Journal Bearing

, , 2001. 6.
26
( , )
Intelligent Mechanics Lab.
Pukyung Pukyung National Univ. National Univ.
, , 2001. 6. 26
Intelligent Mechanics Lab., Pukyong National Univ.
3
, , 2001. 6. 26
(70 % )
, ,
15-40% (downtime loss )
(70 % )
, ,
15-40% (downtime loss )
/ : maker consulting
Downtime
(48 %)
(22 %)
(16 %)
(11 %)
(3)
triboligical problems
4
, , 2001. 6. 26
Ref. Allianz Handbook of Loss Prevention
Distribution of Faults on Steam Turbines
Distribution of Faults on Steam Turbines
5
, , 2001. 6. 26
Ref. Allianz Handbook of Loss Prevention
Distribution of Faults on Turbo-compressors and Blowers
Distribution of Faults on Turbo-compressors and Blowers
6
, , 2001. 6. 26
Ref. EPRI CS-3344 pp.1-3
Problem Areas in the Fossil Power Plant
Problem Areas in the Fossil Power Plant
C
C Fans (0.6%)
Stack
C
C
C
C
C Boiler tubes (4.2%)
C Fouling/slagging (2.8%)
C Pulverizers (0.6%)
C Bearings (2.0%)
Pumps (1.7%)
C Condenser (3.8%)
Turbine blades (2.7%)
Generator (3.8%)
Gas
cleanup
Air
heater
Pulverizer
Coal
prep
Coal
H.P.
heater
L.P.
heater
Water
treatment
Condense
r
Water
Turbines
H.P.
I.P.
L.P.
Turbines
Econ
S.H. R.H.
Ash
Ash
I.D.
fan
F.D. fan
Generator
7
, , 2001. 6. 26
seal
moving
blade
stationary
blade
seal seal
tip seal
Bearings
Anti-swirl & brush seals
Rotordynamics
Structure/blade dynamics
Clearance control seals
25 50 75 100 125
Z [in]
50
75
100
R
[
i
n
]
2.197
2.059
1.922
1.784
1.646
1.508
1.370
1.232
1.095
0.957
0.819
0.681
0.543
0.405
0.268
Through-flow analysis
Stage flow analysis
Long buckets
Advanced vortex blades
Bearing, seal, blade
Bearing, seal, blade
8
, , 2001. 6. 26
(bearing) ?
(rolling elements or lubrication)
(rolling elements or lubrication)
With rolling elements or lubrication
Without rolling elements or lubrication
9
, , 2001. 6. 26
Bearing classes and types
Dry Friction
Mixed-film
Lubrication
Boundary
Lubrication
Journal bearings
Circular, Elliptical
Tilting pad, Offset
Pressure dam..
Thrust bearings
Pivot pad,
Self-equalizing
Taper land ...
Hydrodynamic
Hybrid
Hydrostatic
ROLLING
ELEMENT
ROLLING
ELEMENT
FLUID FILM
FLUID FILM
ACTIVE
CONTROL
ACTIVE
CONTROL
Magnetic
Electrorheological
Piezoelectric
Ball
Spherical
Roller
Bearings
Bearings
Bearings
Full-film
Lubrication
10
, , 2001. 6. 26
Bearing Classes and Types
Rolling Element Bearings
Rolling Element Bearings

/

/

11
, , 2001. 6. 26
Fluid Film Bearings
Fluid Film Bearings

/

( )
(
- )

