Anal. Chem.

2004, 76, 3251-3262

Planar Chromatography
Joseph Sherma

Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042

Review Contents History, Student Experiments, Books, and Reviews Theory and Fundamental Studies Chromatographic Systems (Stationary and Mobile Phases) Apparatus and Techniques Detection and Identification of Separated Zones Quantitative Analysis Preparative-Layer Chromatography and Thin-Layer Radiochromatography Literature Cited 3252 3253 3253 3254 3256 3257 3258 3258

This review covers the literature of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) found by computer-assisted searching in Chemical Abstracts and the ISI Web of Science from November 1, 2001 to November 1, 2003. The literature search was augmented by consulting Analytical Abstracts, and the following journals publishing papers on TLC were searched directly: Journal of Chromatography (parts A and B and the bibliography issues), Journal of Chromatographic Science, Chromatographia, Analytical Chemistry, Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, Journal of AOAC International, Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC, and Acta Chromatographica. No papers reporting new research on paper chromatography, the other main classification of planar chromatography, were considered to be important enough to be included in this review. Coverage is limited to the most significant papers representative of the current practice and significant advances in the field of TLC, with specific sections on history and literature, fundamental studies, methodology, equipment, and instrumentation. TLC continues to feature a broad range of applications, such as product development, quality control, process monitoring, medical, and environmental protection, but because of a prescribed limitation of approximately 200 references, there are no sections covering applications to particular compound classes, as in my reviews published prior to 2002. However, applications to specific compounds of many types are cited throughout the review, especially in the Quantitative Analysis section. The presentations at the symposium Planar Chromatography 2002, held in Heviz, Hungary in May 2002, and the papers contained in two special journal issues and a journal special section provide a contemporary picture of the important technique and application areas in TLC research. The symposium (1) included lectures on electrically driven TLC in a horizontal chamber, quality control of results for pharmaceuticals and herbal products, a new device for controlled drying of plates, ultrathin layers producing improved results, data evaluation in two-dimensional (2-D) TLC, overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC), digital autoradiog10.1021/ac0304166 CCC: $27.50 Published on Web 02/05/2004 2004 American Chemical Society

raphy (DAR), bioimaging techniques, bioautography, use of TLC for physicochemical studies, and wide-spectrum chemical analysis. There were posters at the symposium devoted to the analysis of plant components, pharmaceuticals, natural products, foods, fuels, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and metal complexes and to fundamental studies of the effects of electrical fields, determination of surface free energy, degradation of chemically bonded stationary phases, forced flow TLC, effects of temperature, and horizontal TLC. A recurring theme throughout was the importance of TLC in bioanalysis. The symposium was in held honor of Dr. Friedrich Geiss on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Dr. Geiss, author of the definitive book on the fundamentals and theory of TLC in 1987, received the Tswett Medal from the Russian Academy of Sciences in recognition of his services to chromatography in general and TLC in particular. A special issue on planar chromatography of the Journal of Chromatographic Science (2002, 40 (10)), edited by Kalasz, contained papers on stationary phases, effect of layer characteristics on lipophilicity determination of phenols and aniline derivatives, correlation between retention and 1-octanol-water partition coefficients of estrane derivatives in reversed-phase (RP)-TLC, plant drug analysis, uncertainty in quantitative TLC, metabolite analysis by TLC with radioactivity detection, combined TLC and mass spectrometry (MS) for screening pesticides in biological samples, and TLC-postsource decay-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (TOF) MS of small drug molecules. Papers in a special section on TLC in the Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies (2002, 25 (10, 11)), edited by Sherma and Fried, included studies of the role of lateral analyte-analyte interactions in band formation of dicarboxylic acids; new detection reagents for phenolic drugs; new approaches in TLC-densitometry; analysis of nitroxidic derivatives of nicotinic acid by HPTLC-electronic paramagnetic resonance; advances in the analysis of natural pigments; review of natural and synthetic products analysis; analysis of vitamin B12 and related products; determination of flumequine in milk by TLC-bioautography; TLCfilm autoradiography determination of formaldehyde produced by metabolic N-demethylation; use of the iodine-azide procedure for detection of glycine, alanine, and aspartic acid; quantitative HPTLC determination of neutral lipids and phospholipids in cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni; quantification of triacylglycerols in sesame seeds; and quantification of lysine in dietary supplements by visible-mode densitometry. Papers in a special issue on TLC of the same journal (2003, 26 (16)), also edited by Sherma and Fried, had papers on single-channel and multichannel OPLC on nonsegmented sorbent bed using flowing eluent wall for operating segmentation; TLC of phytoecdysteroids; complexation TLC of monosulfides; separation of fatty acids on RP C-18 bonded silica gel (or silica) plates; separation of fluoroquinolines; identification
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of new phthalazine derivatives by TLC-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry; analysis of amino acids in cercariae, rediae, and metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni; analysis of corrinoid compounds in fish sauce; determination of betamethasone in tablets and its validation; determination of famotidine in tablets by videodensitometry; quantification of Sucralose in foods; lipophilicity of bile acids; and study of the binding of nonionic surfactants to the corn protein zein. The trends noted in my 2002 review toward using TLC for screening in surveillance programs and as a tool for combinatorial syntheses, the application of videodensitometry for analysis of herbal or botanical medicines and food supplements, and the emphasis on validation of results accelerated in the past two years and are illustrated by the following examples. A rapid, simple, and very inexpensive screening method for ochratoxin A in green coffee at a control level of 10 g/kg based on normal-phase (NP)TLC and visual estimation of fluorescence intensity under an ultraviolet (UV) lamp at 366 nm was validated by analysis of spiked samples, and favorable comparison was made to a quantitative immunoaffinity-high-performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (2). A combined technology for the synthesis, purification, screening, and analysis in the production of combinatorial libraries emphasized TLC-bioautographic/agar overlay screening methods for the testing of antimicrobial agents (3). An HPTLC method employing UV densitograms, in situ UV spectra, and off-line TLC-MS that was developed for fast evaluation of the purity of solid-phase synthesis products in combinatorial libraries was found to give results in good agreement with those obtained by HPLC-MS and HPLC-UV and was less expensive and easier (4). TLC was used as a fast and inexpensive alternative to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry or other chromatographic methods for the detection of unexpected products in organometallic combinatorial catalysis (5). An HPTLC method for identification of Echinacea species and their common adulterants in herbal drugs using videodensitometric chromatogram images was developed according to the guidelines of the AOAC International Peer Verification Program (6). A review by Poole (7) identified the following technologies as having the potential to most influence the development of TLC over the next decade or so: forced flow or electroosmotically driven flow TLC with constant and optimum mobile-phase velocity (single and multiple development) with continuous on-line detection or image analysis; 2-D TLC with in situ image analysis by videodensitometry; TLC-MS for analyte identification; optimized layers for biopolymer separations; structure-driven computer-aided method development; bioactivity monitoring for selective detection; and source of surrogate models for estimating biopartitioning properties. Methods development workshops are offered periodically in Wilmington, NC, by Camag Scientific Inc. A bibliography service (CBS) is offered by Camag to keep subscribers informed about publications involving TLC. This service is available from Camag free of charge in paper format or on CD-ROM searchable by key word (author name, substance, technique, reagent, etc.). In addition to a review of the literature and descriptions of new products, issues of the Camag CBS contain a section on applications, e.g., improved analysis of skin lipids by automated multiple development (AMD), selective determination of taurine and
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L-lysine hydrochloride in energy drinks and multi-vitamin syrup, effective analysis of phospholipids and glycolipids in plant lecithins, rapid analysis of indole alkaloids in tissue cultures, monitoring of proinsecticides (oxazolines) in biological samples, and determination of antibiotics in wastewater after biological treatment in the latest issue (2003, (March)). A large number of applications are listed and can be requested on the Camag website <http:// www.camagusa.com>. Diverse information on TLC methods and products is available on-line by entering the phrase thin layer chromatography, TLC, or planar chromatography on a website search engine.

