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AM DSB/SSB TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER TRAINER MODEL-COM411-COM412

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

INTRODUCTION This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental Knowledge of Amplitude Modulation techniques on a SINGLE P.C.B. SPECIFICATIONS (COM411) 1. Builtin Sine wave Generator 2 Modulators 3. Carrier Frequency 4. Audio Output 5. Transmitter Output 6. Standard Accessories : : : : : : With ' adjustable Amplitude & Frequency (300 Hz - 3.4 KHz) 3 Nos Balanced Modulators 455KHz & 1 MHz Amplifier with speaker Amplifier (Gain adjustable ) 1. A Training Manual 2. Connecting Patch cords. SPECIFICATIONS (COM412) 1. 2. 3. 4. Construction Frequency Range Intermediate Freq. (IF) Input Circuits : Super heterodyne : 520 KHz to 1620 KHz : 455 KHz : 1. RF Amplifier, 2. Mixer 3. Local Oscillator 4. Beat Frequency Oscillator 5. IF Amplifier 1 6. 1F amplifier 2 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Tuning Receiving media Detector Circuits Audio Output Standard Accessories : With Variable Capacitor (ganged) : Telescopic Antenna : 1) Diode Detector 2) Product Detector : Amplifier with speaker : 1. A Training Manual 2. Connecting Patch cords

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF AM DSB/SSB TRANSMITTER TRAINER The AM Modulation System consists of following sections. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Modulating Audio Signal Generator RF. Carrier Oscillator 455KHz and 1MHz Balanced Amplitude Modulator 3 Nos. Band Pass Filter section Power supply.

(1) Modulating Audio Signal Generator section: IC 8038 - waveform generator - is used generate sine wave signal. 10K Pot is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 300 Hz to 3.4Khz. Two 100K presets are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. 1K preset is used to adjust duty cycle. The sine wave output signal available at pin 2 of IC 8038 is given to IC 356 through Amplitude pot for amplification. The amplified sinewave signal from pin 6 of IC 356 is then available at SINE O/P terminal. 22K Pot is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 5Vpp. (2) R.F. Carrier Oscillator section: BC548 Transistor is used generate RF sine wave signal in Hartely oscillator configuration. 2K7 preset is used to set amplitude of oscillation and IFT Coil is used change its frequency. There are two oscillators. One osc generates 455 Khz sinewave while generates 1MHz oscillation. The amplitudes are approx. 4 to 6 Vpp. (3) Balanced Modulator sections - 3 Nos.: IC 1496 is used as balanced modulator. The modulating audio signal is connected at pin 1 through buffer transistor BC548B. This IC has two inputs as it works as balanced modulator. The Second input can be connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor BC548B. The RF carrier signal is connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from RF carrier oscillator section. The modulated outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this IC, which are then balanced amplified by transistor pairs -BC548B and BC558B. The final balanced modulated output is available at O/P terminal.100K preset is used to balance carrier signal while 1K preset is used to balance input audio signal. Output 1K preset is used to adjust output zero DC level. Output 2K2 preset is used to vary level of AM modulated signal. +1V signal is obtained from +15V DC supply by voltage divider consisting of 22K resistor and 4.7 K preset. This +1 V is given to 2 n d input of balanced modulator through +1V Link for AM modulation output to insert carrier in AM output. (4) Bandpass Filter section: The filter made here is of Band pass filter having range 455KHz to 458KHz. Crystal 455Khz is used as Band pass filter. This filter is used to obtain Suppressed Carrier Double Side Band (DSB-SC) Modulated signal from DSB signal. (5) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate AM system. +15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7815 for +15V, IC, 7915 for 15V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 & two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output are for filtering purpose. ****************** 3

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF AM DSB/SSB RECEIVER TRAINER The AM Demodulation System consists of following sections. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Local Oscillator and Mixer (Frequency Converter) 1 s t IF amplifier 2 n d IF Amplifier Diode detector. AGC Product detector Beat Frequency Local Oscillator Power supply.

(1) FREQUENCY CONVERTER STAGE. This stage consists of following circuits. (a) Antenna Circuit: The signal picked by the ferrite rod antenna is tuned by the gang capacitor, which gets connected across the primary of Antenna coil L1. L1 acts as autotransformer and signal across the secondary of L1 is fed to the base of the converter transistor Q1 (BF194) through C1 (10n). C22 is the trimmer across L1 for tuning of L1-C22 tank circuit. (b) Oscillator Circuit: Gang Capacitor gets connected across the primary of L4 to form the oscillator tuned circuit and capacitor C20 (470pf). C2 is the oscillator trimmer. The secondary of L4 gets connected to the collector of Q1. The part of primary of L4 feed oscillations into the emitter circuit through C2 (10n), coupling capacitor. (c) Converter transistor: Q1 (BF 194) is a self-oscillating mixer. R3 (470E), C3 (47n) is decoupling filter circuit. C3 (47n) bypasses high frequency noise from +6 supply. R1 (390K) is a base-biasing resistor for Q1. The mean current is limited by R2 (1K). The output of the converter is available across the secondary of L7 (IFT1), the primary of which is tuned to IF frequency (455KHz) by capacitor C17 (2n7). This output is given to the base of Q2. IF AMPLIFIER STAGES This circuit incorporates two-stage amplifier to provide sufficient gain. (2) 1st IF amplifier: Q2 (BF 195C) acts as 1st IF amplifier. The base of Q2 is connected through R5 (68K) to the detector output. R6 (100E) and C4 (47n) is decoupling filter for +6 supply. The base potential depends on R4 (220K) base biasing resistor and the detector current supplied by R5. The detector current is proportional to the signal strength received. This controls the bias of Q2 (BF 195C) automatically to the signal received. This is called A.G.C. C6 (4.7/16) is used as base bias and AGC decoupling capacitor. The output of Q2 is available across the secondary of L8 (IFT2), the primary of which is tuned to IF by the Capacitor C18 (2n7). This output is given to the base of Q3 (BF 195D). (3) 2nd IF amplifier: Q3 (BF 195C) acts as 2nd IF amplifier. The base bias for Q3 is provided by R7 (180K). C7 (47n) is used to keep the end 4 of L8 (IFT2) at ground potential for IF signal. The collector of Q3 is connected to the L9 (IFT3). L9 contains 200pf capacitor inside across the primary. The output of Q3 is available across the secondary of L9, the primary of which is tuned by the internal 200 pf capacitor. R8 (220E), C8 (47n) consists the decoupling circuit for the collector supply of Q3. The output of Q3 is coupled to detector diode D1 (OA79). (4) DIODE DETECTOR Modulated IF signal from the secondary of L9 (IFT3) is fed to the detector diode D1. D1 rectifies the modulated IF signal and IF component of modulated signal is filtered by C8 (22n), R9 (680E) and C9 (22n). R9 is the detector load resistor. The detected signal is given to the volume control in output amplifier. It is also given 4

to AGC circuit made of R5 (68K) and C6 (4.7/16). (5) AGC The sound received from the LS will depend on the strength of the signals received at the antenna. The strength of the received signals can vary widely due to fading. This will cause variations in sound which can be annoying. Moreover, the strength of signals can also be too large in close vicinity of MW transmitters causing overloading of the 2nd IF amplifier. Automatic gain control (AGC) is used to minimize the variations in sound with changes in signal strength and to prevent overloading. The operation of AGC depends on the fact that the gain obtained from any transistor depends on its collector current and becomes less when the collector current is reduced to cut off (or increased to saturation). For AGC, DC Voltage obtained from the detection of IF signals is applied to the 1st amplifier transistor base in such a way that an increase in this voltages reduces the gain of the transistor. The result is that when the strength of the incoming signal increases, the DC voltage also increase and this tends to reduce the gain of the amplifier thus not permitting the output to change much. Here R5 (68K) and C6 (4.7/16) performs this function. C6 (4.7/16) is the AGC decoupling capacitor to by pass any AF signals and keep the bias steady. (6). PRODUCT DETECTOR : This section is similar to Balanced Modulator section. The difference is only that input pin 8 is given RF carrier oscillator signal from RF carrier oscillator and pin 1 is given AM modulated signal from 2 n d IF amplifier. The output is product of these two signals which contains basic audio modulating signal, which can be filtered by low pass filter made of R-C (2K preset and 4n7 capacitor) circuit. (7). BEAT FREQUENCY LOCAL OSCILLATOR: The Local oscillator is required at demodulator side for Product detector because in DSB-SC signal, carrier is suppressed and hence carrier is required to be reinserted at demodulator side. This oscillator is made of single transistor & tuned coil based on Hartley oscillator. It generates RF frequency signal from 400KHz to 500 KHz. The output frequency can be varied by tuning IFT coil. (8) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate AM Modulation demodulation system. +12V, 250mA, -12V, 250mA, + 6V, 250mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7806 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V, These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 & two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output are for filtering purpose. *************

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION Modulating Audio Signal

AF

Balanced Modulator

Amplitude Modulated Signal

Diode Detector

Detected Output

Audio Signal RF Carrier

RF

Variable-RC Time Constant

Modulator

Demodulator

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSB-SC AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION Modulating Audio Signal
AF

Balanced Modulator (without carrier insertion) DSB-SC Amplitude Modulated Signal Product Detector

Detected Output

Audio Signal RF Carrier

RF

Modulator

Demodulator

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SSB-SC AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION Modulating Audio Signal
AF

Balanced Modulator (without carrier insertion) Band pass Filter SSB-SC Amplitude Modulated Signal Product Detector

Detected Output

Audio Signal

RF

RF Carrier Modulator

Demodulator

EXPERIMENTS AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION EXPERIMENTS EXP.1. AM TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION: (See connection diagram CN1) 1. 2. Connect links as shown in connection diagram CN1. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. _______________________________________________________Waveform (W1) 3. Connect CRO channel-2 at 1MHz o/p of 1MHz Oscillator. Connect this carrier at RF carrier input of balanced maodulator-1. 4. _________________________________________________Waveform (W2)

Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at o/p terminal of balanced modulator-1. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. _________________________________Waveform (W3)

5.

