ME C312: Design of Machine Elements g

Chapter 8

Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Non Permanent Joints Non-Permanent Part-A: Power Screws
I/C: Regalla Srinivasa Prakash

Scope:
Introduction Thread Standards and Definitions Design of Power Screws
The Mechanics of Power Screws Body stresses and failure prediction

Design of Non-permanent fasteners

Threaded Fasteners (Bolts and Bolted Joints)
Joints Fastener Stiffness Member Stiffness Bolt Strength Tension Joints External Load Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension Gasketed Joints Tension Joints in Dynamic Loading Adequacy Assessment, Specification Set, Decision Set and Design Shear Joints

Non-threaded fasteners Non threaded

Pins and Keys

Omitted: Section 8-9 and statistical treatment and formulae throughout the chapter 8 89 form lae thro gho t

Introduction

Design of machine elements needs geometry and joints; single integral parts will not do Joints may be permanent, semi-permanent and nonpermanent joints Helical screw is an non-permanent joint Helical screw was a very important invention The biggest challenge in designing a joint made up of screws is to enable the total product retain its shape and functionality without coming apart under external load

Thread Standards and Definitions

2 3 4 1

8 5 6

LEAD AND MULTI-THREADED SCREWS

Linear distance moved by the screw for one rotation of nut is the lead, p y g l = p * multiplicity of threading Double threaded, l=2p 1 rotation Triple threaded l=3p Triple-threaded,
Question: A screw is to be used to advance the carriage of machine tool Two screws having equal tool. p pitch (1.5 mm) but one having multiplicity of threading of 2 (double threaded) and the second 3 (triple-threaded) are being used. Assuming the automated screw speed to be l=p same in both cases, which screws use will introduce greater surface roughness on turned part? Answer: The lead for the first screw is 2*1.5 = 3 mm and that for second screw is 3*1.5=4.5 mm. Since the second screw gives higher feed rate, cut will be rougher in second case.

The Metric Thread:

10

4 5 8 3 10 MJ Profile, for fatigue loading 2 7 9

Tensile Stress Area

dt

d t = (d r + d p ) / 2
dt

At =

d t2

Diameters and Areas of CoarsePitch and Fine-Pitch Metric Threads. Threads

Question: Between two screws having same major diameter and same pitch, which will have greater tensile member strength? Answer: The one with threads. (Why?) fine-pitched

Because, from this table, you can see that the tensile stress area is more for fine-pitch series threads threads.

TWO APPLICATIONS OF THREADED SCREWS

Power screw applications

Square threads A Acme th d threads Used in machine tools, screw compressors etc.

Fasteners
Metric threaded (triangular) Used for bolts, screws etc.

POWER SCREW APPLICATIONS

(a) Square thread; (b) ACME thread.

Power screw or Screw jack mechanism

Electric screw jack operated lift table

Bench Vice / Work Vise

The Joyce worm-gear screw jack.

THE MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS

for raising the load,

Helix angle

Lead angle

for lowering the load,

tan (l tan=(l / dm)

Force diagrams: (a) lifting the load; (b) lowering the load.

Raising:

F (sin + f cos ) PR = cos f sin

+ f F l d m PR = 1 f .l d m

Lowering:

Fd m l + fd m TR = d fl 2 m
F f l d m PL = 1 + f .l d m

F ( f cos sin ) PL = cos + f sin

Fd m fd m l TL = 2 d m + fl

Self locking of power screws

TL gives the torque required to overcome the friction in order to lower the load I certain i t In t i instances ( d i bl ) th l d may (undesirable), the load itself lower by causing the screw to spin; it may happen due to insufficient friction coefficient In such cases, TL is either zero or negative (can you explain what negative TL physically means?) l i h t ti h i ll ?) Whenever, the load does NOT lower by itself unless a positive TL is applied, the screw is said to be self-locking

CONDITION FOR SELF-LOCKING OF POWER SCREWS

Fd m fd m l TL = 2 d m + fl
Thus the condition for self-locking is

TL 0 fd m > l

Divide both sides by dm. Since l/ dm =tan y

f > tan
Thus the screw is self locking whenever the coefficient of friction is f i ti i greater th th t t than the tangent of th l d angle. t f the lead l

Accounting for collar friction

Normally a collar is employed y p y to enable the power screw system to have sufficient bearing area hold the component being raised Since the collar slides against the component being raised, additional torque needs to be applied t raise th l d thi i li d to i the load, this is called as collar friction torque Tc To estimate the Tc, whenever the collar is not too big, it is enough to use a mean diameter, dc, at which the collar f i i hi h h ll friction force is concentrated

Ff c d c Tc = 2
Tc should be added to thread friction torque to calculate total TR.