HISTORY, STUDENT EXPERIMENTS, BOOKS, AND REVIEWS The history of TLC and retrospectives on their personal contributions to the field were written by Sherma (A1) and Siouffi (A2). No significant laboratory experiments involving TLC for high school or college students were published in the last two years. A comprehensive updated and expanded third edition of the Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography (A3) contains 1016 pages with chapters on basic techniques, materials, and apparatus; theory and mechanism; optimization; sorbents and layers; instrumental aspects; gradient development; OPLC; detection, identification, and documentation; TLC-MS; basic principles of optical quantification; preparative-layer chromatography (PLC); thin-layer radiochromatography (TLRC); and application of flame ionization detectors (FIDs) in part I on principles and practice, and chapters on amino acids and their derivatives; antibiotics; carbohydrates; enantiomers; herbal drugs, drug preparations, and medicines; hydrocarbons; hydrophilic vitamins; inorganics and organometallics; lipids; lipophilic vitamins; natural pigments; nucleic acids and their derivatives; peptides and proteins; pesticides; pharmaceuticals and drugs; phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids, and indoles; steroids; synthetic dyes; and natural toxins in part II on applications. A practical book on applied TLC aimed primarily at pharmaceutical and plant analysis (A4), a book containing selective coverage of techniques and applications (A5), and a chapter on TLC in a book on chromatography (A6) were also published in the review period. A general review article on the theory; instrumentation, especially for quantitative analysis; and practical application of TLC was published (A7). As mentioned above, comprehensive review of TLC applications to specific compound classes is not possible in this article because of space restrictions. In addition to the already-cited chapters on different compound classes in the Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography (A3), information on applications is available in reviews devoted to the following compounds: tranquilizers in biological fluids (A8), plant saponins (A9), polyamine cancer markers (A10), pharmaceuticals (A11), lipids (A12), aflatoxins in food and animal feed (A13), pesticides (A14), organometallic compounds (A15), tropane and related alkaloids (A16), plant steroids (A17), terpenoid pigments in foods and food products (A18), and plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils (A19). In most of these articles, other chromatographic methods as well as TLC are reviewed. Additional published review articles are cited in the pertinent sections below.

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THEORY AND FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES The following are a selection of papers reporting theoretical and fundamental TLC studies that were chosen to illustrate some active research areas. A review article covered the use of topological indexes based on the adjacency and distance matrixes to predict Rf and RM values and the physicochemical properties of a variety of organic compounds (B1). The retention of 19 amino acids and their homopeptides was determined on impregnated alumina layers using various mixtures of water-methanol as mobile phases; lipophilicity and specific hydrophobic surface area were estimated from linear correlations between solute retention and methanol concentration (B2). The solvation parameter model was used to characterize retention properties of a varied group of solutes on silica layers and columns, with the aim of developing a comprehensive model for structuredriven method development in NP separations (B3). The retention behavior of cholic acid and 14 derivatives was studied in six RP and three NP systems using C-18 silica, CN silica, polyacrylonitrile, and unmodified silica layers and water-organic modifier (methanol, dioxane, or acetone) binary mobile phases; an approximate linear relationship was obtained between RM values and the amount of organic modifier, and separation mechanisms were proposed on the basis of the results obtained (B4). Several calculation methods for molecular hydrophobicity (log P values) based on fragmental and atomic contributions were compared with experimental retention data for estradiol derivatives using RP-HPTLC and -HPLC with methanol-water and acetonitrilewater binary mobile phases; the obtained statistical results showed that the Broto method of log P calculation had the best reliability (B5). Retention of DNP derivatives of amino acids was described by equations based on polynomial and Snyder-Soczewinski models, which were used to predict Rf values and zone widths in simulation of multiple development TLC in different modes and compare the calculated values to experiment values (B6). Polar bonded layers (silica, CN-silica, diol-silica, NH2-silica, silanized silica) were characterized and compared by determination of surface free energy components using a thin-layer wicking method with diodomethane, water, and formamide as mobile phases (B7). The basic parameters and physicochemical aspects of micellar TLC for sulfophthaleins, fluoresceins, and phenylcarboxylic acids of the triphenylmethane series were described (B8). Equilibrium partition processes were quantitatively estimated for acidic reagents of the xanthene and triphenylmethane series in the system water-micelle forming compound (sodium dodecyl sulfate)-thin layer; partition coefficients were calculated, preferential solubilization of reagents in the surfactant micelles was demonstrated, and energies of reagent transfer to the micelles and their adsorption energies at the stationary phase were calculated (B9). Molecular interactions were evaluated for test substances in adsorption TLC with mixed mobile phases; two equations based on different mechanisms, including association and solvation effects, were verified experimentally (B10). Application of the Soczewinski-type linear relationship was considered for estimation of molecular interactions in adsorption TLC systems; the physical meaning of the slope of the relationship and the influence of solvent adsorption, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interac-

tions on the slope were shown, and theoretical conceptions were verified for several solutes and five binary mixed mobile phases (B11). CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS (STATIONARY AND MOBILE PHASES) A review article was published on the preparation and properties of stationary phases, including thin layers, for silver ion (or argentation) chromatography, which is utilized for the analysis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols and, to a lesser extent, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids, and pheromones based on their degree of unsaturation (C1). Also reviewed was the use of surfactants as modifiers of mobile and stationary phases in micellar TLC and ion pair TLC, including consideration of the dynamic and static modifications of stationary phases (C2). The great majority of reported analyses are still carried out using commercial, precoated NP silica TLC and HPTLC layers. A new, highly selective, and efficient ultrathin (10 m) layer was described that is not composed of granular particles but has a monolithic structure based on a silica matrix and no binder. The silica has meso- and macropores, with fine capillaries penetrating the layer (C3). Layers other than unmodified silica that are being used currently for analyses are cited throughout this article. TLC is being applied to an increasing degree for resolution of enantiomeric compounds, especially compounds of pharmaceutical interest. The following papers are examples of analyses of enantiomers on chiral layers, imprinted layers, or layers impregnated with a chiral selector: the blockers (()-atenolol, (()metoprolol, and (()-propranolol on silica plates impregnated with L-aspartic acid as the chiral selector using acetonitrile-methanolwater mobile phases (C4); enantiomers of DL-amino acids on silica impregnated with optically pure (-)-quinine and developed with butanol-chloroform-acetic acid (3:7:5) (C5); and 2-arylpropionic acid enantiomers using silica impregnated with L-(-)-serine, L-(-)-threonine, or a (1:1) mixture of these, with acetonitrilemethanol-water (16:4:0.5) mobile phase (C6). Laboratory-made chiral plates prepared from a (1:2) mixture of tribenzoylcellulose and silica 60 GF were used for quantitative analysis of enantiomeric alcohols (e.g., thiochromanol and closely related benzoins); the mobile phase was ethanol-water (8:2), and reflectance densitometry was carried out at 295 nm (C7). Enantiomeric resolution of some cardiovascular agents (propranolol, timolol, atenolol, nadolol, nifedipine, verapamil) was achieved using synthetic polymers imprinted with (-)-(S)-timolol as the chiral stationary phase and methanol-acetic acid (99:1) as the mobile phase; the method was used for quality control of the drugs (C8). The following are examples of the increasing number of published TLC studies involving chemically bonded stationary phases. Raman spectrometry, elemental (combustion) analysis, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study hydrolytic cleavage of alkyl ligands from the surface of C-18, C-8, CN, and diol layers upon repeated (1-8) developments with mixed mobile phases comprising methanol, water, and buffers of differing pH (C9). Thermal aromatization was monitored by HPLC with a diode array detector (DAD) for the same stationary phases heated at 170 C (C10). Catechin and epicatechin were determined in cats claw bark by HPTLC on CN, NH2, and C-18W (water wettable) bonded layers after sample preparation by C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) (C11). An
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homologous series of fatty acids was found to be separated better on C-18 layers with a concentrating (preadsorbent) zone because more compact chromatographic bands were obtained (C12). The following new chemically bonded layers were described: C30 plates prepared by modification of silica with triacontyltrichlorosilane, characterized by cross-polarization magic-angle spinning NMR spectrometry, and used to rapidly separate a mixture of tocopherol homologues and R-tocopherol acetate (C13); alumina R modified with 1-octene, characterized by elemental analysis, measurement of specific surface area, infrared (IR) spectrometry, and chromatographic testing (C14); and diatomaceous earth modified with -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, characterized by the same methods plus thermal analysis (C15). The following analyses on impregnated layers were reported: 5-HT1A receptor ligands on plates impregnated with synthetic peptides (C16); neutral sugars on silica impregnated with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal sulfates at different pH and concentrations (C17); peptides on alumina impregnated with paraffin oil (C18); 11 monosulfides on silica impregnated with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Cr(III), and Fe(III) cations (C19); unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters on silica, aminopropylbonded silica, and cyanopropyl-bonded silica modified with Cu(II) and Ni(II) salts (C20); cephalosporins on silica impregnated with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions and by RPTLC (C21); seven amines of azo dyes prohibited in Germany on silica plates impregnated with the crown ether 18-crown-6 with double development using benzene and then toluene (C22); quantification by densitometry of trans fatty acids in butterfat on silica G layers containing silver ions (C23); and amines, phenols, and metal cations on silica layers impregnated with tributyl phosphate, using surfactant (Brij-35)-mediated mobile phases (C24). The effects of pH and salts on the strength and selectivity of the binding of seven ring-substituted phenol derivatives to the corn protein zein were studied by RP-TLC carried out on zeinimpregnated cellulose layers; spectral mapping techniques and stepwise regression analysis were used (C25). Mixed layers of silica G and barium sulfate developed with ethanol-water (8:2) mobile phase were used for the ion pair TLC separation of synthetic dyes (C26). The following analyses were carried out on layers containing an inorganic ion exchanger: lysine and threonine in pharmaceutical preparations on stannic arsenate-cellulose (1:4) (C27); Fe, Co, and Ni ions on stannic arsenate-silica gel G (C28); organic acids on bismuth tungstate (C29); and Cr(VI) on titanic silicate (C30). The retention behavior of six macrocyclic antibiotics (erythromycin, troleandomycin, tylosin, vancomycin, rifamycin B, rifampicin) was examined on polyamide 11F254 plates with five binary mobile-phase mixtures composed of water plus 0-100% methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, or tetrahydrofuran (THF) (C31). Mobile phases are usually chosen after searching the literature and guided trial and error testing of solutions with appropriate strengths and selectivities relative to the mixture to be separated. In addition, various systematic optimization procedures have been proposed, such as the Prisma model incorporating Snyders selectivity groups. The automatic selection of mobile-phase strength for silica TLC was performed using LSChrom software, incorporating the Snyder theory and data about the adsorption of usual structural elements or functional groups. The method was
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demonstrated for substituted isoquinolines (C32) and tetrahydroisoquinolines (C33). Toluene-ethyl ether-chloroform (3:5: 2) was selected as the optimum mobile phase for the separation of N-alkylphenothiazine sulfones based on the maximum of the objective function [F(obj) ) 10.6110] (C34). Separations using the following mobile phases were reported: water-oil microemulsion in complexation TLC of amino acids on silica layers impregnated with metal cations (C35); mixed mobile phases containing dimethyl sulfoxide for amino acids on talc, alumina, starch, and silica gel (C36); micellar solutions of N,Ncetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for transition metal cations on silica gel (C37); CTAB-alcohol-water for separating indole from diphenylamine and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde on silica gel (C38); nonionic poly(ethylene glycol) p-isooctylphenyl ether (Triton X-100) surfactant solutions for heavy metal cations (C39); micellar solutions containing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for coinage metal cations on silica (C40); and mixed CTAB-SDS solutions containing 1% ammonia for the antibiotics ofloxacin and ciprfloxacin on polyamide (C41). APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES Progress in forced flow TLC (D1) and chiral TLC principles and methods (D2) were reviewed. The following are examples of modern sample preparation methods, which are being used to an increasing degree prior to TLC analysis in place of traditional solvent extraction and solvent partitioning and large-column cleanup methods. A method based on ultrasound was described for extracting lipids from marine mucilage samples prior to TLC on rods with flame ionization detection (Iatroscan; TLC-FID) (D3). C-18-SPE was used in the RP-TLC densitometric determination of tomato, orange, and marigold colors in food (D4) and the TLC analysis of radiolabeled steroids in blood, fecal, and liver samples (D5); aminopropyl-SPE before 2-D TLC analysis of glycosphingolipids and neutral lysoglycosphingolipids Folch extracted from biological samples (D6); and silica-SPE prior to silica TLC and gas chromatography (GC) in the analysis of esterified sterols in olive oils (D7). An immunoaffinity column cleanup-based method for determining ochratoxin A in green coffee included NP- and RP-TLC and densitometric quantification (D8). Raw wool was extracted with pressurized CO2 in the TLC-FID determination of lipid composition (D9). Polar lipids were determined in sausage products by focused microwaveassisted Soxhlet extraction and quantitative TLC (D10). Supercritical fluid extraction was used with CO2 in the identification of adulteration of black pepper by papaya seeds by TLC (D11) and with CO2 plus alcohol modifier in the determination of fat content in fish feed by TLC-FID (D12). Rotation planar extraction (RPE) is a new on-line exhaustive preparative forced flow method in which the solid phase to be extracted is placed in a closed circular chamber (column), and linear flow of extraction solvent is accelerated by centrifugal force (D13). Rf values, resolution, and number of theoretical plates were compared for application of a dye mixture solution using a Desaga AS-30 applicator (as a spot and a band), directly by means of a micropipet, and in a new system in which a given volume of sample solution is applied to triangle-shaped filter paper using a micropipet and the sample components are transferred to the layer from the paper tip by means of a mobile phase into which the

