Gold Colors

Gold is bright yellow and has a high luster. Apart from copper it is the only non white
colored metal. Gold`s attractive warm colour has led to its widespread use in decoration.
The arrangement oI outer electrons around the gold nucleus is the reason Ior the yellow color; to
be precise, the transition oI electrons Irom the d band to unoccupied positions in the conduction
band.
inely divided gold, like other metallic powders, is black; colloidally suspended gold
ranges in color from ruby red to purple.Gold can mixed with other metals to give it
different colors.
White gold is very popular right now. t can be in 18-karat or 14-karat gold (but not in 22-
karat, as it is yellow gold). There are two basic types of white gold alloys: white gold
mixed with nickel and white gold mixed with palladium. Nickel can be mixed with gold to
create a white or gray color, but some people have an allergy to nickel. Palladium is
another metal used to create white gold. Palladium is better but it costs more. To
enhance the whiteness, almost all white gold is plated with rhodium, a shiny, white metal which
is extremely hard. Depending on the amount oI wear to a piece oI jewelry, over time this
rhodium plating may wear oII, revealing the original metal color.
Copper creates pink and rose tones in gold.The more the copper, the deeper will be the
effect.
Greenish shades are created by adding silver to gold.
Rose gold and Green gold can be 18-karat or 14-karat but the color is stronger in the
14-karat alloys.
Purple gold. t is referred as amethyst or violet gold. Purple gold is obtained by mixing
gold and aluminium in a certain fixed ratio. Gold content is almost 79% and therefore it
is qualified to be referred to as 18K gold.
Blue gold is made as an inter-metallic compound between gold and indium . The gold
gets a bluish hue color with this process.
Black gold is created using a few techniques. Electro-deposition using black rhodium or
ruthenium is the first technique. Controlled oxidation of Carat gold containing cobalt or
chromium can also be made to create black gold. Amorphous carbon is also used some
times, with the Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition process.


N COMPOSITION
BLUE GOLD 18K 75 GOLD
25 IRON
YELLOW GOLD 14K 58 GOLD
4-28 SILVER
14-28 COPPER
YELLOW GOLD 18K 75 GOLD
10-20 SILVER
5-15 COPPER
YELLOW GOLD 22K 92 GOLD
4.2 SILVER
4.2 COPPER
GREEN GOLD 18K 75 GOLD
11-15 SILVER
13-0 CADMIUM
RED GOLD 18K 75 GOLD
25 COPPER
STERLING SILVER 92.5 SILVER
7.5 COPPER
WHITE GOLD-1 90 GOLD
10 PALLADIUM
WHITE GOLD-2 75-85 GOLD
8-10 NICKEL
2-9 ZINC
WHITE GOLD - 14Kt A 58.3 GOLD
17 COPPER
17 COPPER
7.6 ZINC
WHITE GOLD - 14Kt B 59 GOLD
25.5 COPPER
12.3 NICKEL
3.2 ZINC
WHITE GOLD - 18K 75 GOLD
18.5 SILVER
1 COPPER
5.5 ZINC




Uses of Gold
Gold has been prized by people since the earliest times Ior making statues and icons and also Ior
jewelry to adorn their bodies. Intricately sculptured art objects and adornment jewelry have been
uncovered in the Sumerian royal Tombs in southern Iraq and the tombs oI Egyptian kings.
SigniIicant buildings and religious temples and statues have been covered with thinly beaten
sheets oI gold. Due to its rarity, gold has long been considered a symbol oI the wealth and power
oI its possessor.
The Iollowing table gives recent demand Ior gold in tonnes.

1ewelry
Coins and
bars
%s
industrial
and
dental
total
2000 3204 166 - 451 3,821
2001 3008 357 - 363 3,728
2002 2660 340 3 358 3,361
2003 2483 301 39 382 3,205
2004 2617 349 133 414 3,513
2005 2712 393 208 432 3,745
2006 2288 416 260 460 3,424
2007 2405 433 253 462 3,553
2008 2187 863 321 436 3,807
2009 1814 777 617 410 3,618
2010 2017 1149 338 466 3,970



GoId as an Investment
Throughout history gold has been a store of value. According to the Talmud you should
keep one-third of your assets each in land, 'business interests', and gold. This idea has
a modern equivalent in the Permanent Portfolio theory which prescribes a mix of 25%
each of Treasury bills, long bonds, stocks and gold. Most pension funds invest only in
equities and bonds, with small allocations to property and cash. However, in recent
years concerns have grown over the risks inherent in these asset classes, leading to
increased interest in gold by hedge funds.
oins
An advantage of coins is that they are easy to sell anywhere in the world. People will
buy coins without assaying them which is not the case with gold bars. The premium
over the spot price of gold is somewhere between 3-6% for a one ounce coin, although
higher for smaller coins. or a 1/20 ounce coin the premium could be as high as 40%.
Markup Cunces
3 1
8 1/2
12 1/4
20 1/10
40 1/20
ars
The premium over the spot price for bars is around 2%. Unfortunately it is easy to
produce fake gold bars using tungsten, which has the exact same density as gold
making a fake bar salted with tungsten indistinguishable from a solid gold bar by simply
weighing it. Because tungsten is brittle it is hard to do this with coins.
eweIry
n Asia and the Middle East many people buy jewelry as an investment. t is possible to
buy 21K, 22K and 23K gold jewelry at around 5% over the spot price.
.ange Traded Funds
t is possible to buy shares in a gold ET called GOLD, which has the ticker symbol
GLD. The shares are priced at the mid point between the buying and selling price of the
spot price of gold.
AU, SGOL and PHAU are 3 other gold based ETs similar to GLD. PHAU is based in
London.
UGL replicates, net of expenses, twice the performance of gold bullion.
DGZ is an ETN that shorts the gold price. DZZ double shorts gold.
GDX tracks the AMEX Gold Miners index.
There are several disadvantages to this way of owning gold. While the expenses of the
gold ET are low, the Trust will have to sell part of its gold stores to pay these
expenses. Thus, over time, the fractional amount of physical gold represented by each
share will decrease. ndeed it is not clear how much, if any, gold GLD actually
possesses as it is never audited.
The Central und of Canada,(CE) is based in Canada and holds gold and silver on
behalf on investors. ts holdings of gold are audited and it trades at a premium over its
NAV, unlike to ETs.
Futures and Options
The principle futures contracts are YG, Y, ZG GC and S.You can also buy and sell
options on these contracts.

