options comes up, though arranged slightly differently, and you can turn off or on whatever you wish either for the particular document you are working on, or just for a short time. For example, if you do not want to see any of the material that usually comes above the text, namely the ruler and the toolbar, either or both can be turned off from this list of options. Similarly page margins and nearly everything else. On the other hand, if you want to see, temporarily, some of these indicators, they can be
turned on via the Show Menu and then turned off when you no longer wish to see them.
The "Open & Save" Section
Figure 132: Open and Save Options

Most of this is self-explanatory.
The "Start-up" Options

The Start up & switch options allow you to: Do nothing, which means start up Mellel with only the very topmost part of the screen showing:
This leaves no Mellel page at all showing on screen. Open a new document. In other words, starting up Mellel brings a new blank page for you to work on as the start of a new document. Open the Template Browser. If you select this as your default in the preferences, then whenever you start up Mellel the set of Templates will appear on screen, ready for you to pick one.
Immediately below these options is an option to have Mellel always open with one particular Template on screen and it allows you to pick which Template this should be.
"When Styles Changed" Option
Figure 133: The When Styles changed Choices

This particular setting is important if you wish to keep consistency within the styles in your documents. The default is set as Preserve document styles. This means that whenever you open a document you have saved, the styles as you had them set when you made that document remain unchanged, even if you have for a later document altered the style settings. The alternative, Update document styles means that when you open a document you have saved, it will use the styles as you last had them set when you used Mellel. Thus the Regular character style and all other styles will change to your current preferred styles, thus making the older document conform to your present style preferences.
Automatic Save & Backup
Figure 134: Automatic Save & Backup

Although it is particularly rare for Mellel to crash it has crashed for me only three
times in the past three years, each time I was trying out some peculiar formatting to see if it would work there is no guarantee that it will never crash for you. Also, although OS X almost never crashes, there are always times when a crash is inevitable: for example, if the electricity supply fails. You can set Mellel to automatically save whatever document you are working on, at any interval you specify. By chance I have set the frequency at 10 minute intervals in the illustration. More frequent automatic saves are probably desirable perhaps every ve minutes. Mellel saves even giant documents at a spectacularly fast speed, so that automatic saves will generally not interrupt your work.
Automatic Backup
This is extra protection for if things go really badly wrong. Mellel keeps a copy of your document in the Application Support section of your Users Library folder. If by some chance you should delete the le or even your entire documents folder, there will still be a copy in the Automatic Backup section.
Default Plain Text Encoding
Figure 135: The Default Plain Text Encoding List

Normally this is set by default for the language type which was chosen for your installation of System OS X. But persons who work in several languages may nd it desirable to change their default for Mellel, since Mellel is made to handle correctly the largest number of languages possible at the present stage of OS X, considerably more than any other word processing program!
RTF Font Matching Panel:
Clicking on this shows you three choices:
If you are a beginner, probably the Dont show option is simplest.
What Is RTF?
RTF (Rich Text Format) is a system devised by Microsoft many years ago, for saving documents in a form which can be read by most word processing programs on most computers, whether Macintosh, IBM compatible, or others. It makes it possible to ensure that your document will be readable by just about anyone, regardless of what kind of computer, what operating system, or what word processing program they use. It mostly keeps the settings you have chosen, also italics, bold, etc., and spacing the way you set them up. Mellel has a special RTF-converter which preserve nearly all the details of styles, but not headers and footers, variables, etc. The biggest problem, though, is that almost no one knows it exists! When someone sends you a document written with a program, or on a computer, that you do not have, most of the time you are stuck: you cannot read their their document. If they had saved their document as an RTF le, this would not happen. Almost every program has provision for saving as RTF in its Save As or Export choices in the File Menu. Its a truly great pity that few seem to be aware of that fact! If you often receive documents you cannot read, you might suggest to the people who send them that they send them in RTF format, and tell them they can do it with the Save As or Export settings in their File Menu. Naturally, you should return the favor
by doing likewise when you sent them a document. If someone does send you an RTF le youll know, because its name will end with the letters .rtf the best thing for a beginner to do is:
How to Open an RTF Document

Before opening the le, click on it and press Apple/Command I to bring up the Info window
Figure 136: "Info" for an RTF Document (Tiger)

In the Open with section, click on the rectangle and choose Mellel. Click on the Change All You will get a message which says something like this:
Figure 137: Conrmation Dialog Box

The logic of the wording of the text in this message is something that dees even Aristotle! The only important thing is to click on Continue. The result of this will be that, generally speaking, when you open an RTF document by double clicking on it, it will open in Mellel. Unfortunately, this does not always happen. OS X occasionally disobeys its own settings. In that case, start up Mellel, and in the File Menu choose as follows:
Figure 138: The Import RTF Setting

This usually works.
The Document Setup Section Margins
Figure 139: "Document Setup" Preferences