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triangle base is immersed. It was concluded that the filter paper method was simple, inexpensive, and very effective (D14). A microanodic sampler designed for applying samples of dental base alloys to microcrystalline cellulose layers is composed of a pure graphite clip in a PVC holder with a nylon fiber tip (2 15 mm) and a 4.5-V dc power supply (D15). Nurok and co-workers published three studies on planar electrochromatography (PEC), the mode in which the mobile phase is driven by electroosmotic flow. They discussed the variables that affect PEC with an aqueous mobile phase on a C-18 layer, including magnitude of the applied electric field, concentration of the buffer salt, pH of the mobile phase, and concentration of acetonitrile used as mobile-phase modifier (D16, D17) and modification of a commercial horizontal chamber for PEC (D18). Related papers described the enhancement of mobile-phase velocity in TLC by application of an external alternating field (D19); preliminary results with horizontal planar dielectrochromatography (D20); application of a horizontal DS chamber to PEC (D21); and the effect of electric fields on solute migration and mixture separation in TLC with silica-methanol and aluminawater systems (D22). Three techniques for improvement of 2-D TLC results were published: before the second development, the thin layer on the glass plate is divided into several zones and these zones are developed with different mobile phases (D23); combination of NP and RP modes on a cyanopropyl-bonded layer by developing with a nonaqueous mobile phase (polar solvent in hexane) in the first direction and an aqueous phase (polar solvent in water) at right angles for separation of flavonoids and phenolic acids (D24); and connection of plates (termed graft planar chromatography), e.g., separation of phenolic acids by utilizing the first development on a C-18W HPTLC plate followed in the perpendicular direction on a silica TLC plate (D25). A chamber was constructed for developing TLC plates by the ascending technique with controlled gradient or nongradient temperature conditions over a -20 to 60 C range; saturated or unsaturated chamber conditions can also be selected (D26). Studies of temperature effects on the retention of aromatic hydrocarbons with polar groups in binary RP-TLC in a horizontal DS chamber showed that use of different temperatures can advantageously affect selectivity and development time (D27). p-Coumaric acid was quantified in medicinal plants on a diolmodified silica plate by multiple gradient TLC, in which the layer was developed in a horizontal DS chamber for a distance of 8.5 cm with each of three mobile phases, chloroform-hexane-formic acid (69:30:0.2), chloroform-hexanes-ethyl acetate-formic acid (63:27:10:0.2), and chloroform-hexanes-ethyl acetate (59:25:15), followed by zone detection with diazotized sulfanilic acid reagent and densitometry at 254 nm (D28). Salting-out TLC with moderate to high concentration aqueous ammonium sulfate mobile phases and cellulose and alumina layers successfully separated several myorelaxants (D29). Improved separation of cholesterol, egg phosphatidylcholine, and their degradation products was achieved by double development on a C-18 layer with butanol-methanolwater-97% acetic acid (40:40:20:4) mobile phase; detection as blue zones on a white background was by means of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde reagent, followed by densitometric quantification (D30).

