The Shear Strength of Joints for the Hybrid Truss Bridge according to the structural connection system

Jung, KwangHoe Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Seoul, Korea jkh@hdec.co.kr Kim, KwangSoo Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Seoul, Korea biocon@hdec.co.kr Yi, JongWon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Seoul, Korea jwonyi@hdec.co.kr

ABSTRACT The hybrid truss bridge is composed of three parts such as upper and lower concrete slabs, steel truss members, joints connecting concrete slab and steel truss. And it is the basic assumption that joints should not be yielded until steel truss or hybrid girder bridges, so joints should have enough shear strength as well as easy connection system. In this study, four joints have been introduced and the static loading tests for them have been carried out, in order to compare the shear behavior and the shear strength of each joint according to the structural connection systems. Finally, it is clearly found out that local moments as well as applied shear forces at the joint should be considered.

1. Introduction Recently the prestressed concrete box girder bridges are regarded as a typical type of medium span bridges in an expressway as well as a general road. But many medium span bridges in Korea have been still constructed as steel box girder bridges, because light weight of them compare to the prestressed concrete box girder bridges could be able to realize fast

construction and easy extension of the span length. However the cost of steel box girder is considerably high. So it is essential the study on reducing the weight of the prestressed concrete box girder bridges and improving the structural efficiency should be performed. In the eighteen century the research on them with steel truss webs instead of concrete webs had been carried out in France, and in the nineteen century several hybrid girder bridges with steel truss webs have been constructed in Japan. In these days the study on the hybrid girder bridges with steel truss web(the hybrid truss bridge) have been started and constructed in Korea, and the Shin-Chun bridge, the hybrid truss bridge, had been designed and will be constructed soon by Hyundai E&C. Also this bridge has the connection joint composed of base steel plate with many studs in the lower slab as shown Fig.2.

Fig. 1 Shin-Chun Bridge

Fig.2 Connection Joint in the lower slab

2. Development of new Joints for the hybrid truss bridge The connection joint in the lower slab of the Shin-Chun bridge is a very useful and rational system, but has several defects. First, this joint cannot have any allowable longitudinal displacements during the installation of truss because steel trusses ought to be welded with the vertical gusset plate in the field. Second, many studs in a small base plate could cause complicated shear stud and re-bar details that re-bars should be installed in every space between studs in order to grantee the shear capacity of studs. In this study, in order to avoid welding in the field and complicated shear connections and rebars, four new joints have been proposed such as T-GHT(T-perfobond Gusset Plate Hybrid Truss), EHT(Embedded Hybrid Truss) , T-EHT(T-perfobond Embedded Hybrid Truss), P-EHT(Perfobond Embedded Hybrid Truss) as shown in Fig. 3.

T-GHT : T-perfobond Gusset Plate Hybrid Truss

EHT : Embedded Hybrid Truss

T-EHT : T-perfobond P-EHT : Perfobond Embedded Hybrid Truss Embedded Hybrid Truss

Fig.3 New Connection Joints

The T-GHT has T-perfobond shear connectors instead of studs. And the other three joint systems have allowable longitudinal displacements could be useful during the installation of steel trusses and no welding procedure in the field. The EHT has a hinge connection system composed of connection plates and steel rod. And the T-EHT has a T-perfobond and two steel rods, but has no welding points. The P-EHT has a same connection system of the T-EHT, but has the perfobond shear connector instead of T-perfobond.

3. Test of new Joints for the hybrid truss bridge

(1) Test set-up and dimension To evaluate the shear capacity of new developed joints, the static loading test for those systems had been performed as shown in Fig. 4. The horizontal load is applied to the concrete slab by two actuators(2,000kN capacity), so the total 4,000kN loads are could be applied to the specimens. In this loading system, the same load as the applied horizontal load acts each truss steel pipes ; one truss has a compressive load, and the other has a tensile load. Considering a safety of the test, the load controlled by displacement and the loading rate is 0.02mm/sec. Fig. 5 presents dimension of specimens and test set-up. The dimension of trusses are equal to that of a middle truss in the Shin-Chun bridge. ; The diameter of truss is 318mm and the thickness of truss is 15mm. Also the width and length of concrete slab is determined as 2.2m, 1.6m considering the effective length. And the thickness of slab is 250mm. The design strength of strength is 40MPa, and the trusses are made of STK490.

Fig.4 Test Set-up

Fig.5 Dimension of specimen

(2) Test results Fig. 6 presents the load-displacement curves of four specimens for the developed joints in this study and those of T-EHT, P-EHT without concrete hunch are added. The stiffness of TEHT and P-EHT is larger than those of T-GHT, EHT, but the yield load of four specimens are different. ; T-EHT > P-GHT > P-EHT > EHT Also it is clear that the T-EHT and the P-EHT with concrete hunch have shear capacity as over two time as the T-EHT and the P-EHT without concrete hunch Fig. 7 presents failure mechanism of six specimens. . In all case, failure mechanisms are only governed by concrete failure, and steel shear connectors of specimens are not reached the yield state. And the T-EHT and the P-EHT with concrete hunch have leaded to the compressive failure of concrete slab, but those without concrete hunch have leaded to the punching failure of concrete slab

2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400

.

P- GHT EHT T- EHT P- EHT T- EHT(no hunch) P- EHT(no hunch)

1,200

Load(kN)

1,000 800 600 400 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Displacsement(mm)

Fig.6 Test Set-up

(a) T-GHT

(b) EHT

(c) T-EHT

(d) P-EHT

(e) T-EHT w/o hunch

(f) P-EHT w/o hunch

Fig.7 Failure Mechanism

4. Conclusion and Remarks From this study we have obtained some conclusion and remarks as follows. 1. The EHT, T-EHT, P-EHT developed in this study have sufficient shear capacity in spite of no welding points in the field, compare to the T-GHT which has welding points. 2. In case that the neutral axis of concrete slab is not coincide with the axis of truss such as T-GHT, T-EHT, P-EHT, the local moment could be occurred in the joint and the resisting members such as steel base plate, concrete hunch should be considered . 3. The concrete hunch in the joint could play an important role in increasing shear capacity and leading the relatively safe failure mechanism, a concrete compressive failure.

Table1. Test Results and Remarks Slab Axis coincide with Truss Axis Resisting Member to the Moment Yielding Load (kN) Failure Mechanism

T-GHT

Steel base plate

1496

Slab crack failure

No

EHT Yes

Concrete hunch

1191

Crack on the hunch

T-EHT No

none

1626

Concrete slab compressive failure

P-EHT No

none

1217

Concrete slab compressive failure

T-EHT (no hunch) No

Concrete hunch

695

Concrete slab punching failure

P- EHT (no hunch) No

Concrete hunch

654

Concrete slab punching failure

REFERENCES 1. [Hiroo Minami, Masato Yamamura, Yohei Taira, Kosuke Furuichi, 2002], Design of the Kinokawa Viaduct Composite Truss Bridge, Proceedings 1st Congress, Composite Structures, pp.371-380. 2. [Jung, KwangHoe, Kim KwangSoo, Sim Chungwook, 2007], Flexural Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Hybrid Girder with Steel Web, 4th CI-Primier Conference, The Conceptual Approach to Structural Design 3. [Takashi Tsujimura, Akio Shoji, Tadayuki Noro, Shinji Muroi, 2002], Experimental Study on a Joint in Prestressed Concrete Bridge with Steel Truss Web, Proceedings 1st Congress, Composite Structures, pp.347-352.