Binding Direction refers to whether in your languages books are normally bound on the left or the right side of the pages. In the European languages, the norm is that books are bound on the left side. In Arabic and Hebrew and various other languages, the norm is that books are bound on the right side. If you are reading this Tutorial, chances are that you are accustomed to reading in a European language and you will leave the default as Left to Right. Background (on screen): Many people nd that the glaring white background with black typing can be hard on the eyes. For this reason, Mellel makes it possible to choose a background screen coloring, for example:
Figure 140: Background Screen Coloring

The Preferences Document setup makes it possible to choose a background color, which appears only on screen, but does not print, as a standard background.
There are some special notes to be kept in mind on this: In Mellels set of inbuilt Templates there is a specimen of background screen coloring. In the File Menu choose Open Template... and in the All set choose Simple:
When a background color is chosen from the Preferences settings, the background color applies only to new documents which you create after choosing the background color. It does not apply to any documents already on screen, or to older documents. If you want a background color to apply to a document you are already working on, you do this by using Document Setup... from the File Menu:
Figure 141: Finding the Document Setup... Item

This brings up a window which allows you to override the Preferences settings for the specic document you are currently working with:
Figure 142: Setting Background Screen Color for a Specic Document

The background color does not print. It has to do only with the appearance on screen.
Facing pages: if you plan to have your document printed, and to have a different outer margin (margin at the edge of the page) and inner margin (the margin nearest the binding), then tick this box. That way left and right pages will mirror each others margins.
Page Margins: These will be expressed in points, centimeters, or inches, depending on which measurement system you chose earlier on in the Preferences. The settings refer to the size of the margins, and you may change them as you prefer. Tip: These page margin settings are the default for the program as a whole, and of course you can change them. If for some reason you want a particular document to have different margins, you can set them for that specic document by clicking on Document Setup... in the File Menu.
Document Variables
Figure 143: The Document Variables Pane

A Document Variable is a text which you can use as a standard insert to be put into documents as and where you wish. For example, you may have a copyright notice you want to place somewhere in various of your documents. To do this: In the Preferences section on Document Setup nd the part called Document Variables. Double click the words Variable #4 (or any of the other Variables) and rename it something, such as . [Note, this symbol is made by pressing option g on your keyboard.] Double click on the text at the right which says <variable #4> and type in the text of your copyright notice, such as: 2004 Manibus Omnibus Close the pane. Whenever you create a new document, to insert the copyright notice you only need to place your cursor at the point where you want the copyright notice to appear;
then in the Insert Menu choose Document Variables and click on the item you named . The entire copyright notice will then be placed in your document at the point you indicated with the cursor. Keep in mind that a Document Variable set with Mellel Preferences applies only to documents created after the Variable has been set. It does not apply to the document you are working on (if any) when you set it. The content of Document Variables remains until you change it. To change any of these Variables, just double click on the relevant item in the Preferences pane and type in whatever you wish. You may include in a Document Variable whatever standard short text you may want to have handy. (Short = no more than one line of text.) If you want a variable to be available for a specic document only, follow the above method, but use the Document Into part of the File Menu instead of the Mellel Preferences to set up your variable.
The Styles Section
If you have several Style Sets in your Styles Sets Menu, you can choose which Styles Set you want to have automatically used when you start a new document. (You can, of course, override this by using the Styles Sets Menu, if you need.) Usually you will want to leave the other default styles as in the illustration. It is probably easier to open the edit part of the Styles Sets Menu and drag and drop the various styles according to your preferred order, than to complicate your life with making changes in the Mellel Preferences at this point. We have already dealt with the Character style variation names on pages 53 and up. For the Default auto-title setup choices, see Chapter 19, Auto-titles
The Typography Section
Typographer's Quotes
Mechanical typewriters usually allowed only one choice in quotation marks. Depending on the language for which the typewriters were made, the marks had their own distinctive appearance, and are usually called Straight Quotes. Quotation marks on typewriters made for English speaking typists were normally " and '. Depending on where you lived, one was considered to indicate an opening or closing quotation mark, and the other to start or end a quotation within a quotation; or sometimes their use was still more complicated. Printers have traditionally used different marks, called Typographer;s Quotes. When printing books in English, these marks are generally for opening and closing quotes, and for quotations inside a quotation; or the other way around, depending on which region of the English speaking world the book is printed in. Typographers Quotes are usually called Smart Quotes or Curly Quotes in other word processor programs.
Figure 144: Typographer's Quotes Panel
It is customary for Macintosh computer users to use Typographers Quotes in their document, because the Macintosh was originally designed particularly for professional use. You do best to ensure that Activate Typographers Quotes is ticked in the above panel. If you click on the lozenge beside the word Type you will see a very long list of languages and regions. Depending on which you choose, the opening and closing quote marks of that particular language of region will appear in the panel. The marks used by various languages vary enormously. For example printed books in the Finnish language usually use
The Hungarian language is accustomed to using:
and there are many more systems in use around the world. With Mellel you may choose which system you are accustomed to in the language you are using. It is also possible to type in the spaces where the quote marks are given, marks specically for the language or language area in which you work; for example, if open primary quotes are, in your language or region usually printed as (called an em dash), you can replace the character in the Open Primary: box with that character (available from Insert Menu > Special Characters > Hyphen & Dash.)
Decimal Tab
Depending on the language in which you are writing, the mark that indicates a decimal may vary. In English we use a dot. In most of Europe, a comma is used for that purpose. In the rectangle type the mark you are accustomed to.
Font Substitutions
If a character or symbol in your document does not exist in your chosen font, but you choose it from the Insert Menu or from the Special Characters... via the Edit Menu, Mellel will insert that character from a font that is as similar as possible to your surrounding font. You may or may not want to know that this has happened. Many characters and symbols exist in some fonts but not in others. The symbol does not happen to exist in the font named Times. If in this document, which uses Times as its primary font, I insert the symbol , if I have ticked Highlight font substitutions in the Preferences, Mellel will insert the symbol from another font, but highlight it: , whereas if I have not ticked Highlight font substitutions in the Preferences, Mellel will simply show it as . In any event, when the page is printed out, the symbol does not show as highlighted. Whether or not you prefer to have Mellel point out in this way what it is done, depends on your personal preferences. Generally speaking, having such substitutions highlighted on screen is mostly of interest only to typographic specialists.
Hyphenation
Figure 145: The Mellel Preferences Hyphenation Panel