Ion pair RP-TLC on silica plates impregnated with CTAB was applied to the separation of benzoic acids (D31). Drugs containing tertiary and quaternary nitrogen atoms were separated in ion pair systems (water-inorganic electrolyte-alcohol) on silica gel layers (D32). AMD on silica with an acetonitrile-acetone-hexane gradient was applied to the quality analysis of alcoholic beverages for glycerol produced by yeasts (D33) and with a 17-step mobilephase gradient and densitometric scanning for determination of the major stratum corneum lipids in skin (D34). Results were reported for the use of AMD and OPLC for natural products analyses, including coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, and essential oils (D35). Multiple development silica gel OPLC with cyclohexanes-ethyl acetate-chloroform (2:1:1) mobile phase was shown to be superior to TLC, HPLC, and GC for in-process purity testing of nandrolone (D36). The pharmacopoeial classical TLC method for analysis of essential oils of wild thyme and seven chemotypes of thyme was shown to be significantly improved by incorporation of automated sample application, AMD, OPLC, and densitometry (D37). C-18 SPE followed by OPLC on aluminumbacked silica layers with butanol-water-acetic acid mobile phase and on-line radioactive detection in a flow cell radioactivity detector or off-line by DAR was demonstrated to be a very valuable tool in metabolism research (D38). Improved separation of a dye mixture on silica gel was shown to result from forced flow produced by simply raising the mobile-phase reservoir rather than using an OPLC instrument (D39). RPE (D13) and rotation planar chromatography (RPC) on cellulose plates were combined for the investigation of compounds in oak bark (D40). RPE performed with an ExtraChrom separation instrument prototype enabled efficient extraction with ethanolwater (8:2) of carbohydrates in dried onion samples, while medium-pressure solid-liquid extraction was unsuccessful (D41). A novel technique, fully on-line TLC/HPTLC with diode array detection and continuous development, uses capillary forces, rather than forced flow, and evaporation of the mobile phase at the end of the plate to induce linear mobile-phase velocity; the method principles, design of a prototype apparatus, and advantages were described (D42). Three methods of coupling development and elution in TLC were described and compared: use of a new distributor and collector in descending development, use of a slope distributor and a collector with horizontal development, and treatment of a developed plate by in situ elution to collect separated components in a receptor without scraping (D43). A new flame photometric detector was integrated into the Iatroscan TLC-FID apparatus for determination of sulfur- and phosphoruscontaining compounds in high boiling point materials such as heavy oils and human serum lipids (D44). TLC continues to be used as a pilot method for HPLC. A recent example is the HPLC separation and characterization of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)-graft-poly(propylene oxide) polymer stabilizer formed in dispersion polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in polyether after determination of optimum separation conditions by TLC (D45). TLC and HPLC are often used in tandem for more complete separation, identification, and quantification of compounds in complex samples. Illustrations are the high-throughput analysis of poppy for alkaloid content by use of multilayer OPLC and NP-HPTLC with densitometry plus RP-HPLC
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(D46) and determination of corticosteroids in cosmetic products using silica gel TLC, C-18 SPE, and RP-HPLC-DAD (D47). A flatbed scanner was modified by incorporation of a 254-nm light source and operated with Sorbfil scanning software for documentation and quantification of thin-layer chromatograms containing zones of famotidine and caffeine detected by fluorescence quenching (D48). DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SEPARATED ZONES Zone detection in TLC is based on natural color, fluorescence, or UV absorption (fluorescence quenching on phosphor-impregnated layers) of chromatographic zones or on the use of various universal or selective chemical or biological detection reagents. A great advantage of TLC lies in the ability to use a number of detection methods and reagents in sequence on a single layer to increase the amount of information obtained. Identification is initially based on the correspondence of Rf values and detection characteristics between sample and standard zones but must be confirmed by other evidence, such as off- or on-line coupling of TLC with spectrometric methods. The following studies of postchromatographic derivatization reagents for TLC zone detection were reported: citric acid-acetic anhydride for dimethylamphetamine and other abused tertiary amines (sensitivity 2.5-15 times greater than Dragendorff reagent) (E1) and for 21 different anions (20-50 ng detection limit) (E2); Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent for detection of hydroxylamine-related and guanidine-containing compounds (E3); 4-hydroxyacetophenone-isatin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde-isatin for amino acids (0.09-1 g detection limit, distinguishable colors formed with different acids) (E4); 4-hydroxyacetophenoneninhydrin for amino acids (0.01-0.1 g detection limit, various colors produced) (E5); bromocresol green for carboxylate anions (0.03 g detection limit for butyrate) (E6); 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane for antidepressants (detection limits 240-480 ng mL-1 for plasma screening on silica gel) (E7); aniline blue and brilliant green for 13 phenolic drugs (these were the best and most universal of 13 new reagents that were tested) (E8); and iodineazide for picomole levels of thiouracils (E9) and of glycine, alanine, and aspartic acid (E10). The determination of dansyl derivatives of N-nitrosamines by silica gel HPTLC with hexane-diethyl ether-dichloromethane (10:3:2) mobile phase and fluorescence detection and scanning could be performed with five times lower detection limits (0.47-0.89 ng) when the plates were dipped in a nonionic surfactant fluorescence enhancer (polyoxyethylene-10lauryl ether) (E11). Detection by bioautography was used in the TLC determinations of the animal and human antibiotics flumequine and doxycycline in milk (cleanup, concentration, separation, and detection carried out on the same plate) (E12); the antibiotics chloramphenicol, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, dicloxacillin, and erythromycin in cows milk (E13); and prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors in leaf and root extracts (E14). The optimization of conditions for culture of the test bacteria used for direct bioautographic TLC detection was studied for the Gram-positive test bacterium Bacillus subtilis (E15) and the Gram-negative test bacterium Escherichia coli (E16). A blotting technique was developed to specifically detect lipid hydroperoxides on TLC plates. Phosphatidylcholine and choles3256

teryl linoleate hydroperoxides ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 nmol were visualized as fluorescent zones on the blotted membrane by immersing the plate into a blotting solvent containing 0.01% diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine. The technique was applied successfully to monitor lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein in vitro (E17). TLC and the Western blot technique were used in a study of monocytoid B cell lymphoma associated with antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein and sulfated glucuronyl paragloboside (E18). Other studies in which TLC-immunostaining analysis was used include anti-GT1 a IgG in Guillain-Barre syndrome (E19); the possibility of reducing xenoantigen levels with a novel Ga1 3-sulfotransferase (E20); ganglioside expression in tissues of mice lacking (2)-microglobulin (E21); selection of peptides that bind to the core oligosaccharide of R-form LPS from a phage-displayed heptapeptide library (E22); and the role of -Dgalactofuranose in Leishmania major macrophage invasion (E23). A method was developed to determine the false-positive effects of various aldehydes and amines on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the TLC assay based on Ellmans method (E24). A TLC enzymatic assay was described for screening a new class of bacterial cell wall inhibitors; libraries of compounds to be tested were synthesized using the mix-and-split combinatorial chemistry approach (E25). Additives in polymers were separated by TLC and transferred on to a BaF2 salt plate for FT-IR microscopy via a special capillary technique (E26). Microchannel TLC with in situ plate scanning microdiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (micro-DRIFTS) detection on plain and polybutadiene-modified zirconia stationary phases was demonstrated for various dye mixtures; for this method, an instrument coupling micro-DRIFTS with a motorized stage that can profile the microchannel TLC plate was constructed (E27). A comparative study was carried out on the feasibility and efficiency of Raman spectrometric detection of amino acid zones (which scatter Raman radiation weakly) using four visible and near-IR (NIR) laser radiations (532-1064 nm) and three types of commercial TLC plates, and the induction of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by means of Ag-sol was also investigated; the best results were obtained with a simple silica TLC plate and an NIR Nd:YAG laser generating normal Raman scattering of analyte zones (E28). TLC-SERS was used to study the ingredients in the Chinese traditional medicine berberine; a silica gel GF plate was developed with butanol-acetic acid-water (7:2:1) mobile phase, and the zones were measured with a Nicolet FT-Raman 910 spectrometer after placing silver gel on the layer surface (E29). Research involving the combination of TLC with MS continued to be a very active area in the past two years. Important publications on TLC-MS include the following: a general review of MS in chromatography, including TLC (D30); a review of smallmolecule analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (D31); on-line OPLC separation and electrospray (ES)MS and ES-tandem MS (ES-MS-MS) detection of glycolipids (520 pmol sensitivity) (E32); development of a technique for direct determination of pharmaceutical compounds by TLC-MALDI-MS (E33); direct TLC-MALDI-TOF-MS of tetracycline antibiotics using a graphite particle suspension matrix (E34); study of side reactions in chain-end sulfonated polystyrene via TLC-MALDI-TOF-MS

