Rice Seed Production Scenario in India

Rice Seed Production Scenario in India
Y. Yogeswara rao,
Executive Director Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.
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For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Abstract The growing population of India along with its changing food habits needs around 130 million tonnes of rice by 2025. Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. The increase in rice production can be achieved through quality seed, hybrid seed and transgenic varieties tolerant to pests etc. The usage of farm saved seed is to be reduced and farmers are to be encouraged to use quality seed to increase productivity levels. Andhra Pradesh which is popular as Seed Hub of India, can produce required quantities of quality seed of varieties and hybrids on indents to various states, besides meeting its own requirements. Private sector is playing a key role in seed production in Andhra Pradesh. About 85 percent of the hybrid rice seed marketed in the country is produced in Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated that nearly 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was produced in Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2010-11. The public sector research organisations, ViZ., ICAR/SAUs to provide the seeds of latest varieties/hybrids of rice to public and private sector seed companies on liberalised terms of MOA. To popularize the usage of quality seed, the Government of India should allow subsidy under different schemes for all popular hybrids without insisting for notification and release. This will help particularly for increase of area under hybrid rice in the country. Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. In the absence of quality seed, the investments made on other agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides both under rainfed and irrigated conditions will not give desired yields. Thus, for raising the productivity levels in crops, Quality seed is a must. It is necessary to provide quality seed on time, in adequate quantities near the door steps of the farmers.
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The current population of India is 121.02 (2011 Census) crores. It is estimated that the population is likely to increase to 138.89 crores by the year 2025. To meet the requirement of growing population and changing life style, about 300 million tonnes of foodgrains including 130 million tonnes of rice will be required by 2025, against the current production of 234.50 and 94.01 million tonnes of foodgrains and rice respectively during 2010-11. PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF FOODGRAINS AND RICE IN INDIA. The per capita availability of foodgrains increased from 144.1 to 162.1 kg per year during 1951 to 2009 while the rice availability increased from 58.0 to 68.8 kg per person per year. In view of the increase in purchasing power and increase in population, the growth in rice and foodgrain production is needed (Table 1). Table 1: Per Capita Net Availability of Rice Vs Foodgrains (per annum) in India. (kg. per year) Year Rice Foodgrains Percentage of Rice to Foodgrains
1951
58.0
144.1
40.24
1961
73.4
171.1
42.89
1971
70.3
171.1
41.08
1981
72.2
166.0
43.49
1991
80.9
186.2
43.44
2001
69.5
151.9
45.75
2009
68.8
162.1
42.44
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI
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The targeted foodgrain production can be achieved by vertical growth in crop production particularly in crops like rice and wheat. Rice is the staple food for nearly 70% of the Indian population. During the year 2010-11, rice with 94.01 million tonnes of production contributed to 40.5% of the total foodgrain production of the country (Table 2). Table 2: India-Rice Production During 2006-07 to 2010-11 Production Year (Million tonnes) Increase/Decrease in production over previous year (%) __ 2006-07 93.36
2007-08
96.69
+3.5
2008-09
99.18
+2.5
2009-10
89.13
-10.1
2010-11*
94.01
+5.4
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI *National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI During the past five years, the growth in rice production ranged from 2.5 to 5.4% except in 2009-10 which was -10.1%. Thus in general it shows the need for further increase in rice production and also stabilisation of production during aberrant weather conditions.
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The rice productivity and production can be improved by using: 1. Quality seed of location specific improved varieties released by ICAR/SAUs/ Private sector. 2. To encourage usage of short duration hybrids in Northern India (both Notified and Non-notified) to enable sowing of wheat and other crops on time in rabi season and long duration hybrids for kharif in coastal areas. 3. Development and adoption of transgenic rice varieties/ hybrids tolerant to insect pests as in China. 4. Promotion of best management practices in rice production. INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY Indian seed industry comprising of both Public and Private Sector companies is well poised to meet the specific seed demands of farmers, dealers and distributors. As per the demand projections of National Seed Plan (NSP), the country needs nearly 258.87 lakh qtls. of seeds of all crop varieties / hybrids. During the year 2010-11, a total quantity of 321.36 lakh qtls of seeds of all crops was available in the country. Currently 25-30% of the total seed requirement of the country is being met from organized seed production while rest of the seed requirement is met from farm saved seed. Farmers are to be motivated to use quality seed obtained from organized seed production rather than using farm saved seed. Seed Requirement and Availability in India During 2010-2011, the quantities of seed produced in cereals, pulses, oil seeds, potato and other tubers were higher than the requirements proposed under National Seed Plan (Table 3)
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Table 3. Seed Requirements of India as per National Seed Plan (NSP) and Seed Availability in 2010-11. Quantity: Lakh qtls Crop Group Seed requirement as per NSP Seed availability 2010-11
All Cereals
184.77
201.31
All Pulses
23.26
25.90
All Oil Seeds
41.60
66.82
All Fibers
4.36
3.44
Potato and others
4.88
20.57
All Crops
258.87
321.36
Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI During kharif 2011, the rice seed availability was 64.05 lakh qtls. against the requirement of 62.75 lakh qtls. The seed production of required rice varieties / hybrids can be organised during rabi season in semi-arid areas of different states to get good quality seeds. Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice The Seed Replacement Rates in rice are comparatively low in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chathisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The details of Seed Replacement Rates in rice during 2008-09 to 2010-11 are given in Table 4.
