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Outline
Hg in Hydrocarbons
Chemical Properties Operational Speciation Chromatographic Speciation Analysis of Total Mercury Typical Concentrations
Mercury in Refineries
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Elemental Hg0 Ionic HgCl2 Complexed HgK Organic RHgR, R = CH3, C2H5 Suspended HgS, HgX
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Species
Water (ppb)
Oil (ppb)
Glycol (ppb)
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Hg
Boiling Point 357 C Liquid Vapor Pressure 25 mg/m3 (25 C) Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Boiling Point 302 C decomposes 300 C decomposes 500 C Sublimes under vacuum; decomposes 560 C Sublimes under vacuum, decomposes 800 C
50 ppb 70 g/l 0.03 g/l 0.05 g/l - log Ksp(1) = 52 - log Ksp ~ 100
Elemental Mercuric chloride Mercuric sulfate Mercuric oxide Mercuric sulfide Mercuric selenide
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Primary Separation
>> Hg0
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Hg
+ O2 Hg
2+
+ HgCl2 Hg2Cl2
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Chromatographic Separation
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Sampling
Samples must be fresh Must account for all Hg (container walls) Avoid loss of volatile Hg
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Hg in Hydrocarbon Liquids
THg in Alberta Crude Oils (9)
Stratigraphic Era
Number Number High Low Mean* Median of Above (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) Samples DL
SD
21 18 3 4 8 36 86
11 7 0 2 4 13 38
DL DL DL DL DL DL DL
46.0 38.1
2 2 2
2 2 2
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light
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Imported (60%)
Total (IN)
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Petroleum Contribution
Global (anthropogenic to air) - 2,000,000 kg/y (US EPA) US (waste + fuel combustion) - 125,000 kg/y (US EPA) US Coal - 75,000 kg/y (US EPA) US Fuel Oil - 10,000 kg/y (US EPA) US Oil <8,000 kg/y (MTS) US Fuel Oil - 1,100 kg/y (MTS) US Refineries (air) <1,500 kg/y (MTS)
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Regulatory Issues
Water Clean Water Act (CWA, Section 304)
Clean Air Act of 1990 (CAA, Section 112) National Emission Standards for Hazardous air Pollutants (NESHAP) Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT) Solid Waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
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smw@hgtech.com
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