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(E35); coupling of TLC and MALDI-FTMS for minimization of ganglioside fragmentation (E36); TLC-TOF-secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) characterization of the stability and retention behavior of zinc carboxylato mixed-ligand complexes by developing aluminum-backed C-18 layers with a methanol-water mobile phase, coating the developed layers with silver from the vapor state, and elution of the analytes with a strongly polar solvent to a target channel (E37); and TLC-MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of phospholipids in brain tissue (E38). Four papers reported new methods for interfacing TLC with MS. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) MS was combined with TLC for porphyrin analysis with a 500-pg detection limit by use of a mixture of a micrometer-sized carbon powder and 13% sucrose/glycerol dissolved in an equal volume of methanol as the SALDI matrix for laser desorption MS (E39). Two interfaces were tested for coupling TLC with TOF-SIMS MS: the first was formed by vacuum deposition of silver on to the layer and on to a track formed by scraping the layer from the glass plate, and the second was the unmodified aluminum backing of a plate again formed by scraping off adsorbent; the silver-coated interface proved to be superior (E40). A combined surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter was used for the direct readout of TLC plates by ES-MS; the technique was demonstrated successfully with dye mixtures for both positive ion and negative ion mode detection (E41). Two interfaces developed to connect TLC with ES-MS consisted of (1) two bound optical fibers inserted into the C-18 bonded particles at the exit of a small TLC channel and (2) a small commercial TLC strip with a sharpened tip; organic mixtures were separated and detected on-line using both techniques (E42). QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Quantitative TLC and HPTLC can be carried out by comparing colored, fluorescent, or UV-absorbing sample and standard zones on a single plate visually (semiquantitative); by scraping, elution, and measurement of the eluates using solution spectrometry or other analytical methods; and by optical scanning with a densitometer. HPTLC-densitometry yields the most selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise results. Sophisticated computer-controlled instruments are commercially available in three types: slitscanning densitometers (Camag, Shimadzu, and Desaga); videodensitometers (Camag and Desaga); and a diode-array densitometer (J&M Analytische). Densitometers have also been constructed in the laboratory by modification of flatbed office scanners. Theoretical principles, choice of scanning mode, evaluation and calibration methods, errors in quantitative evaluation, validation of chromatographic processes, and instrumentation for in situ photodensitometry were reviewed (F1). A novel direct densitometry procedure without mobile-phase development was used to determine saponins in legumes. Saponin preparations were pretreated to remove nonsaponin components, samples and soya saponin standards were spotted in a row on a layer, the plate was treated with sulfuric acid detection reagent and heated, and the resultant violet zones were scanned. The calibration curve was linear from 1.25 to 10 g with a correlation coefficient of 0.99, and the relative standard deviation was <3% (F2).

Videodensitometry at 254 nm on silica gel 60F254 layers was used for validated analyses of pharmaceutical tablets for the analytes fluoxetine and paroxetine [benzene-acetone-ethanol15% aqueous ammonia mobile phase (9:7:2:1)] (F3); nadolol and pindolol [ethyl acetate-methanol-glacial acetic acid (49:49:2)] (F4); and fluoroquinolone derivatives [dichloromethane-methanol25% ammonia (7:5:1.5)] (F5). A flatbed scanner was modified by inclusion of a 366-nm light source. Images of native fluorescence were recorded after TLC separation of a test dye, and video densitometry was performed on the digital data obtained (F6). A new scanner having the capability of quantifying TLC or HPTLC plates simultaneously at different wavelengths was developed with incorporation of fiber optics and special fiber interfaces in combination with a DAD. With this scanner, sophisticated chemometric plate evaluation using different regression models is possible, fluorescent measurements can be made without filters or special lamps, and signal-to-noise ratios can be improved by wavelength bundling. Quantification of 16 incompletely separated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in one track by scanning at suitable wavelengths was demonstrated (F7). This scanner was evaluated by studies of linearization models for absorption and fluorescence quantification of caffeine and quinine in beverages (F8) and methods for reduction of errors in quantitative analysis (e.g., measurement at reflectance values smaller than 0.8 and calibration using peak heights) (F9). The scanner was used for quality evaluation of 27 St. Johns wort extracts according to phytochemical and pharmacological criteria with evaluation of HPTLC plates by multivariate data analysis (F10). Drugs were identified in urine samples by automatic measurement and computer-based comparison of in situ UV spectra with data from a compiled library of reference spectra using the cross-contamination function; the scanner allowed parallel recording of chromatograms and spectra between 197 and 612 nm, without dependence of the spectra on analyte concentration in the 250-1000 ng/zone range (F11). In addition to the publications already cited in this review, the following illustrate the wide variety of analytes and sample types to which different modes of densitometry have been applied: glucose, maltose, and raffinose in infected snail whole bodies by densitometry at 515 nm on laned, preadsorbent silica gel plates after detection as purple zones with R-naphthol-sulfuric reagent (F12); lutein in dietary supplements on C-18 layers by visiblemode scanning of natural yellow color (F13); assay of clozapine tablets (F14), caffeine in tablets and capsules (F15), and loperamide hydrochloride in caplets (F16) by scanning fluorescence quenched zones on HPTLC silica gel-F plates; amino acids in adults of E. caproni removed from the intestines of experimentally infected laboratory mice by visible mode scanning after separation on silica gel, cellulose, C-18, and ion exchange resin layers and detection with ninhydrin reagent (F17); lipids and phospholipids in the cercariae of S. mansoni by silica gel HPTLC with visible mode scanning after detection by spraying phosphomolybdic acid and cupric sulfate reagents, respectively (F18); lysine in dietary supplement tablets and capsules by visible mode scanning after detection with ninhydrin (F19); fleroxacin and sparfloxacin in pharmaceuticals on EDTA-impregnated silica gel by fluorescence scanning at 285 nm/400 nm (F20); antineoplastic compounds in
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chemotherapeutic infusion bags by silica gel TLC and scanning of fluorescence quenched zones (the analysis required 30 min compared with >2 h by HPLC, was less expensive, and did not require a conditioning step as with HPLC) (F21); five oleane derivatives in stem bark extract of Terminalia arjuna by silica gel TLC, detection with vanillin reagent, and scanning at 640 nm (F22); ranitidine in urine by dichloromethane extraction after basification, silica gel 60 TLC of the extract, and scanning at 320 nm (F23); saturates in heavy liquids derived from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics by TLC on unmodified or berberineimpregnated silica gel plates and fluorescence scanning (F24); ionophore antibiotics in feed and animal tissues using silica gel plates, vanillin detection reagent, and scanning at 500 nm (F25); amino acids in sanguine plasma by use of a dual-wavelength flyingspot scanner (F26); and red cabbage color in 45 commercial foods using C-18-TLC and scanning in the 370-700-nm range (F27). PREPARATIVE-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THIN-LAYER RADIOCHROMATOGRAPHY Micropreparative separations (2-25 mg sample size) have been carried out on TLC and HPTLC plates, while preparative separations (5-500 mg) are done with less resolution on layers of 0.5-4-mm thickness. Capillary flow development is usually used, but forced flow development (OPLC and centrifugal or rotation planar chromatography) provides higher resolution and shorter retention times. Principles, techniques, and applications of PLC have been reviewed (G1). A PLC strategy was investigated using the quaternary alkaloid fraction from plant roots as a model mixture; the steps optimized were the mode of application of the sample band to the layer, the number of unidimensional multiple developments, and the effects of concentration overloading and the volume of sample applied on the resolution of neighboring bands (G2). Isolation and purification of coumarins from fruits were accomplished by RP-PLC on a C-2 bonded silica layer developed with methanol-water (9:1) and NP-PLC on silica gel using multiple development with mobile phases of different selectivities (G3). The PLC of biologically active taxoids from plant material was done on silica developed with both aqueous methanolic (pseudo-reversed-phase system) and nonaqueous (normal-phase system) mobile phases (G4). A horizontal DS chamber was adapted to allow PLC to be performed with temperature control in the range of 20-40 C. With a silica gel layer and binary mobile phases (ethyl acetateheptane and methyl ethyl ketone-heptane), significant separation efficiency increases for a test dye mixture were demonstrated at higher temperatures (G5). The RPC of parasorboside and gerberin from Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) was performed using an Extrachrom R instrument, a multi-functional prototype equipped with an extraction chamber. The stationary phase was silica gel and the mobile phase methanol-ethyl acetate-THF at selectivity point P-s ) 111 with 1% formic acid as modifier (G6). Infusion-transfusion OPLC allows both on-line and off-line separation and detection plus overrun (continuous) development. The use of this configuration of OPLC was described for micropreparative separations on adsorbent layers, and its application
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to the isolation of high-purity ascorbigen from cabbage extract was demonstrated (G7). Five commercial PLC plates with 1-mm silica layers were compared on the basis of theoretical plate number (N) and resolution (R) by developing a test dye mixture over a constant distance with dye loadings of 1.0-5.0 mg/zone. The best performance was obtained for the new Mallinckrodt-Baker highperformance preparative layer with 4.5-5.5-m spherical particles. With one exception, the N and R values of the other layers correlated with their particle size (G8). Modern instruments for the position-sensitive detection of and particles emitted from radiolabeled compounds containing isotopes such as 3H, 14C, 32P, and 125I include multiwire proportional counters, multichannel array detectors, and phosphor imaging analyzers. In addition, autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting continue to be applied for qualitative and quantitative TLRC. 2-D TLC is more widely used for the separation of radioactive compounds than for nonlabeled compounds, one reason being that radioactivity detectors can measure the chromatograms more successfully than can optical slit scanners. An example is the use of 2-D cellulose TLC for the analysis of 14C-sugars and -amino acids in the study of stimulation of glycolysis in anaerobic elongation of pond weed turions (G9). TLC combined with X-ray film autoradiography was used to analyze the formaldehyde dimedone adduct (formaldemethone) produced during the rat liver microsomal metabolism of (-)-deprenyl (G10). Rapid quality control testing of the radiochemical purity of 99Tc(m)-tetrofosmin on silica instant TLC sheets with 2-butanone mobile phase (G11) and TLC analysis of cholesterol-derived hydroperoxides in studies of intermembrane transfer (G12) made use of detection and quantification by phosphorimaging. A new method for determination of thiopurine-S-methyltransferase phenotype utilizing quantitative radioactivity scanning was developed and validated for day-to-day variance (G13). Nitroglycerin was used as a model compound to evaluate applications of OPLC coupled on-line or off-line with the radioactivity detection methods DAR, flow cell solid scintillation radioactivity detection, and phosphor imaging. The techniques were shown to be rapid, economical, and effective for analyses in metabolism research (G14).
Joseph Sherma received a B.S. in chemistry from Upsala College, East Orange, NJ in 1955 and a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Rutgers University in 1958. He joined the faculty of Lafayette College in 1958. He is currently John D. and Frances H. Larkin Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and continues to supervise undergraduate students in analytical method development and interdisciplinary analytical chemistry-biology research. Dr. Sherma independently and with others has written or edited over 575 papers, chapters, books, and reviews covering chromatographic and analytical methods. He has been editor for residues and trace elements of the Journal of AOAC International for more than 20 years and is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC, Acta Chromatographica, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, and Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies.

