Define chemistry: chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the process that matter

undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany the process. Name 6 branches of study in chemistry: Organic chemistry: the study of most carbon-containing compounds. Inorganic chemistry: the study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals. - Physical chemistry: the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy. - Analytical chemistry: the identification of the components and composition of materials. - Biochemistry: the study of substances and processes occurring in living things. - Theoretical chemistry: the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds. -Basic research: is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are. Applied research is generally carried out to solve a problem. Technological development typically involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. A compound is a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of tow or more elements that are chemically bonded. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present. (mass, volume, energy) Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. (melting point, boiling point, density) A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. (Melting and boiling point). A change that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called a physical change. (grinding, cutting, melting) Change of state: is a physical change of a substance from one state to another. A chemical property relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. Homogeneous: uniform in composition. (solution) Heterogeneous: are not uniform throughout. -

 A pure substance (homogeneous, either compounds or elements) has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in the following ways: Every sample of a give pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. Every sample of a give pure substance has exactly the same composition.

The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. Qualitative: descriptive Quantitative: numerical

Density = Mass/Volume Accuracy: how close measurement is to true value. Precision: how close measured values are to one another. Percentage error= ((value experimental value accepted)/ value accepted) x100 Significant figures RULE 1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. Thus, 94.072 g has five significant figures. RULE 2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant; they act only to locate the decimal point. Thus, 0.0834 cm has three significant figures, and 0.029 07 mL has four. RULE 3. Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are significant. It is assumed that these zeros would not be shown unless they were significant. 138.200 m has six significant figures. If the value were known to only four significant figures, we would write 138.2 m. RULE 4. Zeros at the end of a number and before an implied decimal point may or may not be significant. We cannot tell whether they are part of the measurement or whether they act only to locate the unwritten but implied decimal point. Rounding RULE 1. If the first digit you remove is 4 or less, drop it and all following digits. 2.4271 becomes 2.4 when rounded off to two significant figures because the first dropped digit (a 2) is 4 or less. RULE 2. If the first digit removed is 5 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the last digit kept. 4.5832 is 4.6 when rounded off to 2 significant figures since the first dropped digit (an 8) is 5 or greater. If a calculation has several steps, it is best to round off at the end.

 Multiplication and division. RULE 1. In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have more significant figures than either of the original numbers. RULE 2. In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits after the decimal point than either of the original numbers. Scientific notation Scientific notation is a convenient way to write a very small or a very large number. Numbers are written as a product of a number between 1 and 10, times the number 10 raised to power. 215 is written in scientific notation as: 215 = 2.15 x 100 = 2.15 x (10 x 10) = 2.15 x 102