Power screw s raising efficiency

It is the ratio of raising torque without friction to the raising torque with friction Can be defined both with and without collar friction

Fl To = 2

To Fl e= = TR 2TR
Use Tables for values of coefficient of f and fc.

Coefficients of Friction f for Threaded Pairs

Thrust-Collar Friction Coefficients

Raising torque for ACME screws

A simple approximate equation is

Fd m l + fd m sec TR = 2 d m fl sec
The effect of the thread angle in ACME thread is to increase the friction force between the screw and the nut due to the wedging action of the thread For power screw application, though the ACME thread is not suitable due to higher frictional force resulting from wedging action, is invariably used because it is easier to manufacture than the square threads. It permits the use of split nut.

Typical industrial nomenclature of Acme threads:

(a) Effect of thread angle in ACME threads: Normal thread force is increased due to thread angle (b) The torque due to collar friction is estimated from dc

Body stresses in power screws

Bending stress x stress, Transverse shear (no contribution to von-Mises stress because it is maximum where bending stress is zero and is zero where bending stress is y p y maximum; hence needs to be only independently checked for) Bearing pressure (no contribution to von-Mises stress because it is distributed over the thread and is maximum at the middle of thread and is zero at the th root of th th d) t f the thread) Torsional shear stress, xy A i l compressive stress, z Axial i

Body stresses in the screw

Bearing pressure

Critical element at which the th von-Mises stress is Mi t i evaluated

Body stresses in the screw threads: those to be taken into account for estimation of the von-Mises stress at the critical element
Power screws are operated normally at low speeds and hence static design enough.

xy

16TR = 3 d r

or

xy

16T 16TL = 3 d r

F 4F 4F z = = 2 A d r

M Fp 24 6F x = b = = = 2 I c 4 d r nt p d r nt p
1 2 2 2 ( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6 xy + yz + zx '= 2 Plane stress : ' = ( x ) ( x y ) + ( y ) + 3
2 2

)]

( )]
2 xy

nDE =

Sy

'

Body stresses in the screw: those that need only to be independently checked (no need to take into account in von-Mises stress) 2 Buckling:
J. B. Johnsons formula

Sy l 1 F = Sy 2 k CE A crit

(a) Both ends rounded or pivoted; (b) both ends fixed; (c) one end free and one end fixed; (d) one end rounded and pivoted, and one end fixed.

Body stresses in the screw: those that need only to be independently checked (no need to take into account in von-Mises stress)

F 2F B = = d m n t p 2 d m n t p

Must be less than the safe bearing press re gi en in pressure given Table 8-3. Causes too much wear and sometimes crushing. g

3V 3 F 3F = = = 2 A 2 d r nt p 2 d r nt p

It is at the centre of the root area. Must be less than the shear yield strength of material.

Loading taking by the successive threads

Many experiments were conducted to estimate the relative fractions of the total load being born by successive threads on the power screw W will consider the following sharing principle: We ill id h f ll i h i i i l
First engaged thread carries 38% Second engaged thread carries 25% Third engaged thread carries 18% Rest of the threads carry negligibly smaller loads and hence do not govern the design The seventh threads is virtually free of load

The tensile stress area of metric threadsonce more

We will use ANSI B1 1-1974 to determine the B1.1-1974 various diameters and the tensile stress area for p p coarse-pitch and fine-pitch metric threads as follows. p Minor diameter dr = d 1.226869p Pitch diameter dm = d 0.649519p Diameter for tensile area and the tensile stress area can be estimated as follows (see Table 8-1).
dm + dr dt = 2 At =

d t2

Solved example 8-1:

d = 32mm; p = 4 mm; l = 2p; f = fc = 0.08; dc = 40 mm; F = 6.4 kN. (a )Find the thrad depth, thread width, pitch diameter, minor diameter and lead. Sol : dm = d - p/2 = 32 - 4/2 = 30 mm dr = d - p = 32 - 4 = 28 mm l = 2 = 2 * 4 = 8 mm 2p (b) Find TR and TL