I.E.E.E.

Industry Applications Society

Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

I.E.E.E. -- I.A.S.
Motor Starting Seminar Seminar Details & Background
♦ Background (History of Seminar)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
“Pumps for Fire Protection Systems”

♦ NEMA Standard MG-1

Motors and Generators

♦ See Also: Section VIII.

References Cited
By: James S. Nasby, Director of Engineering
Master Control Systems, Inc. (mastercontrols.com)

I. Motors – General
Topics to be Covered Motor Types
I. Induction Motors – General ♦ Induction Motors
II. Electrical Power Supply ♦ Three Phase
♦ Non-Salient Pole Motors:
III. Induction Motor Parameters
Usually Squirrel Cage Rotor Motors -but-
IV. 3Ø Motor Starting Types (8+1) can be Wound Rotor (Slip Ring)
V. 3Ø Motor Running Types (3) Induction Motors
VI. Common Motor Wiring Types (14) ♦ Usually Squirrel Cage
♦ Design Type: Usually NEMA Design “B”
VII. Installation Considerations Normal Starting Torque
VIII. References Cited Normal Starting Current (KVA)
♦ Synchronous Motors Not Covered

I. Induction Motors Motor Starting Region – cont’d

General Definitions Motor Torque Curve
♦ Motor Poles – Even Numbers (2, 4, 6, etc.)
♦ Synchronous Speed (No Load Speed - Slip)
♦ Starting Region – Fixed Impedance
♦ Running Region – Energy Converter
♦ Torques:
Stall = Locked = Zero Speed Torque
Pull-up Torque
Breakdown Torque
Rated Torque
♦ Starting Amps, KVA & Locked Rotor Code
Motor Torque and Pump Torque Curves

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 I.E.E.E. Industry Applications Society
Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21
II. Electrical Power Supplies
Power Sources - Mains
♦ Types of Power Source
– Three Phase A.C.
♦ Power Source Characteristics
(Parameters)
– Voltage (Utilization Voltage) -at-
– Low voltage or Medium Voltage
– Frequency – 50 Hz or 60 Hz
– Starting Voltage Drop -vs- Starter
– Running Voltage Drop -vs- Motor
III. Induction Motor Parameters
General Motor Characteristics
♦ Induction Motor Types
– Wound Rotor Motor
(Slip Ring Motor)
= Rotary Transformer
– Squirrel Cage Motor = Ditto
– But with Slip Rings Shorted
♦ Frequency – 50 Hz -vs- 60 Hz
♦ NEMA Design Type “B” (MG-1)
Induction Motors - cont’d
Motor Parameters - Electrical
♦ Locked Rotor Code (KVA per Hp)
♦ Service Factors
– Usually 1.15 Maximum Allowed
– Often Higher for Smaller Motors
– Usually 1.0 Max. when used with VFD's
♦ Service Factor (S.F.) -vs- Ideal Conditions
– Max. Temperature (40 °C Max.) -and-
– Max. Altitude (3,300 ft /1,000 m Max.) -and-
– Max. Voltage Imbalance (1% Max.)
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Power Supply Characteristics – cont’d
- Power Quality -
♦ Source Capacity - Weak or Stiff Source
– Starting Voltage Drop (15% of Controller Rated)
– Running Voltage Drop (5% of Motor Rated)
– Method of Calculating - NEMA ICS-14
– Gen-Sets - Frequency & Voltage
♦ Voltage Balance (Amount of Imbalance)
Small Voltage "Unbalnace" = Large Current
Imbalance. (See NEMA MG-1, part 1-14.36)
♦ Voltage Harmonics (Heats Windings)
♦ Power Factors - Affected by Motor
NEMA Design Types
Standard
Three Phase
Induction
Motors are
( Rated Full Load Torque) NEMA
Design “B”
Rated | Speed (RPM)
Motor Parameters – cont’d
Abbreviations & Acronyms
♦ Motor Currents
– FLA = Motor Full Load Amperes
– FLC = Motor Full Load Current = FLA
– LRC = LRA = Locked Rotor Current (Amps)
– SFA = Service Factor Amps
– Locked Rotor Code* – Codes F & G Common
*May be Much Higher for Smaller Motors
and for Energy Efficient Motors
♦ Power Factor (PF) – Real -vs- Imaginary
Starting PF = 30% / 40% Typically
Running PF = 80% down to 8.0% from
Full Load to No Load, Typically
 I.E.E.E. Industry Applications Society
Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

