Electric quadrupole Electric quadrupole

moment moment
Introduction to quadrupole Introduction to quadrupole
A general distribution of electric
charge may be characterized by
its net charge
its dipole moment, its quadrupole
moment and higher order moments .
Radiation from a monopole source Radiation from a monopole source
Radiation from a dipole source Radiation from a dipole source
Radiation from a linear quadrupole Radiation from a linear quadrupole
source source
3 spatial regions 3 spatial regions
1)the near (static) zone 1)the near (static) zone
2)the intermediate (induction) zone 2)the intermediate (induction) zone 2)the intermediate (induction) zone 2)the intermediate (induction) zone
3)the far (radiation) zone 3)the far (radiation) zone
Mass or charge element Mass or charge element
Electric potential Electric potential

=
r r
v d r
r
) (
4
1
) (
0

r r 4
0

= dr E r . ) (
=
(

+ =

cos 2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1

r
r
r
r
r r r
r r R
(

... ) cos 2 (
8
3
) cos 2 (
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
Multipole potential in general Multipole potential in general

+

+

= cos ) (
1
) (
1 1
) ( v d r r v d r r V
( )

(
+

+

+

=
... 1 cos 3
2
1
) (
1
cos ) ( ) (
4
) (
2 2
3
2
0
v d r r
r
v d r r
r
v d r
r
r V

z r
r r r
cos
) ( ) ( ) (
*

2 2
) ( ) ( r r Z Z =

Why the second term is zero?????

v d r r eQ
z r
) 1 (cos ) (
cos
2 2

r r

>>
Potential expansion in general Potential expansion in general
) (
1
) (
1
4
1 ) (
4
1
) (
0 0
+

+

=

v d r r
r
v d r
r r r
v d r
r

r
r
... ) ( 3
2
1
) (
4
1
2
3
,
5
3
0
+

v d r r x x
r
x x
v d r r
r
r
ij
j i
v
j i
j i

r
Electric quadrupole field Electric quadrupole field
( )
) 1 cos 3 ( ) (
) ( 3
2 2
2

v d r r eQ
v d r r x x Q
ij j i ij


... 0 3 0
... 0 3 0
) 1 cos 3 ( ) (
2 2
2
<

<
>

>

r z Q
r z Q
v d r r eQ
Interaction of energy between Interaction of energy between
nuclear nuclear
charge distribution & external charge distribution & external
potential potential

... ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
0
+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

+

=

= =


z
V
z r dv
z
V
z r
v d x V r v d r V r q E
ext ext
ext v
ext


( )
0
2
2
2
2
1
cos
2
3
4
1
=
|
|

\
|

\
|

=
z
ext
Q
z
V
Q e E
+
= =
) 1 (
cos
I I
mI
I
I
Z

+
= =

) (
) 1 2 (
) 1 ( 3
4
1
)
2
1
cos
2
3
(
2
2 2
2
Z
V
I I
I I mI
eQ E
Q e
ext
Q

] [ =
+ + = + =
= =
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2
) (
2 2 2
2 2 2
s
S L J S L
S L S L J S L J
S L r f B E
] [
] [

=
=

=
=
+ =
+ + + >= <
=
00232 . 2 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
s
B
s s
l
B
l l
s l j
g
S
g
g
L
g
S S L L J J S L
S L J S L
h h
h

Spin Spin- -orbit coupling effect orbit coupling effect
=

j g
J g
landae
B l J
B
l J

h
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + +
=
J J
S S L L J J
g
J J
S S L L J J
g g
s
l J
J
S
L
J

Lets return to nucleus Lets return to nucleus

= =

=
e
J B
B E
e
e I M
h

] [ ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
1
2
2
,
2
2 2 2
+ + + >= <
+ + =
+ =
= =
J J I I F F J I
J J I I F
J I F
mp
e
I g
N N I I
h
h

Sodium Sodium
=

=
=
=
2
1
2
1
0
3 )
2
3
(
2
1
2 23
J
s
l
S I Na

=
=
+ = + =

)
=
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
....
2
2
2
2
F
F
J I J I F
s
SPLITTING
OF
ENERGY
LEVELs

= + = =
= + = = =
2 , 1
1 3 1 3 1
2
3
,
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
, 1 3
2
F j
j s l P

= = =
= + = =
+ =
3 , 2 , 1 , 0
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 , 1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
F j
F j
J I F
[ ]
] [ ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
) ( ) 1 (
1
2
2
+ = + + +
= > < > <
= + =

=
+
h
h
F A F F F F
A
J I J I
A
F E F E E
J I
A E
F F
] [
18 1 . 36 1 2
4 . 16 4 . 16 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
2
= =

= =
= =

= =
+ = + + +
h h
h h
h
A
MHZ
E
F F
A
MHZ
E
F F
F A F F F F
A
[ ]
2 4
2
2
2
1
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
3
3
I
J J I I
J J I I J I J I
z
V
eQ E
Q

=

+ + > < + > <

=

h h
2
1
2
1
, 0
2
1
2
P S E
J
I
if
Q
=

=
=
z
V
eQ B B A E
P

= + =

2
2
2 3
2
3
2
3
B A E
B A E
z
=
=

0 1
1 2
2
2
The coupling of Q (a property of the
nucleus) with an EFG
(a property of a sample) is (a property of a sample) is
called the quadrupole interaction
Determining parameters in 2 Determining parameters in 2
isotopes isotopes
1
) (
I
A
I

=
2
1
2
1
) (
) (
I
I
A
A
I

=
The effect on the nuclear energy levels for a transition, The effect on the nuclear energy levels for a transition,
such as in Fe or Sn, for an asymmetric charge such as in Fe or Sn, for an asymmetric charge
distribution. The magnitude of quadrupole splitting is distribution. The magnitude of quadrupole splitting is
shown shown
Presure field produced bz a Presure field produced bz a
longitudinal quadrupole longitudinal quadrupole