How plants grow

Annual plants

Perennial garden

Perennial Woody plants

How old am I? Count and Tell

http://www.africantropicalheritage.com/bamboo.jpg

There is no secondary growth in bamboo

halfsidebamboo.info/wordpress/wp-content/them...

Types of tissues present in plants

Meristematic capable of cell division thin walled very high level of metabolism Compactly arranged Differentiate into permanent tissue

Permanent/differentiated Differentiated into many shapes, sizes and modified according to the position and function as required. Cell division ceased

Meristem - nomenclature
According to origin: 1. Promeristem/ embryonic meristem : Present in embryo SAM, RAM 2. Primary : Developed from embryonic meristem cells e.g. protoderm, procambium, ground meristem 3. Secondary: Developed from the differentiated/permanent cells a reverse of development process. e..g. vascular cambium absent in monocot plants

Embryonic Stem cells

SAM (Shoot Apical meristem)

embryonic axis

RAM (Root apical Meristem)

Primary Meristem:
Primary meristem are the ones that is present in embryo Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) Root Apical Meristem (RAM) Primary meristem contribute to the most of the growth of annual plants. Inflorescence meristem/ Floral meristem/ axillary meristem are modified forms of SAM

(a) Shoot apical meristem (b) Leaf primordial (c) Axillary bud primordium (d) leaf (e) Stem tissue

click4biology.info/c4b/9/plant9.1.htm

Primary meristems in shoot apex

Meristem of Coleus Api = apical meristem; Gr = ground meristem; Pd = protoderm; Pc = procambium; Ns = New side shoot; Bl = Blade
www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/.../primmeristem/

Primary meristem at root tip

www.uic.edu/.../bios100/summer2002/lect15.htm

Secondary meristem

Nature 415, 751-754 (14 February 2002)

In annual plants growth is mostly contributed by primary meristem/ apical meristem

Nature 415, 751-754 (14 February 2002)

In trees secondary meristem contribute to almost entire girth

Meristem - nomenclature
According to location 1. Apical located in tip of growing organ SAM, RAM 2. Intercalary Get detached from the mother meristem and remains between permanent cells. 3. Lateral secondary meristem that contribute to thickness

Aerial meristem

diagram of a young onion plant Weaver and Bruner 1927

Root meristem

Source: Structure and function of plants by J.W. MacADAM

Intercalary meristem Often short lived. Helps in internode elongation. At maturity the intercalary meristem cells lose cell division capacity and get merged with permanent cells in most of the plants

Different meristems in rice plant

root meristematic zone (a, b), shoot apical meristem (c), intercalary meristem (d), floral meristem (e), embryo (f),

Nature Cell Biology 11, 845 - 851 (2009)

Intercalary meristems help to grow again after mowing or eaten away by herbivores

Source: Structure and function of plants by J.W. MacADAM

Perennial grass plants intercalary meristem is active throughout life

Meristem - nomenclature

According to histogen what it is going to make 1. Plerome the centre- pericycle, stele, phloem, xylem, cambium 2. Periblem the middle hypodermis, cortex, endodermis 3. Dermatogen epidermis, root cap

1 = plerome; 2 = periblem; 3 =dermatogen 4 = columella 5 = peripheral cells of the rootcap; 6 = protoderm; 7 = ground meristem 8 = procambium

Meristem - nomenclature
According to plane of cell division

1. Plate meristem divides in only one plane (anticlinal). This is present in protodermal / dermatogen meristem that give rise to epidermal cells with fixed number of cell layers throughout the plant. 2. Rib meristem - divide mostly anticlinal with occasional periclinal. Contribute to vascular bundle formation both primary adn secondary 3. Mass meristem divide in all planes. Contribute ot ground tissue growth

Plane of cell division : Periclinal and anticlinal

Anticlinal: The plane of division is perpendicular to the closest surface Periclinal: The plane of division is parallel to the closest surface. Epidermis Root Cap

periclinal anticlinal periclinal anticlinal

A subdivision of SAM; T- tunica divide anticlinaly, C- corpus divide both anticlinaly and periclinaly

http://www.dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol316/Anatomy/plant/stemprim/prim2/29n.html

Meristem classification
Origin Position Histogen Plane of cell division 1. Plate 2. Rib 3. Mass

1. Embryonic 2. Primary 3. Secondary

1. Apical 2. Intercalary 3. Lateral

1. Plerome 2. Periblem 3. Dermatogen

Meristems are also referred by the organ formation: shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM), inflorescence meristem (IM), floral (fm) etc.