Motor Parameters – cont’d

Motor Current Curve Induction Motor Locked Rotor Codes

Table M-02 -- Motor Locked Rotor Code KVA Data and Allowed Horsepowers
"F" "G" "H" "J"
Code Letter
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
KVA per Hp 5.00 5.59 5.60 6.29 6.30 7.09 7.10 7.99
Rated Running Current = 100% LRA/FLA 482% 540% 540% 608% 608% 685% 685% 772%
Allowed Hp 15 Hp and up 15 Hp and up 5 thru 10 Hp 5 Hp only

Note: The LRA/FLA ratios shown are approximate for illustration only.

Motor Current -vs- RPM Curves

Induction Motor Locked Rotor Currents Motor Parameters – cont’d

Motor Stalled (Locked Rotor)
Table M-03 -- Maximum Motor Locked Rotor Currents Power Factor = Approx 40%
Motor Voltage - 60 Hz values
Rated Code
Horsepower Letters 200 Vac 208 Vac 230 Vac 460 Vac 575 Vac
5 F-J 106 102 92 46 37
7.5 F-H 147 142 128 64 51
10 F-H 186 179 162 81 65
15 F-G 267 257 232 116 93
20 F-G 334 321 290 145 116
25 F-G 421 405 366 183 146
30 F-G 499 480 434 217 174
40 F-G 667 641 580 290 232
50 F-G 833 801 724 362 290
60 F-G 1,001 962 870 435 348
75 F-G 1,249 1,201 1,086 543 434
100 F-G 1,668 1,603 1,450 725 580
125 F-G 2,088 2,008 1,816 908 726
150 F-G 2,496 2,400 2,170 1,085 868
200 F-G 3,335 3,207 2,900 1,450 1,160
250 F-G 4,198 4,036 3,650 1,825 1,460
300 F-G 5,060 4,865 4,400 2,200 1,760
350 F-G 5,865 5,639 5,100 2,550 2,040
400 F-G 6,670 6,413 5,800 2,900 2,320
450 F-G 7,475 7,188 6,500 3,250 2,600
500 F-G 8,338 8,017 7,250 3,625 2,900

Note: The 460 Vac LRA values are from NFPA 20 Table 6-5.1.1. Others are calculated using
voltage proportion.

Motor Parameters – cont’d Motor Starting -vs-

Motor Theory and Formulae Motor Running Regions
♦ Purpose – Electrical to Mechanical
♦ Energy Conversion
– Motor Starting Region (Rotary Solenoid)
– Running Region (Energy Converter)
♦ Motor Torque & Motor Current Draw
-vs- Speed Curves
♦ A-T-L-Starting
(Basic Motor Characteristics)
– Power Factor & Phase Angles
– Efficiencies

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Motor Starting -vs- Motor Parameters – cont’d

Motor Running Regions Motor Torque Curve
Starting Region Motoring
Region

Motor Torque and Pump Torque Curves

Motor Parameters – cont’d Motor Parameters – cont’d

Motor Torque Curve Motor Current Curve

Rated Running Current = 100%

Motor Current -vs- RPM Curves

Motor Torque and Pump Torque Curves

Motor Parameters – cont’d Motor Theory and Formulae

Motor Current Curve
Motoring
Starting Region
Rated Running Current = 100%
Motor Current -vs- RPM Curves
Motor Starting Region
Region
For a Motor at Stall, Motor Impedance is
Constant. So:
I = E / Z (Ohm’s Law)
Current is Directly Proportional to
Motor Voltage. I.E.:
Motor Current = Voltage / Impedance
Power Factor (P.F.) is Typically 30% to
40% at Stall (and for most of the
starting region)

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Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

Motor Theory and Formulae Motor Theory and Formulae

Motor Starting Region – cont’d Motor Starting Region – cont’d
In the Starting (Accelerating) Region:
Torque is Proportional to the Square of
the Applied Motor Voltage
T = K1 x V2 -or- Since Current is
proportional to Voltage (see above):
T = K2 x I2
Thus: Torque is also Proportional to the
Square of the Motor Current Example of Starting Torque Proportional to
the Square of Applied Motor Voltage.
E.G. 57% Volts = 33% Rated Stall Torque.