Damping effects on the vibration
amplitude at the resonance
Journal bearing Thrust bearing
12
, , 2001. 6. 26
Radial or Journal Bearing
Radial or Journal Bearing
G
Thrust Bearing
Thrust Bearing
Double acting Single acting
13
, , 2001. 6. 26
Ref., Journal Bearing Databook
Types of journal bearings
Types of journal bearings
14
, , 2001. 6. 26
Types of Typical Journal Bearings
Types of Typical Journal Bearings
15
, , 2001. 6. 26
Principle of Lubrication(1)
Full Film Modes
Full Film Modes
Hydrodynamic
Hydrostatic
Squeeze film
Hybrid
16
, , 2001. 6. 26
Concepts of Hydrodynamic Film
Concepts of Hydrodynamic Film
Film Pressure
Distribution
Q
2
Qs
B
X
Q
1
h2
h1
U
(P) Q - h
2
U
Q
'
1 1 1
=
(P) Q h
2
U
Q
'
2 2 2
+ =
s 2 1
Q Q Q + =
W AUB (h
1
/h
2
)
2
W: Load capacity
: Oil viscosity
A: Shoe area
U: Runner velocity
h
1
: Inlet film thickness
h
2
: Outlet film thickness
Q: Flow rate
Qs: Side flow rate
X/B: Pivot ratio
17
, , 2001. 6. 26
Geometry and film thickness, hydrodynamic pressure of a circular journal bearing
Geometry and film thickness, hydrodynamic pressure of a circular journal bearing
( )
Oil ( )
( )
,
, Oil
,
18
, , 2001. 6. 26
Hydrodynamic Film Developed in Journal Bearings
Hydrodynamic Film Developed in Journal Bearings
Cylindrical Elliptical Step
Three lobe
Three lobe
(canted)
Tilting pad
19
, , 2001. 6. 26
Double Tilting Pad Journal Bearing
High Stability, Self-aligning, Complex and Expensive
High Stability, Self-aligning, Complex and Expensive
ANNULUS GROOVE
LOCKING PIN
ADJUST PLATE
FEED HO
ALIGNMENT PAD
SEAL TOOTH
COVER HALF
RING
PAD
LE
20
, , 2001. 6. 26
Elliptical Journal Bearing
High Load Carrying Capacity, Simple and Cheap
High Load Carrying Capacity, Simple and Cheap
RING
CASING
END LEAKAGE
GROOVE
DOWEL
FEED HOLE
OVERSHOT
GROOVE
21
, , 2001. 6. 26
Typical Applications of Journal Bearings
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Hydraulic turbine
Generator
Power Plants
Power Plants
22
, , 2001. 6. 26
Petrochemicals & Refinery Plants
Petrochemicals & Refinery Plants
Turbines
Compressors
Gearboxes
Pumps
23
, , 2001. 6. 26
Vehicles
Vehicles
Engine
Gearbox
Propulsion
Turbocharger
24
, , 2001. 6. 26
(1)
Tin or lead base white metal (babbitt)
Babbitt
Tin or lead base white metal (babbitt)

Babbitt
Yield strength of Babbitt metal

versus temperature
Suggested temperature limits for Babbitt metal bearings
25
, , 2001. 6. 26
(2)
Film thickness limit Metal temperature limit Allowable specific load
Film thickness limit Metal temperature limit Allowable specific load
T
max
Bearing
Journal
Oil
h
min
P
max
Hydrodynamic
pressure
Design limits in the journal bearing Diagram for safe operation
26
, , 2001. 6. 26
(3)
,
downtime loss
,
downtime loss
Has bearing been worn-in?
When was it last lubricated?
Was bearing damaged earlier?
Repair & troubleshooting records
- Was the bearing recently replaced?
Has there been a change in operating conditions or duty cycle?
Operation history
- Vibration and temperature trends
A
: Oil control system
: &
:
- : 2
- : 1
- Downtime loss: 120
Considerations for failure analysis
27
, , 2001. 6. 26
(4)
Excessive load
Light load
Excessive clearance
Small clearance
Flushing
Frequent start & stop

Lubrication breakdown
( , )
Poor bonding
Under/over cutting
Misalignment
Unbalance
Load capacity diagram for plain journal bearings
28
, , 2001. 6. 26
(5)
Fatigue failure by cyclic loading
By inadequate design
Fatigue
Abrasive wear by hard particle
Erosive wear
Wiping failure
White metal melting
Overheating
Lubrication
breakdown
Wear
Unsuitable lubricant
By oil contamination
Chemical
effects
Electrical erosion
Electrical arcing
Electrical
damage
Over/under cutting
Misalignment
Mfg faults &
Assy errors
Adhesive wear by small oscillation
By inadequate interference fit
Fretting
Reciprocating engine
By high frequency vibration
Cavitation
erosion
Thermal ratcheting of tin-rich metal
By cyclic heating
Thermal
fatigue
Nitrided shaft
By use of Cr alloy steel
Incompatible
material
29
, , 2001. 6. 26
(6)
Fatigue Failure
Fatigue Failure
(cyclic loads) babbitt metal
, , , , ,
Tilting pad damaged
by fatigue failure
Cracked babbitt surface
by fatigue failure
30
, , 2001. 6. 26
(7)
Spragging (by fatigue and fretting)
Spragging (by fatigue and fretting)
A
Tilting pad unloaded pad fluttering
Tilting pad
Preload ( 0.5 < m < 1.0 )
Enlarged pin hole by fretting
Damaged pad by fatigue failure Detail of A Cracked pin
31
, , 2001. 6. 26
(8)
Abrasive Wear
Abrasive Wear
, ,
,
Deep circumferential abrasive wear
by hard particles
Dirt particles embedded in bearing surface
32
, , 2001. 6. 26
(9)
Start-up Wiping (by lubrication breakdown)
Start-up Wiping (by lubrication breakdown)
minor rubbing
Misalignment, heavy loading
( , / , )
Start-up wiping by heavy loading
Start-up wiping damage by minor-rub
33
, , 2001. 6. 26
(10)
Wiping of White Metal (by lubrication breakdown)
Wiping of White Metal (by lubrication breakdown)
White metal ,
,
Wiping by loss of hydrodynamic film during running

