Chapter 12 - Emotional and Social Development on Adolescence Eriksons Theory: Identity vs.

. Role Confusion o Identity Definite who you are, what you value and direction in life Commitment to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals Exploration, resolution of identity crisis o Role Confusion Lack of direction and definition of self Restricted exploration in adolescence Earlier physical conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood Self-concept in adolescence o Unify separate trains into larger, abstract ones May describe contradictory traits; social situations o Gradually combine trains into origination system Qualifies (Im shy, Im quiet) Integrating principles o Self Esteem in Adolescences Continues to differential New dimension Generally rises Temporarily drops at school transition Individual differences become more stable Self-esteem linked to value of activities, adjustment Influenced by family, culture o Identity Statues Level of exploration Level of Commitment ??? Identity achievements commitment to values, beliefs and goals (ex: attended science fair and want to pursue career as scientist) Moratorium exploration without making commitment (ex: attend science fair but want to pursue history Identity foreclosure commitment in the absence of exploration (ex : parents telling child they need to be a scientist). Havent had change to explore Identity diffusion uncertainty. (attend science fair but not sure what you want to major in) o Factors that affect identity development Personality Flexible, open-minded Child-reading practices Authoritative, attaches Peers, friends Schools Communities o Culture and Identity Views of self-continuity Cultural-majority adolescents Individualistic view

Enduring personal essence Cultural-minority adolescence Interdependent view Constantly transforming self Bicultural identity Kohlbergs stages of moral development o pre-conventional level early on, children accept rules set by parent. Whats right and whats wrong o conventional level conformity to social rules (wont blurt out in class or steal candy bar) o post-conventional or principles level questioning what would I do in this situation. Social contract. What is ethically appropriate Competing Issues of Morality o Moral o Social-conventional o Personal Personal rights v. commumity good o Moral reasoning and Behavior Modest connection Behavior influnced by many factors Emotion Temperament Situation, hisoty Moral self=relevance Peers, family Just eductiaonl enviroments Religious involvement and Morality o Formal religious involvement decline in adolescence o Religious involvement linked to More community service Lower drug and alcohol use Later sex Less delinquency o Gender Intensification in Adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Biological, social, cognitive factors More in early adolescence, declines in middle to late adolescence o Parent-Child relationships in adolescence Autonomy De-idealize parents Shift from parents to self and peers for guidance Authoritative parenting Balances autonomy with monitoring as needed Extra challenging during adolescence o Family Influences on Adolescents Adjustment War, supportive relationship with parents Amount of time spent with family not a factor in conflict Family circumstances Finances

Time Adult relationships Sibling relationships Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships Fewer best friends Stress intimacy, loyalty Closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get More similar Identity status Aspirations Politics Deviant behavior Gender Differences in Adolescent friendships Girls Emotional closeness, communal concerns Get together to just talk o Self-disclosure Boys Achievement, status Get together for activities Intimacy related to gender identity

o Adronygus: more likely to be intimate friends Risks of Close Friendships Corumination ?? Relational aggression Girls closely friendships shorten Victimization from online-only friends Benefits of Adolescent Friendships Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of another Foundation for future intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude towards and involvement in school Cliques and Crowds Clique Small group : 5-7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status Crowd Larger: several cliques Membership based on reputation, stereotype From Cliques to Dating

 Boys and girl cliques come together Mixed sex cliques hang out Several couples form and do things together Individual couples Changes in dating during adolesence Goals change throughout adolescence: Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Relations with parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating o Dating Problems Too-early dating Drug-use, sex, delinquency Poor academics Difficult family and [pier ??] relationships For homosexuals Finding partners Peer harassment, rejection o Peer Conformity Pressure to confirm to: Dress, grooming, social activities Product behavior Misconduct Rises in early adolescence, but low overall More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parents help resist pressures o Depression in Adolescence Most common psychological problems of adolescence - affects 15-20% Twice ad many girls as boys Early-maturing girls Gender intensification Adults may not take seriously Factors Genetics Child-rearing learned helplessness (If I a failure, thats who I am) Adolescent Suicide A leading cause od death for North American youth Related factors Gender Ethnicity

Family environment Sexual orientation Mental disorders Life stress Personality o Intelligent, withdrawn o Antisocial, emotional Preventing suicide Notice warnings signs Provide adult and peer support Teach coping strategies o Intervention Medication Therapy Remove access to means

Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Early adulthood = age 18-40 E.g. leaving home, completing education, beginning full-time work, attaining economic independence, establishing long-term sexually & emotionally intimate relationship, starting a family Biological aging or senescence: genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species (after body structures reach max capacity & efficiency) - Affected by genetic makeup, lifestyle, living environment, historical period, improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation, safety - Average life expectancy increase 25-30 years Wear-and-tear theory an oversimplification We actually want the opposite = more exercise Biological aging explained by (1) programmed effects of specific genes (shortened telomeres) and (2) cumulative effects of random events (free radicals: naturally occurring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen) Reproductive capacity reduced no.& quality of ova, semen vol., sperm motility & % normal sperm Basal metabolic rate (BMR) declines overweight and obesity More inactivity in low-SES because less safe neighborhoods, less social support to exercise Substance abuse cigarettes, tobacco, marijuana, stimulants, drugs, drinking Most in cigarette treatment restart, and ~ in alcohol treatment relapse Homosexuality, Sexual coercion Preventing and treating rape and abuse: community services, routine screening, validation of experiences, safety planning

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) begins sometime after 20; no solution physical and psychological symptoms Psychological stress College and dropping out of college (30-50% drop out) Vocational choice

Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood Emerging adulthood: extends from late teens to mid-20s Dual-cycle model in early college years: cycle between making and evaluating commitments; in-depth exploration and certainty (better social and academic adjustment), personal agency Eriksons Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation - Intimacy: making permanent commitment to intimate partner, involves giving up some new independence, strong identity helps, affects friendships, work - Isolation: loneliness: self-absorption Triangular theory of love: 1. Intimacy; 2. Passion, 3. Commitment - Passionate love into companionate love - But, therere cultural differences Friendships in early adulthood: usually similar in age, sex, SES, common interests, experiences - Siblings often as friends Same-sex vs. other-sex friendships - Women-women more intimate, single ppl more intimate with friends - Other-sex: fewer, shorter-lasting than same sex, benefits to both genders in terms of viewpts Factors in loneliness: age (peak in late teens), circumstances (separated, divorced, widowed, immigrants), personal characteristics (socially anxious) Family life cycle: early adulthood (leaving home, joining families in marriage, parenthood); middle adulthood (launching children) Leaving home: 50% of 18-25 yr olds live with parent; too early may be long-term disadvantage financials? Trends in marriage: marry later, ~90% marry at least once, cohabiting, same-sex, mixed (race) Traditional and egalitarian marriages - Traditional: clear division of roles - Egalitarian: partners as equals, share authority Fewer married couples have children (70%), delay first child, fewer children Transition to parenthood: problems before parenthood predict problems after; later parenthood helps Singlehood increasing for women, more high SES women, AAs, low SES men single after 30 Cohabitation (North Americanswho cohabit before marriage more likely to divorce) Dual-earner marriages are dominant family form Role overload is a common problem esp. for women in low-status jobs

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Middle adulthood: ages 40 to 65 Midpoint and not end of life; continuation of early adulthood changes Vision changes: presbyopia problems reading small print, bifocals if nearsighted; difficulties in dim light Hearing changes: presbycusis earliest, most loss in high frequencies Skin: wrinkles, sagging, age spots (faster with sun exposure and for women) Muscle-fat makeup: fat gain in torso (waist, upper arms for women, upper abdomen, back for men) very gradual muscle declines Skeletal changes: bones broaden but become more porous, loss in bone strength, healthy lifestyle! Climacteric and menopause - Climacteric: gradual end of fertility - Menopause follows 10-year climacteric - Menopause age range: late 30s to late 50s - Drop in estrogen - Menopause symptoms: hot flashes/night sweats, sexual problems, (irritability, sleep difficulties, depression maybe) - Hormone therapy for menopause: reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness, but risks for heart attack, stroke, cancer, Alzheimers; alternative medications - Individual and cultural differences in reactions to menopause Male reproductive changes - reduced sperm and semen after 40 - gradual testosterone reduction but sexual activity stimulates production - erection problems Viagra Health: more than 80% rate as good to excellent decline from early adulthood Sexuality: slight drop in frequency among married couples (more sex in good marriages), intensity of response declines Leading causes of death: 1. Cancer; 2. Cardiovascular disease; 3. Unintended injury - We can pinpoint where mutations occur on genes now and therere cures - Breast and prostate cancer most common type (26% and 25%) Osteoporosis: vit D and calcium, exercise Hardiness: Control, Commitment, Challenge - Regard most experiences as controllable - Find interest and meaning in daily activities - View as normal part of life, chance for growth Double standard of aging: aging men rated more positively than aging women Fluid and crystallized intelligence: - Fluid: depends on basic information-processing skills: detecting relationships among stimuli, analytical speed, working memory, things you do everyday - Crystallized: skills that depend on accumulated knowledge, experience, good judgment, mastery of social conventions; is valued by persons culture, e.g. comprehension, history question More difficulties in multitasking, focusing on relevant information, slower processing, but experience, practice, and training can help compensate

Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s; can compensate with self-pacing, strategy reminders (post-its), relevant information But few changes in factual (historical events), procedural (e.g. baking a cake), and metacognitive (being able to explain how you got to an answer) knowledge