Motor Theory and Formulae Motor Running -vs-

Motor Running Region Motor Starting Regions
Motor Running Region (Energy Converter):
Mechanical Power is Torque x Speed:
Pm = K3 x Tq x RPM
Motor Torque is Whatever the Load Requires
Electrical Power Input is:
Pe = Pm + Motor Losses = Pm / Efficiency
But, Electrical Power Input is also given as:
Pe = K4 x V x Ireal (Volts x Real Current)
So: Ireal = K5 x Pe / Volts
Thus Motor Current is Inversely Proportional Rated Torque (100%) times Rated Speed (E.g.
to Motor Voltage with a Running Motor 1750 RPM) yields Motor Rated Horsepower.

IV. Motor Starting Motor Starting - cont’d

♦ General - Overview – Types of Reduction
– Voltage Reduction: Wye–Delta, Soft Start, and
Autotransformer
– Current Reduction: Primary Impedance (Primary
Resistor, Primary or Neutral Reactor)
– Motor Impedance (Wound Rotor)
Eight (+1) Common Low Voltage Starting Types:
♦ Across-the-Line (A-T-L or Direct-On-Line)
♦ Part Winding (Half Winding) Start
♦ Primary Resistor Start
♦ Primary (or Neutral) Reactor Start

♦ Two Specialty Types ♦ Wye-Delta (Star-Delta) - Open Transition

– Medium Voltage – Four Common Types: A-T-L,
Primary Reactor, Neutral Reactor -and-
Autotransformer
– Low Voltage - Wound Rotor (Not U.L. Listed)
♦ Wye-Delta (Star-Delta) - Closed Transition
♦ Soft Start / Soft Stop (SCR Phase Modulation)
♦ Autotransformer
♦ VFD Ramp-up (and Ramp-down on some)

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Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Across-the-Line (Direct On Line) Across-the-Line (Direct On Line)

Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Part Winding Start Part Winding Start

Note: The Motor Must be Wound

Specifically for Part Winding Starting.

Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Primary Resistor Start Primary Resistor Start

Note: 65% Resistor Impedance is

1.24 - 0.40 = 0.84 pu

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Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Primary Reactor Start Primary (or Neutral) Reactor Start
Note: 65% Reactor Impedance is
1.54 – 1.00 = 0.54 pu

Motor Starting Torque Comparison Motor Torque Comparison – cont’d

A=ATL, B=A.T., C=Pri. Res., D=Reactor

“0”
“0”

Curves B, C & D are at 65% Motor Starting Voltage Gerhart W. Heumann (G.E.), “Magnetic
(Reference Source Credit on Next Slide) Controls of Industrial Motors”, Wiley & Sons.

Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Primary (or Neutral) Reactor Start Wye-Delta Open Transition

LPM Module = Leading Phase Monitor®

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Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Wye-Delta Open Transition Wye-Delta Open Transition

Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Wye-Delta Open Transition Wye-Delta Transition Hazard

Lagging

Leading
Closed

Motor Starting – cont’d Motor Starting – cont’d

Wye-Delta Closed Transition Wye-Delta (Open or Closed Xtn.)

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Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

Motor Starting - cont’d Motor Starting - cont’d

Soft (Solid State - SCR) Start Soft (Solid State - SCR) Start

Motor Starting - cont’d Motor Starting - cont’d

Autotransformer Start Autotransformer Start

Motor Starting Characteristics Motor Starting Characteristics

Parameter Chart Parameter Notes to Chart
Fire Pump Starting Type Characteristics
Motor Starting Characteristics Chart
- for -
Electric Fire Pump Motors and Controllers Notes
(1) Refer to Factory details.
Starting Characteristics (at Stall) -- Typical Values -for- Fully Load Pump (1)
(2) Part Winding Motors must be wound specifically for this service. Some motors may not
accelerate to full speed in the starting mode. See Note (b).
(3) Units with two or more contactors have two basic steps (Accelerate & Run) with steps three
Starting Starting Starting Accelerate and four being for transitions.
Motor Motor Amps Amps Starting Power Starting Full Load (4) Starting KW Power as a percent of motor full load power requirement.
Type Contactors Closed & KVA & KVA Power % F.L. Torque to
Starting Type Note Note (3) Transition % LRA % FLA Factor Note (4) % ATL Full Speed Notes (a) Also called "A-T-L" or Direct-On-Line. Motor Power Factor taken as 40%. Other values
Across-the-Line Any 1 N/A 100% 600% 40% 240% 100% Yes (a) shown are due to the effects of the controller.
Part Winding Special (2) 2 Yes 65 390 40 156 48 Usually (b)
(b) Part Winding Parameters vary with the motor. Starting Amps & KVA vary from around
Primary Resistor Any 2 Yes 65 390 80 314 42 Yes (c) 60% to 70%, Starting Torque from around 45% to 50%. The motor can start a fully loaded
pump if it has no large torque dip or cusp. See the text discussion on Part Winding Starting
Primary Reactor Any 2 Yes 65 390 28 111 42 Yes (c)
Neutral Reactor 6/12 Lead 2 Yes 65 390 28 111 42 Yes (c) for details.
(c) Figures are for tap set at 65% which yields a motor voltage of 65% of line (mains) voltage.
Wye-Delta Open 6/12 Lead 3 No 33/100 200/600 40 80/240 33 No (d)
Wye-Delta Closed 6/12 Lead 4 Yes 33/100 200/600 40 80/240 33 No (d)(e)
(d) The Dual Figures are for Starting and Transition. The transition values are to finish
accelerating a fully loaded pump. Examples include deluge or open systems, re-starting a
Soft Start/Stop Any 1/2 Yes 40/67 240/400 Varies Ramps 16/44 Yes (f) fully loaded pump after a power failure or interruption, and failure of another pump feeding
Autotransformer Any 3 Yes 46 276 40 110 42 Yes (c)(g)
the same system.
(e) Ignores the momentary transition resistor loads.
(f) Varies with pump load and particular Soft Starter used. Values shown are initial and
maximum for a typical fully loaded pump. MCS uses the second (Start) contactor for
isolation. Others use only the Bypass contactor.
(g) The 46% Starting Amps & KVA figures include the Autotransformer exciting current.

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V. Motor Running Types Motor Running - cont’d

Constant Speed Running
♦ Full Voltage Running
- Synchronous Speeds (3,600 RPM & etc.)
- Slip Frequencies - Running (Rated) Speeds
♦ Motor Lead Wire Running Currents
- Three Lead = Full Motor Current
- Six Lead Parallel Run (Part Winding Start)
= 50% of FLC per set
- Six Lead (Wye-Delta Start)
= 58% (57.7%) of FLC per set
Variable Speed Running
♦ Wound Rotor Control
- Changes Motor Secondary Impedance -and-
- Motor Torque Curve
♦ Variable Frequency - Variable Speed
Control (VFDs)
- Changes Motor Torque and Current Curves
- Changes Motor Synchronous Speed –and-
- Changes Motor Running (Loaded) Speed

Wound Rotor Speed-Torque Curves Wound Rotor Speed-Torque Curves

(Reference Source Credit on Next Slide) - Flipped and Rotated -

Gerhart W. Heumann (G.E.), “Magnetic

Controls of Industrial Motors”, Wiley & Sons.

VI. Motor Wiring – Motor Lead Motor Lead Configurations

Configurations (Fourteen) 3 Lead – 3 Coil - Wye Running
♦ Three Lead – Three Coil
(Single Voltage) (T1-T3)
♦ Six Lead – Three Coil
– Wye Runing (T1-T3 & T4-T6)
– Delta Running (T1-T3 & T4-T6)
♦ Parallel Run (Six Lead - Six Coil)
– T1-T3 and T7-T8 - or -
– Both Sets Labeled T1-T3

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Motor Lead Configurations Motor Lead Configurations

3 Lead – 3 Coil - Delta Running 6 Lead - 3 Coil - Wye Running

Motor Lead Configurations 6 Lead – 6 Coil - Wye Running

6 Lead – 3 Coil - Delta Running Parallel Running

6 Lead - 6Coil - Delta Running

Parallel Running Motor Wiring – cont’d
♦ Nine Lead (Dual Voltage) (T1-T9)
– Wye Wound
– Delta Wound
– Suitable for Part Winding Start ?
♦ Twelve Lead (T1-T12)
– Dual Voltage
– Single Voltage (Parallel Run)

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Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

9 Lead - 6 Coil - Wye Running 9 Lead - 6 Coil - Wye Running

Series Running Parallel Running

9 Lead - 6 Coil - Delta Running 9 Lead - 6 Coil - Delta Running

Series Running Parallel Running

12 Lead - 6 Coil - Wye Running 12 Lead - 6 Coil - Wye Running

Series Running Parallel Running

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 I.E.E.E. Industry Applications Society
Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

