2

Problem 8.1
(a) The encoder for the (3, 1) convolutional code is depicted in the next gure.
`
_
`
_
_
`
`
`'
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
`
`
``
`
`
`
``
Z
Z
Z
ZZ
.
.
.
..
1
2
3
n=3
Output
Input
k=1
(b) The state transition diagram for this code is depicted in the next gure.
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_
'
_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................... .
_
_
Z
Z
Z
`
`
`` Z
Z
Z
`
`
`
1/011
0/100
0/111
1/100
1/000
0/011
1/111
0/000
01
11
10
00
(c) In the next gure we draw two frames of the trellis associated with the code. Solid lines indicate
an input equal to 0, whereas dotted lines correspond to an input equal to 1.
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g g
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11
10
01
00
011
100
100
011
000
111
111
000
(d) The diagram used to nd the transfer function is shown in the next gure.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the
limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a
student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3
'
_
Z
Z `
`"
'
`
`
`
`
` _ _ Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
_
D
3
J
NJ
D
2
J
DNJ
D
3
NJ
DJ
D
2
NJ
X
d
X
c
X
b
X
a
X
a

Using the ow graph results, we obtain the system

X
c
= D
3
NJX
a
+NJX
b
X
b
= D
2
JX
c
+DJX
d
X
d
= DNJX
c
+D
2
NJX
d
X
a
= D
3
JX
b
Eliminating X
b
, X
c
and X
d
results in
T(D, N, J) =
X
a

X
a

=
D
8
NJ
3
(1 +NJ D
2
NJ)
1 D
2
NJ(1 +NJ
2
+J D
2
J
2
)
To nd the free distance of the code we set N = J = 1 in the transfer function, so that
T
1
(D) = T(D, N, J)|
N=J=1
=
D
8
(1 2D
2
)
1 D
2
(3 D
2
)
= D
8
+ 2D
10
+
Hence, d
free
= 8
(e) Since there is no self loop corresponding to an input equal to 1 such that the output is the all
zero sequence, the code is not catastrophic.
Problem 8.2
The code of Problem 8-1 is a (3, 1) convolutional code with K = 3. The length of the received
sequence y is 15. This means that 5 symbols have been transmitted, and since we assume that the
information sequence has been padded by two 0s, the actual length of the information sequence is
3. The following gure depicts 5 frames of the trellis used by the Viterbi decoder. The numbers on
the nodes denote the metric (Hamming distance) of the survivor paths (the non-survivor paths are
shown with an X). In the case of a tie of two merging paths at a node, we have purged the upper
path.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the
limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a
student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
4
00
01
10
11
101 001 011 110 111
2
1
3
2
4
3
3
4
4
3 5
4
4
X
X X
X
X
X
X
The decoded sequence is {111, 100, 011, 100, 111} (i.e the path with the minimum nal metric -
heavy line) and corresponds to the information sequence {1, 1, 1} followed by two zeros.
Problem 8.3
(a) The encoder for the (3, 1) convolutional code is depicted in the next gure.
_
_
_
_
` ``
'
_
_
'
'
_
'
'
_
+
+
+
n = 3
k = 1
(b) The state transition diagram for this code is shown below
`
_
`
_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................... .
_
_
Z
Z
Z
`
`
`` Z
Z
Z
`
`
`
1/001
0/110
0/011
1/010
1/100
0/101
1/111
0/000
01
11
10
00
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the
limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a
student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.