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Table 4: Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice in Major Rice Growing States of India During 2008-09 to 2010-11 (SRR in percentage) State Area (m.ha) * 2006-07 Karnataka Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Chathisgarh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Bihar Orissa Jharkhand West Bengal Assam 1.39 0.73 1.66 1.93 3.98 1.53 3.72 2.62 1.04 5.92 3.36 4.45 1.62 5.69 2.19 Seed Replacement Rates (2008-09 to 2010-11) 2008-09 32.95 22.76 11.05 61.39 100.00 42.07 13.81 21.09 17.86 28.92 19.51 15.05 14.61 28.03 22.70 2009-10 38.85 37.32 15.60 73.09 100.00 42.02 20.39 27.83 18.52 28.40 26.39 19.07 23.42 30.00 32.42 2010-11 42.65 36.44 13.31 70.00 100.00 44.13 28.41 40.08 21.69 37.77 31.27 20.79 25.13 32.00 46.45
Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI *Rice Almanac India, DRR 2010 The states with comparatively low SRR can meet their requirements by entering into agreement for seed production with Public sector (State Seeds Corporations(SSCs)) / Governmental agencies / Cooperatives / Private sector organizations in the surplus seed producing states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, U.P. etc
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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN SEED PRODUCTION
The public sector research organizations (ICAR/SAUs) need support of public and private sector seed companies for popularizing the high yielding varieties / hybrids of rice developed by them. To enable the farmers to have access for the latest varietal / hybrid seed of public sector research organisations (ICAR/SAUs), the following changes are needed in the MOA being adopted by ICAR/SAUs currently (Table 5). This goes a long way in making available the seeds of latest rice varieties/hybrids developed by public sector to the farming community which ultimately helps to increase farm incomes. All popular hybrids of public sector/ private sector for which there is demand from farmers, irrespective of their notification and release, to be made eligible for subsidies. In the absence of this, the farmers will be denied of getting the benefit of the popular hybrids. Table 5. Modifications Needed in MOA of ICAR/SAUs Clause No. 4 Existing clause Modification suggested
The Licensee agrees that it would use The parents of the hybrids particularly the given parent line(s) only for the R lines to be permitted for marketing purpose of commercial seed as a variety, if desired by the company.
production and sale of the said hybrid The royalty for such varieties is to be and its marketing as per this paid on par with Article 6.7 of SMTA of CGIAR, which is about 1.1% or 1.0 %.This goes a long way in agreement
commercializing public bred varieties. 5 The Licensee agrees that it would In case the Licensee wants to use any market the seed under the same exclusive denomination (brand name) name as given by the licensor. to trade the licensed hybrid/variety, the seed packet should contain a visible statement This hybrid is produced by using the parental lines licensed by
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Clause No.
Existing clause
Modification suggested ICAR/SAUs. This will help to avoid unhealthy companies. competition among
9&10
The Licensee agrees not to sublicense to produce/multiply/market the seeds of the said variety/hybrid to any other company including its own subsidiaries/associate companies operating in India or abroad. In case the Licensee desires to further sub-license the seed multiplication and marketing or any other use, of the said variety/hybrid, the Licensee agrees that it shall be done only with specific written permission /agreement with the licensor.
Licensee to be permitted to sub-license the product to its subsidiaries/associate companies operating in India. Some of the big national companies having share holding in other
companies are selling popular products through all their associate companies. This will help for sale of large volumes of seed. Not to insist for specific permission from licensor, when marketed through its subsidiaries/ associates companies.
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The Licensee agrees to be fully responsible for any complaint made /liability claimed by any affected party (i.es) including farmers/ farmers organization/court decisions etc. and the licensor will not be responsible for any complaints/litigation.
The Licensor if required, to depute scientists to inspect the fields under complaint and to give the feedback to the company.
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The Licensee agrees to pay upfront payment of Rs..lakhs at the time of signing the MOA. On payment of above mentioned amount by the
Better to increase royalty instead of upfront payment and royalty. The middle level and small companies will be at a disadvantage, since they may
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Clause No.
Existing clause Licensee; the Licensor will supply 30 kg. seeds of the variety or The Licensee agrees to pay upfront payment of Rs..lakhs at the time of signing the MOA and will pay royalty @4% on the total amount of net realization value [Net realization value =(Invoice price-Dealers discount)] of sale of hybrid seed produced subject to a minimum payment of Rslakhs every year starting from the third season (second year) during the period under which MOA is in force. On payment of the above mentioned royalty every year by the Licensee ,which is mandatory, the Licensor will supply the seeds of parental lines of the hybrid(10 kg. of A line,5 kg. of B line and 5 kg. of R line)
Modification suggested not be able to pay upfront. To encourage the above two categories of companies, it is better to charge royalty only.
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The Licensor and the Licensee agree that this agreement is valid initially for a period of .years from the date of signing the agreement, and thereafter, it is renewable for any further period on mutually agreed terms and conditions.
Agreement period to be valid for five years uniformly.
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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP IN RICE. With a view to make available the seeds of rice hybrids developed by public sector research originations (ICAR / SAUs) to the farming community in different states, the private sector seed companies have entered into MOU/MOA with the following ICAR organizations / SAUs (Table 6). Table 6. MOU / MOA in Rice with Private Seed Companies Public Sector S.No. Research Organizations 1 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-2 Sampoorna Seeds, Pratham Biotech Limited, Neo Seeds, Vikkys Agrisciences Pvt.Ltd., Charoen Pokphand Seeds (INDIA) Private Limited., Bio seed Research India Pvt.Ltd., Shakthi Seeds Pvt Ltd. 2 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-3 Devgen Seeds & Crop Techonology Pvt. Ltd., Kaveri Seed Seeds, and India Foundation Services Rice Hybrids under MOU/MOA Private Sector Seed Companies entered into MOU/MOA
Association, Ankur Seeds Pvt.Ltd, Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd 3 IARI, New Delhi Pusa RH-10 India Foundation Seed and
Services
Association,
J.K.Agri