WORLD OFFIIAL GOLD HOLDINGS (une 2009)
@nnes res @nnes

res

1 unlLed SLaLes 81333 783 31 Lcuador 261 236
2 Cermany 34126 693 32 Syrla 238
3 lMl 32173 33 Morocco 221 28
4 lLaly 24318 661 34 nlgerla 213 1000
3 lrance 24307 730 33 8elarus 3) 211 189
6 Chlna 10340 18 36 korea 143 02
7 SwlLzerland 10401 371 37 Cyprus 139 388
8 !apan 7632 21 38 neLherlands AnLllles 131 293
9 neLherlands 6123 614 39 Czech 8epubllc 130 10
10 8ussla 3369 40 60 Serbla 129 34
11 LC8 3014 183 61 Cambodla 124 130
12 1alwan 4236 38 62 CaLar 124 31
13 orLugal 3823 903 63 LaLvla 77 33
14 lndla 3377 40 64 Ll Salvador 73 74
13 venezuela 3364 363 63 CLMAC 4) 71 14
16 unlLed klngdom 3103 179 66 CuaLemala 70 40
17 Lebanon 2868 268 67 Colombla 69 08
18 Spaln 2816 390 68 1unlsla 68 22
19 AusLrla 2800 363 69 Macedonla 68 120
20 8elglum 2273 404 70 LlLhuanla 38 30
21 Algerla 1736 34 71 lreland 33 166
22 hlllpplnes 1340 112 72 Mexlco 34 02
23 Llbya 1438 43 73 Srl Lanka 33 81
24 Saudl Arabla 1430 119 74 8angladesh 33 13
23 Sweden 1322 133 73 Canada 34 02
26 Slngapore 1274 21 76 Slovenla 32 114
27 SouLh Afrlca 1247 104 77 Aruba 31 116
28 8lS 1200 78 Pungary 31 02
29 1urkey 1161 49 79 kyrgyz 8epubllc 26 49
30 Creece 1124 916 80 Luxembourg 23 131
31 8omanla 1036 81 81 1a[lklsLan 22
32 oland 1030 48 82 Pong kong 21 00
33 1halland 840 20 83 lceland 20 18
34 AusLralla 799 70 84 1rlnldad and 1obago 19 06
33 kuwalL 790 186 83 MaurlLlus 19 30
36 LgypL 736 63 86 apua new Culnea 19 27
37 lndonesla 731 38 87 Surlname 16 70
38 kazakhsLan 726 106 88 Albanla 16 21
39 uenmark 663 40 89 ?emen 16 06
40 aklsLan 634 173 90 Cameroon 09 09
41 ArgenLlna 347 34 91 araguay 07 06
42 llnland 491 177 92 Ponduras 06 07
43 8ulgarla 399 72 93 uomlnlcan 8epubllc 06 08
44 WALMu 2) 363 106 94 MalLa 03 33
43 Malaysla 364 12 93 Cabon 04 06
46 eru 347 32 96 CenLral Afrlcan 8epubllc 03 82
47 8razll 336 03 97 Chad 03 10
48 Slovak 8epubllc 318 833 98 Congo 03 03
49 8ollvla 283 104 99 Chlle 03 00
30 ukralne 267 31 100 uruguay 03 03




GoId Industry Today
Today gold is an important part of Thailand's jewelry industry which is the kingdom's
second largest export. The main export destinations are Hong Kong, Japan and the
United States. The export jewelery, however, is chiefly gem-set using 10, 14 and 18
karat gold settings. Thailand is the second largest jewelry exporter in the world
exporting officially 100 billion bahts worth of jewelry each year although this figure
probably understates the true size of the industry as a large amount is smuggled out of
the country to avoid taxes.
The kingdom imports 100 tonnes oI gold on average a year. The Iigure could go up to 150 tonnes
during an economic boom. About 20-30 oI imports are Ior re-export.
There are 60 gold wholesalers in Bangkok and 3 outside. Thailand has around 6000 small gold
shops.
The gold mines are now exhausted but a recent discovery was made at Pichit. Owned
by Australia's Kingsgate Consolidated through its Thai subsidiary Akara Mining, the
Chatree mine is one of the world's lowest cost and most profitable operations.