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(1) Davies, I. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 240-243. (2) Pittet, A.; Royer, D. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 243-247. (3) Williams, L.; Bergersen, O. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 318-321. (4) Salo, P. K.; Pertovaara, A. M.; Salo, V. M. A.; Salomies, H. E. M.; Kostiainen, R. K. J. Comb. Chem. 2003, 5, 223-232.

(5) Lavastre, O.; Touzani, R.; Garbacia, S. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2003, 345, 223-232. (6) Reich, E.; Blatter, A.; Jorns, R.; Kreuter, M.; Thiekotter, K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 244-251. (7) Poole, C. F. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 1000, 963-984. HISTORY, STUDENT EXPERIMENTS, BOOKS, AND REVIEWS (A1) Sherma, J. Thin Layer Chromatography. In A Century of Separation Science; Issaq, H. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; pp 49-68. (A2) Siouffi, A.-M. From Thin Layer Chromatography to High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography to Planar Chromatography. In A Century of Separation Science; Issaq, H. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; pp 69-85. (A3) Sherma, J., Fried, B., Eds. Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography, 3rd ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2003. (A4) Hahn-Dienstrop, E. Applied Thin Layer Chromatography; WileyVCH: Weinheim, 2000. (A5) Nyiredy, Sz., Ed. Planar Chromatography-A Retrospective View for the Third Millennium; Springer: Budapest, 2001. (A6) Poole, C. F. The Essence of Chromatography; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2003; Chapter 6. (A7) Krasikov, V. D. J. Anal. Chem. 2003, 58, 706-719. (A8) Hefnawy, M. M. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002, 27, 661-678. (A9) Oleszek, W. A. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 967, 147-162. (A10) Khuhawar, M. Y.; Qureshi, G. A. J. Chromatogr., B 2001, 764, 385-407. (A11) Kalasz, H.; Bathori, M. LC GC North Am. 2002, (June, Suppl. S), 53-60. (A12) Hammond, E. W. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2002, 82, 5-11. (A13) Gilbert, J.; Vargas, E. A. J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 2003, 22, 381422. (A14) Sherma, J. J. AOAC Int. 2003, 86, 602-611. (A15) Forgacs, E.; Cserhati, T. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 2023-2038. (A16) Drager, B. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 978, 1-35. (A17) Dinan, L.; Harmatha, J.; Lafont, R. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 935, 105-123. (A18) Cserhati, T.; Forgacs, E. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 936, 119137. (A19) Abidi, S. L. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 935, 173-201. THEORY AND FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES (B1) Pyka, A. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 152-159. (B2) Cserhati, T.; Forgacs, E.; Deyl, Z.; Miksik, I.; Eckhardt, A. Croat. Chem. Acta 2002, 75, 13-24. (B3) Dias, N. C.; Poole, C. F. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 160-174. (B4) Gaica, S. B.; Opsenica, D. M.; Solaja, B. A.; Tesic, Z. Lj.; Milojkovic-Opsenica, D. M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 299-305. (B5) Djakovic-Sekulic, T.; Acanski, M.; Perisic-Janjic, N. J. Chromatogr., B 2002, 766, 67-75. (B6) Markowski, W.; Czapinska, K. L.; Baj, T. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 214-219. (B7) Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M.; Hajnos, M.; Swieboda, R.; Hawryl, A. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 214-219. (B8) Sumina, E. G.; Shtykov, S. N.; Tyurina, N. V. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 2002, 76, 1538-1543. (B9) Shtykov, S. N.; Sumina, E. G.; Tyurina, N. V. J. Anal. Chem. 2002, 57, 322-325. (B10) Oscik-Mendyk, B. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 178-182. (B11) Oscik-Mendyk, B.; Borowko, M. Chromatographia 2002, 55, 491-495. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS (STATIONARY AND MOBILE PHASES) (C1) Momchilova, S.; Nikolova-Damyanova, B. J. Sep. Sci. 2003, 26, 261-270. (C2) Sumina, E. G.; Shtykov, S. N.; Tyurina, N. V. J. Anal. Chem. 2003, 58, 720-730. (C3) Hauck, H. E.; Bund, O.; Fischer, W.; Schulz, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 234-236. (C4) Bhushan, R.; Arora, M. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2003, 17, 226230. (C5) Bhushan, R.; Arora, M. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2001, 15, 433436. (C6) Aboul-Enein, H. Y.; El-Awady, M. I.; Heard, C. M. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2003, 17, 325-334. (C7) Lepri, L.; Del Bubba, M.; Cincinelli, A.; Bracciali, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 220-222. (C8) Aboul-Enein, H. Y.; El-Awady, M. I.; Heard, C. M. Pharmazie 2002, 57, 169-171. (C9) Kowalik, G.; Kowalska, T. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 224-233. (C10) Prus, W.; Sajewicz, M.; Kowalska, T. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 324-331.

(C11) Fecka, I.; Cisowski, W.; Luczkiewicz, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 405-408. (C12) Pyka, A.; Bober, K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 332-340. (C13) Tyrpien, K.; Schefer, R. R.; Bachmann, S.; Albert, K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 256-262. (C14) Marutoiu, C.; Filip, M.; Tigae, C.; Coman, V.; Grecu, R.; Marcu, G. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 183-185. (C15) Marutoiu, C.; Tigae, C.; Moise, M.-I.; Popescu, A.; Ilea, I. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 32-35. (C16) Zajdel, P.; Pawlowski, M.; Subra, G.; Martinez, J. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 38-41. (C17) Kalinina, K. B.; Litvinova, L. S. Russ. Appl. Chem. 2001, 74, 1343-1347. (C18) Cserhati, T.; Forgacs, E.; Deyl, Z.; Miksik, I.; Eckhardt, A. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 910, 137-145. (C19) Gygierczyk, G.; Wasilewski, J.; witkowska, M.; Kowalska, T. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 11-14. (C20) Flieger, J.; Szumilo, H.; Gielzak-Kocwin, K.; Matosiuk, D. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 354-360. (C21) Bhushan, R.; Thiongo, G. T. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2002, 16, 165-174. (C22) Narvekar, M. S.; Srivastava, A. K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 120-123. (C23) Marekov, I.; Tarandjiiska, R.; Panayotova, S.; Nikolova, N. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 384-390. (C24) Mohammad, A.; Jabeen, N. Acta Chromatogr. 2003, 13, 135153. (C25) Cserhati, T.; Forgacs, E. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2003, 26, 2303-2313. (C26) Misra, A. K.; Gupta, U. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2002, 40, 297303. (C27) Nabi, S.; Khan, M. A. Acta Chromatogr. 2003, 13, 161-171. (C28) Mohammad, A.; Iraqi, E.; Sirwal, Y. H. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2003, 38 Suppl. S), 2255-2278. (C29) Kulshrestha, S.; Dabral, S. K.; Muktawat, K. P. S. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 2001, 78, 374-376. (C30) Ghoulipour, V.; Husain, S. W. Acta Chromatogr. 2002, 12, 170-176. (C31) Nowakowska, J.; Halkiewicz, J.; Lukasiak, J. W. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 350-354. (C32) Koleva, R. I.; Palamareva, M. D. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 3131-3140. (C33) Palamareva, M. D.; Stoyanova, M. P.; Kozekov, I. D. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2003, 26, 1255-1266. (C34) Cimpoiu, C.; Hodison, S.; Toa, M.; Paizs, C.; Majdik, C.; Irimie, F. D. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002, 28, 385-389. (C35) Mohammad, A.; Agrawal, V.; Kumar, S. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 220-226. (C36) Sharma, S. D.; Sharma, H.; Sharma, S. C. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 371-376. (C37) Mohammad, A.; Agrawal, V. Acta Chromatogr. 2002, 12, 177188. (C38) Mohammad, A.; Agrawal, V. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2002, 37, 363377. (C39) Mohammad, A.; Iraqi, E.; Khan, I. A. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2002, 40, 162-169. (C40) Mohammad, A.; Sirwal, Y. H. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 107-115. (C41) Huang, S. P.; Guo, X. L. Spectrosc. Spectrosc. Anal. 2002, 22, 825-827. APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES (D1) Nyiredy, Sz. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 1000, 985-999. (D2) Gubitz, G.; Schmid, M. G. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 2001, 22, 291-336. (D3) Mecozzi, M.; Amici, M.; Romanelli, G.; Pietrantonio, E.; Deluca, A. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 963, 363-373. (D4) Hayashi, T.; Oka, H.; Ito, Y.; Ozeki, N.; Itakura, Y.; Matsumoto, H.; Otsuji, Y.; Akatsuka, H.; Miyazawa, T.; Nagase, H. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 3151-3165. (D5) al-Alousi, L. M.; Anderson, R. A. Steroids 2002, 67, 269-275. (D6) Bodennec, J.; Pelled, D.; Futerman, A. H. J. Lipid Res. 2003, 44, 218-226. (D7) Cercaci, L.; Rodriguez-Estrada, M. T.; Lercker, G. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 985, 211-220. (D8) Santos, E. A.; Vargas, E. A. Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 447-458. (D9) Dominguez, C.; Jover, E.; Bayona, J. M.; Erra, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 477, 233-242. (D10) Priego-Lopez, E.; Velasco, J.; Dobarganes, M. C.; Ramis-Ramos, G.; de Castro, M. D. L. Food Chem. 2003, 83, 143-149. (D11) Bhattacharjee, P.; Singhal, R. S.; Gholap, A. S. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003, 83, 783-786. (D12) Johnson, R. B.; Barnett, H. J. Aquaculture 2003, 216, 263282. (D13) Nyiredy, Sz. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 393395. (D14) Rozylo, J. K.; Berezkin, V. G.; Malinowska, I.; Jamrozek-Manko, A. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 272-276.