Genetics, Nath Biogene (I) Ltd., Devgen Seed & Crop Technology Pvt. Ltd., Zuari Seeds Limited, Advanta India Limited, Yashoda Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Namdhari Amareshwara Seeds Agri. Pvt. Tech Ltd., Ltd.,
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Bhavani Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 4 5 GBPUAT, Pantnagar TNAU,Coimbatore CRRI, Cuttack PSD-1& PSD-3 CORH - 3 Ajaya, Rajalakshmi 6 UAS, Mandya 7 8 BSKKV, Karjat JNKVV, Jabalpur 9 Source: Viraktamath, B.C. et-al 2011 RICE SEED PRODUCTION a) Varietal Rice Seed Production : Varietal seed production of rice is mainly concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Chathisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Where ever there is shortage of rice varietal seeds, the SSCs / Governmental organizations of these states can enter into agreements for seed production with their counter parts and Private companies of the states, which can produce more quantities of seed over and above their state requirements. b) Hybrid Rice Seed Production: The hybrid rice seed production mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh share in hybrid rice seed production is around 85 %. Hybrid rice seed is also produced in Chathisgarh, Karnataka and other states. is concentrated Sahyadri-1 JRH-4, JRH-5 KRH-2 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune. Rasi Seeds (P) ltd, Attur, T.N. Annapurna Seeds, Vikkys Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad Namdhari Bangalore. Syngenta India Ltd., Pune. Vikkys Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd., Seeds Pvt., Bidadi,
Hyderabad.
Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar districts of
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RICE HYBRIDS RELEASED IN INDIA Till 2010 a total of 46 rice hybrids were released in the country both from public and private sector. Out of these hybrids, 27 are from public sector and 16 are from private sector. We have to concentrate on developing rice hybrids with synchronous flowering parents which are less sensitive to weather aberrations for getting higher seed yields. This will help to make hybrid rice seed production more profitable, which ultimately helps to make available hybrid rice seed at a reasonable price. So far, two hybrids in medium slender grain category were released viz., DRRH-3 (DRR) & 27P11 (Pioneer) on par with grain quality of BPT 5204 (Samba mashuri). However, there is a need to develop still more hybrids in this category for southern India. This will help to achieve the hybrid rice seed targets set under National Food Security Mission (NFSM). RICE SEED PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH. Andhra Pradesh is one of the important states for production of hybrid and varietal seeds of rice. The state in addition to meeting its own requirements, also supplies seeds to many other states through APSSDC & private seed companies functioning in the state. There is ample scope for producing required quantities of hybrid rice seed in Andhra Pradesh due to congenial climate prevailing during rabi season in northern Telangana region of the state. It is estimated that during 2010-11 rabi season an approximate quantity of 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was produced in the state. There are more than 40 companies producing hybrid rice seeds in the state. The following are the major companies involved in production and marketing of hybrid rice seed in India (Table 7). Sl.No 1 2 3 4 Name of the Company A.P. State Seeds Development Corporation Ankur Seeds Ltd Advanta India Ltd. Annapurna Seeds
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5 Sl.No 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Aadhaar Seeds Pvt.Ltd. Name of the Company Bayer Bio Science Pvt.Ltd Bioseed Research India Pvt.Ltd. Delta Agri Genetics Pvt.Ltd. Devgen Seeds & Crop Technology Dhaanya Seeds Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt.Ltd. Indo American Hybrid Seeds-India Pvt Ltd. Karnataka Agricultural University J.K. Agri Genetics Ltd. Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd Krishidhan Seeds Ltd Maharashtra State Seeds Corp Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd. Manisha Agri Bio Tech Pvt. Ltd M & M Seeds Nath Bio Gene(India) Ltd National Seeds Co-operation Nidhi Seeds Pvt.Ltd. Nirmal Seeds Pvt.Ltd. Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd PHI Seeds Ltd. Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd. Siri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd. Sriram Bioseed Genetics India Ltd. Super Seeds (P) Ltd Spriha Bio-Sciences Pvt.Ltd. Syngenta India Ltd.
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33 34 35 36 37 38
U S Agri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd. Vibha Agritech Ltd. Victory Seeds Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt Ltd V.N.R Seeds Pvt. Ltd. Zuari Seeds Ltd.
Source: Information collected from production centers CERTIFIED SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH. During the period from 2007-08 to 2009-10 the quantity of certified rice seed produced in the state ranged from 9.84 to 14.74 lakh qtls. (Table 8). Table 8: Agency wise Certified Rice Seed Production in Andhra Pradesh during 2009-10 Quantity in qtls Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agency NSC Ltd APSSDC Ltd Seed Village Program Seeds Farms NAFED Ltd MSSC Ltd SFCI Ltd Co-operatives Private Companies Total Source: APSSCA 2010 942948 14,74,760 Quantity Certified 92615 348027 771 159 37003 47802 1090 4345
From the above it is seen that National Seed Oraganisations Viz; NSC, SFCI and State Seed Corporations Viz; APSSDC, MSSC and Co-operatives and Private Seed Companies have taken up certified seed production of rice in Andhra Pradesh. During 2009-10 certified seeds of 49 rice varieties were produced in the state.
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This shows that there is ample scope for production of certified seed of required rice varieties in Andhra Pradesh to meet the seed requirements of various states and thereby increase their Seed Replacement Rates. During 2009-10, the share of private seed companies in certified seed production of rice in Andhra Pradesh was 63.9 percent. Thus the private sector seed companies are playing great role in seed production of high volume - low value crops also. VALUE OF INDIAN SEED MARKET: India with nearly 2000 USD million ranks 4th along with Brazil in domestic seed market in the world. (Table 9).The domestic seed market of India had increased from 1500 USD million in 2008 to 2000 USD million (Rs.9400 crores) in 2011, registering an increase of 33.3% in a span of three years. The share of India in commercial seed market is 4.76 percent. The domestic seed market value of the country may easily reach Rs.15, 000 crores by 2015. Table 9: Domestic Seed Market in Top Ten Countries (March 2011) Value: USD million Country USA China France Brazil India Japan Germany Italy Argentina Canada Value 12000 6000 2400 2000 2000 1400 1261 780 600 550
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Source: International Seed Federation (ISF), 2011

The varieties/hybrids of different crops developed in India will be suitable for the Agro Ecological zones situated between 300 North and South latitudes. The value of seed exports of field crops from India in 2009 was 15 USD million. The value of seed exports can be increased considerably by increasing export of hybrid seeds of rice and maize etc., to Vietnam, Philippines, Bangaladesh, Indonesia and other countries. References: 1. Anonymous, 2010. Agricultural statistics at a glance: Directorate of Economics and statistics. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, India. Tables 4.5(a), 4.6(a) &10.2. 2. Anonymous, 2011. National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif Compaign-2011, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. New Delhi, India. pp 1; 57-67. 3. Viraktamath, B.C., Shaik N.Meera., and Hari Prasad, A.S. 2011. Public - PrivatePartnership in Rice Sector: Present Status and Future Prospects.Indian Seeds and Planting Material. 4(2); National Seed Association of India, New Delhi. India. pp 49-55. 4. Shobha Rani, N., Prasad, G.S.V., Prasad, A.S.R., Sailaja, B., Muthuraman P., Viraktamath, B.C., and Shaik N.Meera. 2010. Rice Almanac India. Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.
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Potato and others

PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN SEED PRODUCTION

Agreement period to be valid for five years uniformly.

Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar districts of

Source: International Seed Federation (ISF), 2011

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