12 Lead - 6 Coil - Delta Running 12 Lead - 6 Coil - Delta Running

Series Running Parallel Running

Typical 12 Lead Motor Wiring Diagram

VII. Induction Motors --
Installation Considerations
♦ Physical
– Location - Ideally Within Site of Controller
– Motor Protection: Fire, Security, Other Hazards
♦ Access – All Sides & Conduit Access
♦ Electrical N.E.C. (NFPA 70) - §430 (& § 695)
– Conduit & Hubs
– Environmental
– Conductor Sizing – Incoming & Motor Circuit
– Voltage Drops: Start & Run
– Cable Impedances and Run Lengths
Courtesy of Marathon Electric (See NEMA ICS-14)

Motor Installation – cont’d Starting Methods -vs- Motor Types

Start-up (Commissioning)
♦ Current Measurements
Table M-04 - Motor and Starting Types
♦ Voltage Measurements Starting Type Motor Type Starting Type Motor Type

♦ Estimating Motor Load Full voltage

Part Winding
Standard/Any
Part Winding
Primary Reactor
Primary Resistor
Standard/Any
Standard/Any

- FLA -vs- Voltage Wye Delta - Closed Delta Run Autotransformer Standard/Any
Wye Delta - Open Delta Run Soft Start (SCR) Standard/Any
- SFA (115%) - Max. Allowed Neutral Reactor Wye Running Wound Rotor Wound rotor
Under Any Conditions
(Temperature, Altitude, Voltage
Imbalance) on ANY Phase

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Seminar on 3 Phase Motor Starting -- 2004.02.21

Motor Types -vs- Starting Types

Table M-06 -- Motor Suitability
Motor Types -vs- Starting Types VIII. References Cited
Motor Description (a)
Starting Method(b) A. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Run Type Number of Leads Part Wye (Star) Neutral "Other 5" Figure
Winding Delta(c) Reactor Kenneth I. Isman, Milosh T. Puchovsky,
Wye Run Three Lead No No No Yes 7-4
Delta Run
Wye Run
Three Lead
Six Lead, Single Coil
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
7-5
7-6
"Pump for Fire Protection Systems"
Delta Run Six Lead, Single Coil No Yes No Yes 7-7
Wye Run Six Lead Parallel Some(d) No No Yes 7-8 B. NEMA Standard MG-1,
"Motors and Generators"
Delta Run Six Lead Parallel Some(d) No No Yes 7-9
Wye Run Nine Lead Series No No Yes Yes 7-10
Wye Run Nine Lead Parallel Some(d) No No Yes 7-11

C. NEMA ICS-14,
Delta Run Nine Lead Series No No No Yes 7-12
(e)
Delta Run Nine Lead Parallel No No No Yes 7-13
Wye Run
Wye Run
Twelve Lead Series
Twelve Lead Parallel
No
Some(d)
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7-14
7-15
"Application Guide for Fire Pump
Delta Run Twelve Lead Series No Yes No Yes 7-16 Controllers"
Delta Run Twelve Lead Parallel Some(d) Yes No Yes 7-17
Notes:
(a) The Motor "Type" (Wye or Delta) is the Running configuration, regardless of how the motor is started.
Wound Rotor Motors are not covered in this chart.
D. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(b) "Other 5" are: Full voltage (A-T-L), Primary Resistor, Primary Reactor, Soft Start and Autotransformer.
(c) Either Open or Closed Transition Wye-Delta (Star-Delta).
(I.E.E.E.) numerous papers on motors.
(d) "Some" = May be used only of the motor is labeled as suitable for Part Winding Starting.
(e) The 9 lead "Double Delta" method has unequal currents and is not suitable for standard Part Winding controllers.

“Pumps for Fire Protection Systems” NEMA Standard – MG-1

-by- Ken Isman & Milosh Puchovsky Motors and Generators

- with -
Chapters on
- Power
Sources
- Motors,
- and -
- Controllers
by Jim Nasby

NEMA ICS-14
Fire Pump Controller Application Guide Thank You !!

The Chicago Chgapter of the I.E.E.E.

Industrial Applications Society
-- and from --
Jim Nasby, Mastercontrols.com

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