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(D15) Horvat, A. J. M.; Zivko-Babic, J.; Ivankovic, D.; Babic, S.; Kastelan-Macan, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 426-429. (D16) Nurok, D.; Koers, J. M.; Nyman, D. A.; Liao, W.-m. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 409-414. (D17) Nurok, D.; Koers, J. M.; Carmichael, M. A. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 983, 247-253. (D18) Nurok, D.; Koers, J. M.; Carmichael, M. A.; Liao, W.-m.; Dzido, T. H. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 320-323. (D19) Kreibik, S.; Coman, V.; Marutoiu, C.; Mihailescu, G.; Pruneau, S. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 355-359. (D20) Kreibik, S.; Surducan, V.; Coman, V.; Marutoiu, C. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 425-428. (D21) Dzido, T. H.; Majewski, R.; Polak, B.; Golkiewicz, W.; Soczewinski, E. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 176182. (D22) Malinowska, I.; Rozylo, J. K.; Krason, A. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 418-424. (D23) Lan, M.; Wang, D.; Han, J. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 144-146. (D24) Hawryl, M. A.; Hawryl, A.; Soczewinski, E. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 4-10. (D25) Glensk, M.; Sawicka, U.; Mazol, I.; Cisowski, W. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 463-465. (D26) Zarzycki, P. K. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 971, 193-197. (D27) Dzido, T. H. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 237245. (D28) Poblocka, L.; Matysik, G.; Cisowski, W. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 76-79. (D29) Aleksic, M.; Odovic, J.; Milojkovic-Opsenica, M.; Tesic, Z. Lj. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 144-146. (D30) Gabriels, M.; Camu, F.; Plaizier-Vercammen, J. J. AOAC Int. 2002, 85, 1273-1287. (D31) Sumina, E. G.; Shtykov, S. N.; Dorofeeva, S. V. J. Anal. Chem. 2002, 57, 210-214. (D32) Zhebentyaev, A. L.; Drobyshevskii, A. M.; Alekseev, N. A. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 2002, 76, 1489-1495. (D33) Brandolini, V.; Salzano, G.; Maietti, A.; Caruso, M.; Tedeschi, P.; Mazzotta, D.; Romano, P. World J. Microbiol. Microtech. 2002, 18, 481-485. (D34) Farwanah, H.; Neubert, R.; Zellmer, S.; Raith, K. J. Chromatogr., B 2002, 780, 443-450. (D35) Garland, N.; Pothier, J.; Dollet, J.; Viel, C. Fitoterapia 2002, 73, 121-134. (D36) Bogocsi, B.; Fabian, D.; Lauko, A.; Mazei, M.; Maho, S.; Vegh, Z.; Ferenczi-Fodor, K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 252-257. (D37) Pothier, J.; Garland, N.; El Ouali, M.; Viel, C. Farmaco 2001, 56, 505-511. (D38) Mincsovics, E.; Kiss, B. D.; Morovjan, G.; Nemes, K. B.; Klebovich, I. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 312317. (D39) Berezkin, V. G.; Mardanov, R. G.; Moiseew, A. A.; Malinowska, I.; Rozylo, J. K. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 377-379. (D40) Vovk, I.; Simonovska, B.; Andrensek, S.; Vuorela, H.; Vuorela, P. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 991, 267-274. (D41) Vovk, I.; Simonovska, B.; Adrensek, S.; Yrjonen, T.; Vuorela, P.; Vuorela, H. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 6670. (D42) Nyiredy, Sz. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 454457. (D43) Han, J.; Wang, D. Y.; Wang, D.; Wang, Y. P.; Zhou, M.; Li, L. D.; Zhang, H. X. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 1002, 213-219. (D44) Ogasawara, M.; Tsuruta, K.; Arao, S. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 973, 151-158. (D45) Guo, R. W.; Lu, X. D.; Hua, M. S.; Fang, D. B.; Ya, K. D. Polym. Int. 2001, 50, 1379-1383. (D46) Szucs, Z.; Szabady, B.; Szatmary, M.; Cimpan, G.; Nyiredy, Sz. Chromatographia 2002, 56 (Suppl. S), S49-S54. (D47) Gagliardi, L.; De Orsi, D.; Del Giudice, M. R.; Gatta, F.; Porra, R.; Chimenti, P.; Tonelli, D. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 457, 187198. (D48) Campbell, A.; Chejlava, M.; Sherma, J. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 244-246. DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SEPARATED ZONES (E1) Kato, N.; Ogamo, A. Sci. Justice 2001, 41, 239-244. (E2) Kato, N.; Sakayanagi, M.; Nakayama, T.; Nishimura, H.; Ogamo, A. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 973, 159-166. (E3) Ikawa, M.; Schaper, T. D.; Dollard, C. A.; Sasner, J. J. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 1811-1815. (E4) Khawas, S.; Laskar, S. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 165-166. (E5) Khawas, S. N.; Laskar, S. Asian J. Chem. 2003, 15, 512-514. (E6) Orinak, A.; Adamova, M.; Halas, L.; Tomcik, P.; Justinova, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 286-288. (E7) Oztunc, A.; Onal, A.; Erturk, S. J. Chromatogr., B 2002, 774, 149-155. (E8) Pyka, A.; Gurak, D.; Bober, K. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1483-1495. 3260

(E9) Zakrzewski, R.; Ciesielski, W. J. Chromatogr., B 2003, 784, 283-290. (E10) Zakrzewski, R.; Ciesielski, W.; Kazmierczak, D. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2002, 25, 1599-1614. (E11) Cardenes, L.; Ayala, J. H.; Gonzalez, V.; Afonso, A. M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 349-353. (E12) Choma, I. M.; Choma, A.; Staszczuk, K. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1579-1587. (E13) Ramirez, A.; Gutierrez, R.; Diaz, G.; Gonzalez, C.; Perez, N.; Vega, S.; Noa, M. J. Chromatogr., B 2003, 784, 315-322. (E14) Yff, B. T. S.; Lindsey, K. L.; Taylor, M. B.; Erasmus, D. G.; Jager, A. K. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 79, 101-107. (E15) Nagy, S.; Kocsis, B.; Koszegi, T.; Botz, L. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 132-137. (E16) Nagy, S.; Koszegi, T.; Botz, L.; Kocsis, B. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 121-126. (E17) Terao, J.; Miyoshi, M.; Miyamoto, S. J. Chromatogr., B 2001, 765, 199-203. (E18) Donfrid, M.; Apostolski, S.; Suvajdzic, N.; Jankovic, G.; Cemerikic-Martinovic, V.; Atkinson, H. D. E.; Colovic, M. Acta Haematol. 2001, 106, 130-132. (E19) Koga, M.; Yoshino, H.; Morimatsu, M.; Yuki, N. J. Neurol. Neurosur. Psychiatry 2002, 72, 767-771. (E20) Koma, M.; Miyagawa, S.; Honke, K.; Nakai, R.; Miyoshi, S.; Ohta, M.; Matsuda, H.; Shirakura, R.; Taniguchi, N. J. Biochem. 2002, 131, 517-522. (E21) Markotic, A.; Marusic, A.; Tomac, J.; Muthing, J. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2002, 128, 27-35. (E22) Noda, K.; Yamasaki, R.; Hironaka, Y.; Kitagawa, A. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2001, 205, 349-354. (E23) Suzuki, E.; Tanaka, A. K.; Toledo, M. S.; Takahashi, H. K.; Straus, A. H. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 592-596. (E24) Rhee, I. K.; Rijn, R. M.; Verpoorte, R. Phytochem. Anal. 2003, 14, 127-131. (E25) El Zoeiby, A.; Beaumont, M.; Dubuc, E.; Sanschagrin, F.; Voyer, N.; Levesque, R. C. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003, 11, 1583-1592. (E26) He, W. X.; Shanks, R.; Amarasinghe, G. Vib. Spectrosc. 2002, 30, 147-156. (E27) Musial, B. A.; Sommer, A. J.; Danielson, N. D. Appl. Spectrosc. 2002, 56, 1059-1066. (E28) Istvan, K.; Keresztury, G.; Szep, A. Spectrochim. Acta, A 2003, 59, 1709-1723. (E29) Wang, Y.; Guo, Z. S.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, S. Y.; Ren, G. F.; Zhang, X. L.; Han, X. L. Spectrosc. Spectrosc. Anal. 2002, 22, 745-748. (E30) Cserhati, T. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2002, 16, 303-310. (E31) Cohen, L. H.; Gusev, A. I. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002, 373, 571-586. (E32) Chai, W. G.; Leteux, C.; Lawson, A. M.; Stoll, M. S. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 118-125. (E33) Crecelius, A.; Clench, M. R.; Richards, D. S. LC GC Eur. 2003, 16, 225-229. (E34) Crecelius, A.; Clench, M. R.; Richards, D. S.; Parr, V. J. Chromatogr., A 2002, 958, 249-260. (E35) Ji, H. N.; Nonidez, W. K.; Mays, J. W. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 2002, 7, 181-194. (E36) OConnor, P. B.; Mirgorodskaya, E.; Costello, C. E. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 13, 402-407. (E37) Orinak, A.; Crone, C.; Benninghoven, A.; Buschmann, N.; Orinakova, R.; Arlinghaus, H. F.; Justinova, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 286-288. (E38) Schiller, J.; Suss, R.; Fuchs, B.; Muller, M.; Zschornig, O.; Arnold, K. Chromatographia 2003, 57 (Suppl. S), S297-S302. (E39) Wu, J. Y.; Chen, Y. C. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 37, 85-90. (E40) Orinak, A.; Arlinghaus, H. F.; Vering, G.; Justinova, M.; Orinakova, R.; Turcaniova, L.; Halama, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 23-27. (E41) Van Berkel, G. J.; Sanchez, A. D.; Quirke, J. M. E. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 216-223. (E42) Hsu, F.-L.; Chen, C.-H.; Yuan, C.-H.; Shiea, J. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2493-2498. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS (F1) Cimpoiu, C.; Hodisan, S. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2002, 21, 55-75. (F2) Gurfinkel, D. M.; Rao, A. V. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 426-430. (F3) Skibinski, R.; Misztal, G.; Kudrzycki, M. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 19-22. (F4) Gumieniczek, A.; Hopkala, H.; Berecka, A. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1401-1408. (F5) Kowalczuk, D.; Hopkala, H. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 345-348. (F6) Mustoe, S.; McCrossen, S. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 252-255. (F7) Spangenberg, B.; Klein, K.-F. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 260-265. (F8) Spangenberg, B.; Post, P.; Ebel, S. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 88-93. (F9) Spangenberg, B.; Klein, K.-F.; Mannhardt, J. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 204-209. (F10) Wuthold, K.; Roos, G.; Simmen, U.; Kovar, K.-A. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003, 16, 15-18.

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(F11) Ahrens, B.; Blankenhorn, D.; Spangenberg, B. J. Chromatogr., B 2002, 772, 11-18. (F12) Wagner, S. D.; Kim, Y.; Fried, B.; Sherma, J. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2001, 14, 459-461. (F13) Sechrist, J.; Pachuski, J.; Sherma, J. Acta Chromatogr. 2002, 12, 151-158. (F14) Schariter, J. A.; Sherma, J. Am. Lab. (Shelton, CT) 2002, 34(14), 15-20. (F15) Ruddy, D.; Sherma, J. Acta Chromatogr. 2002, 12, 143-150. (F16) Ruddy, D. A.; Sherma, J. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2002, 59, 15-18. (F17) Pachuski, J.; Wagner, S. D.; Fried, B.; Sherma, J. Comput. Parasitol. 2002, 69, 202-205. (F18) Schariter, J. A.; Pachuski, J.; Fried, B.; Sherma, J. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1615-1622. (F19) Pachuski, J.; Sherma, J. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1633-1639. (F20) Feng, Y. L. Anal. Lett. 2001, 34, 2693-2700. (F21) Paci, A.; Mercier, L.; Bourget, P. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003, 30, 1603-1610. (F22) Singh, D. V.; Verma, R. K.; Gupta, M. M.; Kumar, S. Phytochem. Anal. 2002, 13, 207-210. (F23) Shah, S. A.; Rathod, I. S.; Savale, S. S.; Patel, B. D. J. Chromatogr., B 2002, 767, 83-91. (F24) Cebolla, V. L.; Matt, M.; Galvez, E. M.; Membrado, L.; Domingo, M. P.; Vela, J.; Beregovtsova, N.; Sharypov, V.; Kuznetsov, B. N.; Marin, N.; Weber, J. V. Chromatographia 2002, 55, 87-93. (F25) Bertini, S.; Feirrero, S.; Berny, P. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2003, 26, 147-156. (F26) Simion, G.; Liana, G.; Letitia, G. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2001, 26, 681-685. (F27) Itakura, Y.; Ozeki, N.; Ito, Y.; Ueno, E.; Goto, T.; Hayashi, T.; Ohno, H.; Sasaki, Y.; Mukoyama, M.; Matsumoto, H.; Nagase, H. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1283-1294.

PREPARATIVE-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THIN-LAYER RADIOCHROMATOGRAPHY (G1) Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M. T.; Wawrzynowicz, T. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 2351-2386. (G2) Waksmundzka, M.; Gadzikowska, M.; Hajnos, M. L. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 289-293. (G3) Glowniak, K.; Bartnik, M.; Mroczek, T.; Zabza, A.; Wierzejska, A. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 94-100. (G4) Hajnos, M. L.; Glowniak, K.; Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M.; Piasecka, S. Chromatographia 2002, 56 (Suppl. S), S91-S94. (G5) Dzido, T. H.; Golkiewicz, W.; Pilat, J. K. J. Planar Chromatogr.Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 258-262. (G6) Yrjonen, T.; Vuorela, P.; Klika, K. D.; Pihlaja, K.; Teeri, T. H.; Vuorela, H. Phytochem. Anal. 2002, 13, 249-353. (G7) Mincsovics, E.; Sardi, E.; Velich, I.; Katay, G.; Tyihak, E. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 280-285. (G8) Campbell, A. N.; Sherma, J. Acta Chromatogr. 2003, 13, 102108. (G9) Sato, T.; Harada, T.; Ishizawa, K. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53, 18471856. (G10) Kalasz, H.; Szarvas, T.; Szarkane-Bolehovszky, A.; Langyel, J. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 1589-1598. (G11) Metaye, T.; Desmarquet, M.; Rosenberg, T.; Guilhot, J.; BouinPineau, M. H. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2001, 22, 1139-1144. (G12) Vila, A.; Korytowski, W.; Girotti, A. W. Biochemistry 2001, 40, 14715-14726. (G13) Dauer, M.; Schulze, J.; Loher, F.; Endres, S.; Eigler, A. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002, 58, 41-44. (G14) Klebovich, I.; Morovjan, G.; Hazai, I.; Mincsovics, E. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2002, 15, 404-409.

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