Wiping by loss of hydrodynamic film at start-up
34
, , 2001. 6. 26
(11)
Overheating and Thermal Ratcheting (by lubrication breakdown)
Overheating and Thermal Ratcheting (by lubrication breakdown)
, ,
, ,
Tin-rich babbitt thermal ratcheting
Thermal ratcheted surface of tin-rich
white metal by overheating
Damaged by overheating
35
, , 2001. 6. 26
(12)
Cavitation Erosion
Cavitation Erosion
(vaporous cavity) (void)
, ,
36
, , 2001. 6. 26
(13)
Electrical Erosion
Electrical Erosion
(Grounding brush )
Damaged bearing Damaged journal surface
37
, , 2001. 6. 26
(14)
Misaligned Bearing
Misaligned Bearing
(load carrying capacity)
misaligned
(friction coefficients)
Misalign ( )
Misaligned
bearing
Aligned
bearing
38
, , 2001. 6. 26
(15)
Wear Dented Bearing
Wear Dented Bearing
h
min
/c > 0.1

0
/c < 0.5
Rubbing
h
min
/c > 0.1

0
/c < 0.5
Rubbing
39
, , 2001. 6. 26
(1)
Wiping of Elliptical Journal Bearing
(U )
AES depth profile
carbon
carbon
carbon
50 A
*AES: Auger electron spectroscopy
40
, , 2001. 6. 26
(2)
Sb Cu Pb As Bi Fe Cd Al Zn Sn

(B21A14)
7.0 ~
8.0
3.0 ~
4.0
Max.
0.35
Max.
0.10
Max.
0.10
Max.
0.08
Max.
0.05
Max.
0.005
Max.
0.005
R
7.47 2.35 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.002 R
7.44 2.45 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.29 0.01 0.002 0.002 R

Wt %
Babbitt
Babbitt
1 2 3
23.8 22.8 21.0 22.5
24.9 23.3 21.8 23.3
41
, , 2001. 6. 26
(3)
Schematic view of a hydraulic pump-turbine
Schematic view of a hydraulic pump-turbine
Max power: 300 MW
Head: 600 m
Speed: 450 rpm
Design faults /
Design faults /
/
Journal diameter, D 1450.0 mm

Bearing length, L 400.0 mm
Assembled radial clearance, C
a
0.2 mm
Machined radial clearance, C
p
0.2, 1.5 mm
Preload ratio, m=1-C
a
/C
p
0.0, 0.87
Number of pads 8
Pad arc, 26
o
Pivot position,
p
Center
ROTATION
42
, , 2001. 6. 26
(4)
: preload
: preload
Preload: m = (C
p
-C
a
)/C
p
m=0.0
m=0.87
Optimal design
region
43
, , 2001. 6. 26
(5)
Preload Effects on the Amplitude of Shaft Vibration
Preload Effects on the Amplitude of Shaft Vibration
m=0.0
m=0.87
1x (7.5 Hz)
1x (7.5 Hz)
Increase of preload from 0.0 to 0.87
1/5
m=0.0 m=0.87
40
200
m
Shaft vibration (80 % down)
Comparison of vibration amplitude Comparison of vibration amplitude
44
, , 2001. 6. 26
(6)
Preload Effects on the Bearing Metal Temperature
Preload Effects on the Bearing Metal Temperature
Increase of preload from 0.0 to 0.87
10
o
C
Low preload ratio
Q
r
Q
side
=Q
i
-Q
r
Q
i
h
2 h
1
m=0.0 m=0.87
50
o
C
60
Metal temp (10
o
C down)
Q
side
is small.
So, low cooling effect
High preload ratio
Q
r
Q
side
=Q
i
-Q
r
Q
i
h
2
h
1
Q
side
is large.
So, high cooling effect

Journal Bearing

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Journal Bearing

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

, , 2001. 6.

Tin or lead base white metal (babbitt)

Yield strength of Babbitt metal

Frequent start & stop

Wiping by loss of hydrodynamic film during running

Journal diameter, D 1450.0 mm

Potrebbero piacerti anche