Hyphenation, and the use of this preference panel, were discussed at length in Chapter 11 of this Tutorial, and the reader should go to that Chapter to learn the details.
The Bibliography Section
Figure 146: The Bibliography Preferences Panel

Mellel is designed so that a bibliography program can be used with it, for preparation of research papers, reports, etc. This is a specialty feature which is far beyond the Beginners level, and requires separate tutorials of its own. At present two bibliographic programs, Bookends and Sente have been designed in such a way that they integrate with Mellel. (Both Bookends and Sente must be purchased separately from their respective companies.)
SUMMING UP
At this point we have reached the end of the Mellel Beginners Tutorial. We have learned and experimented with many of the features that make Mellel possibly the best Word Processing program in the computing world. In this Tutorial we have examined only a fraction of the many features that make Mellel especially useful to advanced users. For example, we have only touched on the ability of Mellel to use a variety of languages and of writing systems not only in the same document but even in the same line of text. Nor have we done more than hint at the way Mellel handles graphics, and the many uses the Tables function can be put to besides creating tables! The Outline feature in Mellel more than rivals that in any other word processing program. And the multiple footnote system, along with the ability to incorporate material from a bibliography program, makes Mellel something of a research writers dream. Mellel is not perfect. There are things it cannot do. At present (November 2005) it does not allow customized kerning, and various other activities that specialist writers like or need. It does, however, have the advantage that it is constantly being improved, so that major new features appear every couple of months or so. And, perhaps almost unique among computer programs, it is almost unknown for Mellel to crash.

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MELLEL BEGINNERS TUTORIAL

Written by Donald Broadribb

THE APPLE KEYBOARD

Alt/ Apple/ Option Command Key Key

GETTING USED TO MELLEL

THE ARRANGEMENT OF THIS TUTORIAL

Figure 1: The Outline Icon

Figure 2: The Go To Page Icon

This will open a little pane:

Figure 3: The Go To Page Window

TRYING OUT MELLEL: YOUR FIRST PARAGRAPHS

Figure 4: Sample Text

USING THE RULER: TABS

Figure 5: The Ruler with its Default Tabs

Figure 6: The Tab Well

Decimal Align Tab

Figure 7: The Tab Well Close Up

Removing a Tab from the Ruler

Figure 8: The Tab Mark Turns Blue

Figure 9: The Tab Mark Has Disappeared

Moving a Tab Onto the Ruler

Figure 10: The Ruler Free of Tabs

Figure 11: Grabbing the Tab Image

Figure 12: Moving the Tab Image Onto the Ruler

The Palettes Icon

Figure 13: The Show Palettes Icon

The Margins & Tabs Palette

Figure 14: The Margins and Tabs Palette

with nothing under the title, click on the little arrow

and that will open the palette.

The Individual Tabs and Their Uses

The Combo Tab

Figure 15: The Combo Tab

Moving the Two Parts of the Outline Tab

Figure 16: Playing with the Combo Tab

Figure 17: "Reversing" the Combo Tab

Figure 18: Effect of the Reversed Combo Tab

The Indent Tab (Full-Paragraph-Indent-Tab)

Figure 19: The Indent Tab

Figure 20: The Indent Tab Placed onto the Ruler

The Regular Tab

The Centre Tab

Figure 21: The Center Tab Placed on the Ruler

Figure 22: The Align Centre Icon

The Right-Align Tab ("Reverse Tab")

The Decimal Tab

Figure 23: The Decimal Tab Placed on the Ruler

Special note: Reverse vs. Decimal Tab

Making Your New Tab Positions Permanent

Figure 24: Saving Changes

The Tab Leads

Figure 25: The List of Tab Leads

The Tab Leads Illustrated

Figure 26: The Left Margin Markers

Indenting the First Line of Every Paragraph

Figure 28: Overriding the Margin Setting

Indenting Every Line Except the First

Figure 29: The "Start" Position Marker

Moving the Entire Paragraph to the Right

the result comes out like this:

The Right Margin

If you move this right edge marker: