CCNA2 CHAPTER 1 NOTES ===================== Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding --------------------------------------------Identify a router as a computer with an operating system

(OS) and hardware designed for routing process. Demonstrate the ability to configure devices and apply addresses. Describe the structure of a routing table. Describe how a router determines a path and switches packets. ============================================================ Summary ======= This chapter introduced the router. Routers are computers and include many of th e same hardware and software components found in a typical PC, such as CPU, RAM, ROM, and an operating system. The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets from one network to the next. This means that a router typically has multiple i nterfaces. Each interface is a member or host on a different IP network. The router has a routing table, which is a list of networks known by the router. The routing table includes network addresses for its own interfaces, which are the directly connected networks, as well as network addresses for remote network s. A remote network is a network that can only be reached by forwarding the pack et to another router. Remote networks are added to the routing table in two ways: either by the networ k administrator manually configuring static routes or by implementing a dynamic routing protocol. Static routes do not have as much overhead as dynamic routing protocols; however, static routes can require more maintenance if the topology i s constantly changing or is unstable. Dynamic routing protocols automatically adjust to changes without any interventi on from the network administrator. Dynamic routing protocols require more CPU pr ocessing and also use a certain amount of link capacity for routing updates and messages. In many cases, a routing table will contain both static and dynamic ro utes. Routers make their primary forwarding decision at Layer 3, the Network layer. Ho wever, router interfaces participate in Layers 1, 2, and 3. Layer 3 IP packets a re encapsulated into a Layer 2 data link frame and encoded into bits at Layer 1. Router interfaces participate in Layer 2 processes associated with their encaps ulation. For example, an Ethernet interface on a router participates in the ARP process like other hosts on that LAN. =============================================================== ***Test router hardware 1 Perform POST 2 Execute Bootstrap Loader. ***Locate and load the cisco IOS software 3 Locate the IOS 4 Load the IOS ***Locate and load the statup configuration file or enter setup mode 5 Locate the configuration file

6 Execute the configuration file 7 Enter Setup Mode ***If a full IOS image can not be located, a scaled-down version of the IOS is c opied from ROM to RAM. This version of the ISO is used to help diagnose any prob lems and can be used to load a complete version of teh IOS into RAM. ***If the startup configuration file does not exist in NVRAM, the router may sea rch for a TFTP server. If the detects that it has an active link to another conf iguration router, it sends a broadcast searching for a configuration file across the active link. Important features router add to a network ========================================== Determing the best path to send packets Forwarding packets towards their destination Steps to apply basic configuratin to a router ============================================== name the router set passwords configure interfaces configure a banner save changes on a router verify basic configuration and router operations Routing Table ============= provides the router with the necessary information to carry out its primary func tion - forwarding packets toward the destination network. 3 basic ways a router learns about networks =========================================== connected rotuers staic routes dynamic routers Important fields in the IP header and why ========================================== Version-version of IP currently used is IPv4 Time to Live (TTL) - number of routers a packet can traverse before being droppe d Source IP address - 32 bit source IP address Destination IP address - 32 bit destination IP address Encapsulation/Decapsulation process as a paclet travels from source to destinati on ================================================================================ == -the souce encapsulates data in a packet with source and destination IP address. -It then encapsulates the packet into a frame witht he source and destination MA C address and send the frame out as bits on the wire. -the frame is received by the sources gateway -a router - and is decapsulated. -If the destination MAC address is the router then the router will search the ro uting table for an outgoing interface to the destination, encapsulates the packe ts in the appropriate frame format for the outgoing interface with the new sourc e and destination layer 2 address and forward the frame out the interface. This process is repeated at each router alont the path intil the packet reaches

the destination. From source to desination, the layer 2 adderss change at each hop. However the s ource and destination address do not change. PC Vs Router ============ a router is a single-purpose device and a computer is a multi-purpose device Cisco command line inteface - CLI ================================= CLI is still the dominate way to complete configuration tasks. Like DOS commands , CLI commands will most likely continue to be favored among network administrat ors as the primary way to complete many configuration or verification task even when a more intuitive and easier to use GUI becomes available. Design your own routing protocol ================================ include a step by step process. see pseudocode for current routing algorithms seach the web for Bellman-Ford and Dijkstra algorithms. Layer 3 - IP protocol ====================== a hierachical structure is common to all layer 3 addressing protocols. each on identifies a network portion and a host portion. how each does this is diffrent. e.g Novells internet packet exchange uses an 80 bit address. the first 32 bits ar designated network bits and are determined by the administr ator. the remaining 48 bits are the same as the MAC address of the host. Quiz ==== router component with its funtions =================================== RAM - stores the routing tables and ARP cache Sequence of events that occurs during the routing statup process ================================================== -power on self test is conducted -bootstrap loader executes from ROM -operating system is found and loaded -configuration file is loaded from NVRAM two commands used to determine if router serial ports have IP address ===================================================== -show interfaces -show ip intercace brief set the privilieged mode password to "quiz" =========================================== -router(config)#enable secret quiz routing principle ================= every router makes it routing decisions alone, based on the information it has i n its own routing talbe. Two tasks do dynamic routing protocols perform

============================================== -update and maintain routing tables -network discovery A network engineer configures a new router. The interface has been configred wit h IP addresses but no routing protocols or static routes has been configured yet . what routes are present in the routing table. ==================================================== -direct connections Two statemens on how a router forwards packets ============================================== -if the packet is destined for a directly connected network, the router forwards the packet out the exit interface indicated by the routing table -if the packet is destined for a remote network, the router sends the packet to the next hop IP in the routing table. Statement true regarding metrics used by routing protocols ================================================= -A metric is the quantitative value a routing protocol uses to measure a given r oute. Ports used to connect a router to a LAN switch ============================================== LAN porsts Fa0/0 or Fa0/1 "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0" ====================================== this will appear in the the routing talbe -S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected,Serial0/0