Connect Amplitude modulated output of Transmitter trainer board to Mixer input of Receiver trainer board. Connect ground link between two boards.

6.

Vary tuning frequency in receiver by tuning control. Tune OSC O/P frequency near 1455KHz and observe demodulator sine wave at DET O/P terminal of Diode Detector. If required vary gain of output amplifier in transmitter board. ______________________________________________Waveform (W4)

7. 8.

Vary the input Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude. Observe Diagonal clipping and negative clipping. Connect DET O/P of diode detector to the I/P input terminal of output audio amplifier. Connect Loudspeaker to LS output RCA socket of Output Audio Amplifier.

9.

Here audio tone from LS. Adjust volume control as required. Change frequency of Audio Oscillator and here different tones.

10.

Now remove both links between Transmitter and Receiver. Observe received signal from air transmission. If required change gain of power amplifier of transmitter and tuning of receiver.

EXP. 2. DSB TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION: (See connection diagram CN2) 1. 2. Connect links as shown in connection diagram CN2. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. _________Waveform (W5) 3. Connect CRO channel-2 at 1MHz o/p of 1MHz Oscillator. Connect this carrier at RF carrier input of balanced maodulator-2. _____________Waveform (W6) 4. Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at o/p terminal of balanced modulator-2. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The DSB-Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. ______________________Waveform (W7) 5. Connect Amplitude modulated output of Transmitter trainer board to Product Detector input of Receiver trainer board. Connect ground link between two boards. 6. Observe demodulator sine wave at O/P terminal of Product Detector. If required vary gain of output amplifier in transmitter board. ___________________________________________Waveform (W8) 7. Vary the input Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude. Observe its effect on output.

EXP. 3. SSB TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION: (See connection diagram CN3) 1. Connect links as shown in connection diagram CN3. 2. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. ____Waveform (W9) 3. Connect CRO channel-2 at 455KHz o/p of 455KHz Oscillator. Connect this carrier at RF carrier input of balanced maodulator-3. 4. Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at o/p terminal of bandpass filter. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The SSB-Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. _______Waveform (W11) ______Waveform (W10)

5. Connect Amplitude modulated output of Transmitter trainer board to Product Detector input of Receiver trainer board. Connect ground link between two boards. 6. Observe demodulator sine wave at O/P terminal of Product Detector. If required vary gain of output amplifier in transmitter board. --------------------------------------------------------------------Waveform (W12)

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS (AM) W1. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) : 1 KHz, 1Vpp+ 0.5V H = 1 ms V = 1 V Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V 1ms

W2. R. F. Carrier Signal: - (at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator) fc = 1MHz, 4Vpp +2V H = 1us V = 1V Trig = CRO-1

-2V

1us

W3. AM modulated Signal: - (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator) Vmax +1V H = 0.5 ms V = 1.0 V Trig = CRO-1

-1V Vmin

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W4. AM Demodulated signal:- (at DET O/P terminal of Diode Detector):+0.1V H = 1 ms V = 0.1 V Trig = CRO-2

-0.1V 1ms

Over modulated AM modulated signal :- (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator) fm=1Khz, 5Vpp

H = 0.5 ms V = 2.0 V Trig = CRO-2

Conclusion: This completes experiment of simple Amplitude modulation and demodulation.

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS DSB-SC W5. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) fm=1KHz, 1Vpp +0.5V H = 1 ms V = 1 V Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V 1ms W6. R. F. Carrier Signal: - (at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator) fc = 1MHz, 4Vpp +2V H = 1us V = 1V Trig = CRO-1

-2V

1us

W7. DSB-SC Modulated signal: - (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator) I/P +0.5V H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-2

fc

-0.5V

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W8. Demodulated DSB-SC Signal: - (at O/P terminal of Product detector) +0.1V H = 1 ms V = 0.1V Trig = CRO-2

-0.1V

Conclusion: This completes experiment of DSB-SC Amplitude modulation and demodulation

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS SSB-SC W9. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) fm=1Khz, 1Vpp +0.5V H = 1 ms V = 1 V Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V 1ms W10. R. F. Carrier Signal: - (at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator) fc = 455KHz, 4Vpp +2V H = 1us V = 1V Trig = CRO-1

-2V

2us

W11. SSB-SC Modulated signal: +0.5V H = 1 ms V = 0.5V Trig = CRO-2

-0.50V

Note that DSB-SC and SSB-Sc modulated waveform will look similar on CRO as CRO displays time domain signals. Only on Spectrum Analyser both waveforms will differ.

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W12. Demodulated SSB-SC Signal: - (at DEMD O/P terminal of Product detector) +0.1V H = 1 ms V = 0.1 V Trig = CRO-2

-0.1V Conclusion: This completes experiment of SSB-SC Amplitude modulation and demodulation.

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CN-1: AM TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION:

CN-2: DSB/SC TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION:

CN-3 SSB/SC TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION: