Compression Members: Dr. K.U.Muthu

Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT.
KUM 1
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Dr. K.U.MUTHU
*

A perfectly straight member of linear elastic material is shown if figure.

The above member has a friction less hinge at each end, its lower end being fixed
in position while its upper end is free to move vertically but prevented from
deflecting horizontally. It is assumed that the deflections of the member remain
small.

The elastic critical load
E
P at which a straight compression member buckles
laterally can be determined by finding a deflected position which is one of
equilibrium.

Basic Strut Theory

y P
dx
y d
EI =
2
2
(1)

Eulers critical load is obtained as

2
2
l
EI
P
y
E
= (2)

*, Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore 54
Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT. KUM 2
In terms of the stress equation is

( )
2
2
/ r KL
E
p
E
= (3)

Strut with initial curvature

In practice, columns are generally not straight and the effect out of straightness on
strength is studied. Consider a strut with an initial curvature bent in a half sine
curve as shown in Figure.

If the initial deflection, at x from A is y
o
and the strut deflects y further under
load, P, the equilibrium equation is

( )
o
y y P
dx
y d
EI + =
2
2
(4)

Where deflection
|
\
|
=
l
x
y

sin (5)

If
o
is the deflection at the centre and the additional deflection caused by P,
then

( ) 1 /
0
=
P P
E
(6)

The maximum stress at the centre of the strut is given by

( )
y
I
h P
A
P
P
+
+ =
0
max
(7)

Where h is shown in figure

i.e.

( )
2
0
Ary
h P
p p
c y
+
+ = (8)

i.e.
( )
2
0
ry
h
p p p
c c y
+
+ = (9)

( )
(
|
|
\
|
+ + =
1
1
1
0 2
c E
c
c y
p p ry
h p
p p (10)

Denoting the Perry factor

2
0
ry
h
= (11)

( )
( )
(
+ =
c E
c
c c y
p p
p
p p p 1 (12)

On simplification it gave

( )( )
c E c y c E
p p p p p p = (13)

The value of p
c
, the limiting strength at which the maximum stress equal the
design strength, can be found by solving this equation and is the Perry factor.

The minimum value of p
c
after solving the quadratic equation is obtained as

( )
5 . 0
2
y E c
p p p = (14)

which is of the form
( )
5 . 0
2
y E c
p p p = (15)

and
2
0
y
r
h
= (16)

the initial deflection
0
is taken as (1/1000)
th
of length of the column and hence
is given by

|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
y y y
r
h
r
l
r
h l
1000 1000
2
(17)

and hence
|
|
\
|
=
y
r
l
(18)

and
|
|
\
|
=
y
r
l
(19)

a lower value of was suggested by Robertson as = 0.003 for column designs.
This approach was suggested in British code. is the slenderness ratio. The total
effect of the imperfections (initial curvature, end eccentricity and residual stresses
on strength). They are combined in to the Perry constant and is modified as

( )
0
001 . 0 = a (20)

and
|
|
\
|
=
y
f
E
2
0
02 . 0

(21)

the value of
0
gives the limit to the plateau over which the design strength p
y

controls the strut load. The Robertsons constant a is assigned different values
to give the different design curves.

As per IS 800-2007;

mo
y
mo
y
cd
f f
f

= (22)

And = stress reduction factor for different buckling class, slenderness ratio and
yield stress.

( ) [ ]
5 . 0
2 2
1

+
= (23)

and ( ) [ ]
2
2 . 0 1 5 . 0 + + = (24)

= imperfection factor given in Table 7, in P35, IS800:207.

=non dimensional effective slenderness ratio.

cc
y
f
f
= (25)

and
cc
f Eulers buckling stress =
( )
2
2
/ r KL
E
(26)

and
|
\
|
r
KL
effective slenderness ratio (or) the effective length KL to appropriate
radius of gyration, r,
mo
= partial safety factor for material strength. It is noted
that the stress reduction factor depends on buckling class, slenderness ratio and
yield stress (Table 8, P36- 39, IS800-2007).

Ex.1 A single angle discontinuous member ISA 130x130x10mm with single
bolted connection is 2.5m long. Calculate the safe load carrying capacity of
the section. If it is connected by one bolt at each end.
y
f =250Mpa. Class 7, 5.1.2, P48, IS800:2007.

2
3
2
2 1
k k k
vv e
+ + =

60 . 0 , 5 . 0 , 25 . 1
3 2 1
= = = k k k

107 . 1
250
10 2
1
4 . 25 / 2500
250
/
5 2 2
= = =
x x E
r l
vv
vv

( ) ( )
146 . 0
250
10 2
1
) 10 ( 2 / 130 130
250
2 /
5 2 2
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
x x E
t b b

772 . 1 146 . 0 60 107 . 1 5 . 0 25 . 1
2 2
= + + = x x
e

( ) [ ]
2
2 . 0 1 5 . 0 + + =

= ( ) [ ] 455 . 2 772 . 1 2 . 0 772 . 1 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + +

[ ] [ ]
5 . 0
2 2
5 . 0
2 2
772 . 1 455 . 2 455 . 2
1 . 1 250
+
=
+
=

mo y
cd
f
f

( )
2
/ 71 . 54
154 . 4
1 . 1 250
mm N f
cd
= =

kN
x
P
d
137
1000
2506 7 . 54
= =

Ex.2 In the above problem, if the single angle discontinuous strut is connected
with 2 bolts at each end connection, determine the safe load carrying capacity
of the section.

Fixed condition, Cl 7.5.1.2, P48, IS800:2007

20 , 35 . 0 , 20 . 0
3 2 1
= = = k k k

107 . 1
250
/
2
= =
E
r l
vv
vv

( )
146 . 0
250
2 /
2
2 1
=
+
=
E
t b b

102 . 1 1406 . 0 20 107 . 1 35 . 0 20 . 0
2 2 2
3
2
2 1
= + + = + + = x x k k k
vv e

[ ] [ ]
5 . 0
2 2
5 . 0
2 2
012 . 1 211 . 1 211 . 1
1 . 1 250
+
=
+
=

mo y
cd
f
f

( ) [ ]
2
2 . 0 1 5 . 0 + + =

( ) [ ] 211 . 1 012 . 1 2 . 0 012 . 0 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + +

[ ]
2
5 . 0
2 2
/ 45 . 137
683 . 0 211 . 1
27 . 227
mm N
f
f
mo y
cd
=
+
=
+
=

kN x P
d
4 . 344
1000
2506
45 . 137 = =

Ex.3 A double angle discontinuous strut ISA 150x75x10mm long leg back to
back is connected to either side by gusset plate of 10mm thick with 2 bolts.
The length of the strut between the intersection is 3.5m. Determine the safe
load carrying capacity of the section.

Ref. CL 7.5.2.1, P48, IS800:2007

Effective length factor is between 0.7 and 0.85 Assume k=0.85

Effective length of the member = 0.85x3500=2975mm

2
/ 8 . 103 4 . 12
10
6 . 2
107 mm N x f
cd
= =

Strength of the member = kN
x
6 . 447
1000
4312 8 . 103
=

Ex.4 In the above problem if double angles discontinuous strut is connected
to one side of the gusset plate determine the safe load.

Effective length mm x l
e
2975 3500 85 . 0 = =

r
min
= 2.56cm P105

2 . 116
6 . 25
2975
min
= =
r
l
e

Table 9c; P42; IS800

2 4
/ 87 . 87 9 . 10
10
2 . 6
6 . 94 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = kN
x
8 . 378
1000
4312 84 . 87
=

Ex.5 A rolled steel beam ISHB 300 @ 58.8 kg/m is used as a column. The
column is fixed in position but not in direction at both ends. Determine the
safe load carrying capacity in the section if the length of the column is 4.5m

mm t
f
6 . 10 = Table 10, P44, IS800:2007.

Buckling class of cross section

2 . 1
250
300
= =
b
h


mm t
f
40

Buckling about zz axis

Buckling class a Table 7, P35, IS800:2007.

About zz axis, 21 . 0 =

mm
Z
5 . 129 =

mm
y
1 . 54 =

( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( )
( )
2
5 . 0
2 2
5 . 0
2 2
2
5 2
2
/ 9 . 237
391 . 0 5965 . 0 5965 . 0
10 . 1
250
5965 . 0 3912 . 0 2 . 0 391 . 0 21 . 0 1 5 . 0
2 . 0 1 5 . 0
391 . 0 10 2
5 . 129
4500
250
mm N f
f f
x x
cd
mo y cd
=
+ |
\
|
=
+ =
= + + =
+ + =
= |
\
|
=

About y-y axis buckling class (b) 34 . 0 =

( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
2
5 . 0
2 2
2
2
5 2
2
2 2
/ 42 . 356
9366 . 0 0638 . 1 0638 . 1
10 . 1
250
0638 . 1 9366 . 0 2 . 0 9366 . 0 34 . 0 1 5 . 0
2 . 0 1 5 . 0
9366 . 0 10 2
1 . 54
4500
250
/ /
mm N f
f
x x
r kL f
cd
cd
y y
=
+ =
= + + =
+ + =
=
|
\
|
=
=

Table 9(a) P40, IS800:2007.

2 . 83
1 . 54
4500
/ 7 . 216 7
10
75 . 4
220
75 . 34
5 . 129
4500
2
= =
= =
= =
r
kL
mm N x f
r
kL
cd

Table 9(b), P41, IS 800:2007.

kN x Strength
x f
cd
4 . 1084 7485 88 . 144
48 . 144 16
10
2 . 3
150
= =
= =

Ex.6 A built up column consists of two ISMC 400 @ 49kg/m and two plates of
500mmx10mm. The clear distance between back to back of channel is
200mm. One plate is connected to each flange. Determine the safe load
carrying capacity of the built u column if the effective length of column is 5m.

( ) ( )
[ ] ( )
4
2
3
2
9 . 72198
5 . 0 20 1 50
12
1 50
2 8 . 15082 2
86 . 225 1 50 2 93 . 62 2
cm
x
x
I
cm x Area
zz
=
(
+ + + =
= + =

( ) [ ]
4
2
6 . 41257
12
50 1
2 42 . 2 10 93 . 62 8 . 504 2
cm
x
I
yy
=
(
+ + + =

4
min
6 . 41257 cm I =

cm r 5 . 13
86 . 225
6 . 41257
min
= =

37
135
5000
= =
r
kL

2
/ 9 . 201 13
10
7
211 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = kN
x
4560
1000
22586 9 . 201
=

Ex.7 Calculate the safe load of a bridge compression member of two channels
ISMC 350 @ 421.1 kg/m placed toe to toe. The effective length of member is
7m. The widths over the back of the channel is 350mm and the section is
properly connected by lacings.

( )
( )
( ) [ ]
4
2
4
2
7 . 25201
44 . 2 5 . 17 66 . 53 6 . 430 2
20016 10008 2
32 . 107 66 . 53 2
cm
I
cm I
cm A
yy
zz
=
+ =
= =
= =

2 . 51
6 . 13
700
6 . 13
min
min
= =
= =
r
kL
cm
A
I
r

Table 9c

2
/ 2 . 181 15
10
2 . 1
183 mm N x f
cd
= =

Strength of the member = kN
x
6 . 1944
1000
10732 2 . 181
=

Ex.8 A column 6m high has its ends firmly built in. The column is built up
with two channels. ISMC 300 placed back to back with 180mm gap between
them. The channels are effectively laced together. Using IS800, determine the
safe load carrying capacity of the column.

Area = 9128mm
2

From SP (6)

4 . 33
66 . 11
390
390 9 . 3 ) 6 ( 65 . 0
66 . 11
min
= =
= = =
=
r
kL
cm m l
cm
e

Table 9c class c

2
/ 6 . 206 13
10
4 . 3
211 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load carrying capacity = kN
x
8 . 1885
1000
9128 6 . 206
=

Ex.9 A column height 5m is hinged at the ends. It is square in cross section
(plan) of side 360mm and consists of 4 angles of ISA 80x80x10mm at each
corner suitably laced. Find the minimum load on the column.

A = 4(15.05) = 60.2cm
2

( ) [ ]
kN
x
load Safe
mm N x f
c class Buckling
r
kL
cm
A
I
cm
I
cd
x
5 . 1258
1000
6020 05 . 209
/ 05 . 209 13
10
5 . 1
211
' ' 5 . 31
5 . 158
5000
85 . 15
98 . 15113
34 . 2 18 05 . 15 7 . 87 4
2
min
min
4
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
+ =

Ex.10 Determine the design strength of the column section ISHB 300 @ 58.8
kg/m. The effective length of the column is 3m.

2
/ 250 mm N f
y
=

' '
40 6 . 10
2 . 1
250
300
c class Buckling axis z z
mm t
b
h
f
f
=
= =

kN
x
Strength Design
mm N x f
r
kL
b class Buckling axis y y
mm N x f
r
kL
r
l
r
kL
cd
cd
zz
e
9 . 1398
1000
7485 9 . 186
/ 9 . 186 13
10
45 . 5
194
45 . 55
1 . 54
3000
' '
/ 9 . 219 13
10
17 . 3
224
17 . 23
17 . 23
5 . 129
3000
2
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
= = =

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

Ex.11 Design a single angle section discontinuous strut to carry a load of
80kN. The length of the member between c/c intersection is 2.75m

Axial load = 80kN

Permissible stress = 0.4
2
/ 100 mm N f
y
=

Area required = 800mm
2

Gross area = 800x1.25= 1000mm
2
= 10cm
2

Try ISA 90x90x8mm A = 13.79cm
2
, cm r
vv
95 . 1 =

( ) ( )
1986 . 0
87 . 119
250
10 2
1
95 . 1 / 275 85 . 0
250 /
5 2
2
3
2
2 1
= = =
+ + =
x x
x
E
r l
k k k
vv
vv
vv e

( ) ( )
250
10 2
1
8 2 / 90 90
250
2 /
5 2 2
2 1
x x
x
E
t b b

+
=
+
=

[ ] 25 . 2 768 . 1 2 . 0 768 . 1 ( 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
768 . 1
) 1267 . 0 ( 60 35 . 1 ( 5 . 0 25 . 1
2
2 2
3
2
2 1
= + + =
=
+ + = + + =

e
vv e
k k k

[ ] [ ]
kN kN
x
P
mm N
f
f
d
mo y
cd
80 18 . 53
1000
1379 57 . 38
/ 57 . 38
768 . 1 25 . 2 25 . 2
1 . 1 / 250
/
2
5 . 0
2 2
5 . 0
2 2
< = =
=
+
=
+
=

Revise the section

Try ISA 100X100X10 Area = 1903mm
2

( )
( ) ( )
[ ] 338 . 2 713 . 1 2 . 0 713 . 1 ( 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
713 . 1 1126 . 0 60 ) 36 . 1 ( 5 . 0 25 . 1
1126 . 0
81 . 88
100
250
10 2
1
10 2 / 100 100
36 . 1
81 . 88
49 . 120
250
10 2
1
94 . 1 / 275 85 . 0
250
/
60 , 5 . 0 ; 25 . 1
2
2 2
5 2
5 2 2
3 2 1
2
3
2
2 1
= + + =
= + + =
= =
+
=
=
= = =
= = =
+ + =
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
E
rvv l
k k k
k k k
e
vv
vv
vv e

( ) [ ]
( )
[ ]
2
2
5 . 0
2 2
2
06 . 25 10 130 130
80 61
1000
1903 32
/ 32
713 . 1 756 . 3 756 . 3
1 . 1 / 250
756 . 3
338 . 2 2 . 0 338 . 2 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
cm Area x x ISA Try
kN kN
x
P
mm N f
d
cd
=
< = =
=
+ +
=
=
+ + =

2
3
2
2 1
k k k
vv e
+ + =

60 , 5 . 0 ; 25 . 1
3 2 1
= = = k k k

( )
63 . 2
250
10 2
1
94 . 1 / 275 85 . 0
250
/
5 2 2
= = =
x x
x
x
E
rvv l
vv

( ) ( )
1463 . 0
81 . 88
13
250
10 2
1
10 2 / 130 130
5 2
= =
+
=
x x
x
x

[ ] 047 . 4 448 . 2 2 . 0 448 . 2 ( 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
448 . 2 1463 . 0 60 ) 36 . 2 ( 5 . 0 25 . 1
2
2 2
= + + =
= + + =
x
e

( )
[ ]
kN kN
x
P
mm N f
d
cd
80 33 . 78
1000
2506 3126
/ 26 . 31
448 . 2 047 . 4 047 . 4
1 . 1 / 250
2
5 . 0
2 2
< = =
=
+ +
=

Try ISA 150X150X10

A=29.03cm
2

r
vv
= 2.93cm

2
3
2
2 1
k k k
vv e
+ + =

60 , 5 . 0 ; 25 . 1
3 2 1
= = = k k k

( )
898 . 0
250
10 2
1
93 . 2 / 275 85 . 0
250
/
5 2 2
= = =
x x
x
x
E
rvv l
vv

( ) ( )
168 . 0
81 . 88
15
250
10 2
1
10 2 / 150 150
5 2
= =
+
=
x x
x
x

[ ] 574 . 2 83 . 1 2 . 0 83 . 1 ( 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
83 . 1 1463 . 0 60 ) 898 . 0 ( 5 . 0 25 . 1
2
2 2
= + + =
= + + =
x
e

( )
[ ]
2
5 . 0
2 2
/ 84 . 51
83 . 1 574 . 2 574 . 2
1 . 1 / 250
mm N f
cd
=
+
=

Strength = 150.5kN>80

Try ISA 130x130x10 A+25.06cm, r
vv
=2.54cm

( )
036 . 1
81 . 88
03 . 92
250
10 2
1
54 . 2 / 275 85 . 0
250
/
5 2 2
= = = =
x x
x
x
E
rvv l
vv

( ) ( )
1463 . 0
81 . 88
13
250
10 2
1
10 2 / 130 130
5 2
= =
+
=
x x
x
x

[ ] 415 . 2 752 . 1 2 . 0 752 . 1 ( 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
752 . 1 1463 . 0 60 ) 036 . 1 ( 5 . 0 25 . 1
2
2 2
= + + =
= + + =
x
e

( )
[ ]
2
5 . 0
2 2
/ 89 . 43
752 . 1 415 . 2 415 . 2
1 . 1 / 250
mm N f
cd
=
+ +
=
Safe strength = 43.89x2506/1000=110kN>80kN

Ex.12 Design a double angle discontinuous strut to carry a load of 125kN, the
length between the intersection is 3.8m

Axial load = 125kN

Permissible stress 0.4
y
f =100Nmm
2

Area Required = 125000/100=1250mm
2

Gross area required = 1250x1.25=1562.5mm
2
= 15.63mm
2

Try two ISA 75x75x6 area = 17.32cm
2

cm 3 . 2
min
=

Effective length cm x kL 323 380 85 . 0 = =

4 . 140
min
=
r
kL

Table 9(c)
2
/ 2 . 66 mm N f
cd
=

Safe strength = kN kN
x
125 7 . 114
1000
1732 2 . 66
< =

Hence revise the section, Try two angle of ISA 80x80x8

Area = 24.42cm
2

cm 44 . 2
min
=

4 . 132
44 . 2
323
min
= =
r
kL

Table 9(c)
2
/ 4 . 72 1 . 8
10
4 . 2
3 . 74 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe strength = kN kN x 125 3 . 162 1000 / 2242 4 . 72 > =

Ex.13 A column connects four equal angles arranged in the form of a square
section of side 400mm. Design the section if the column is to carry an axial
load of 800kN. The length of the column is 5m. Both the ends of the column
are restrained in position but not in direction.

Axial load = 800kN

Allowable compressive stress = 0.4x250=100N/mm
2

Area of 4 angles = 800x10
3
/100=800mm
2

Area of 1 angle = 2000mm
2
= 20cm
2

Increase this area by 25%, Gross area of l angle = 20x1.25=25cm
2

Try 4 angle of ISA 130x130x12mm A = 29.82cm
2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
33742 66 . 3 20 82 . 29 8 . 473 4 cm I I I
y x
= + = = =

cm
x
82 . 16
82 . 29 4
33742
min
= =

7 . 29
82 . 16
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 39 . 211 mm N f
cd
=

Strength of the member = 211.39x4x2982/1000=2521>800kN
Hence revise the section

Try 4 angles of ISA 100x100x12 A = 22.59cm
2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
4 . 27188 92 . 2 20 59 . 22 207 4 cm I = + =

cm
x
r 35 . 17
59 . 22 4
4 . 27188
min
= =

8 . 28
35 . 17
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 56 . 212 mm N f
cd
=

Safe load = 212.56x4x2259/1000=212.6>80kN

2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
5 . 21154 59 . 2 20 03 . 17 7 . 126 4 cm I = + =

cm
x
r 62 . 17
03 . 17 4
35 . 21154
min
= =

4 . 28
62 . 17
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 08 . 213 13
10
4 . 8
224 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 213x4x1703/1000=1450>800kN

2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
7 . 19125 34 . 2 20 05 . 15 7 . 87 4 cm I = + =

cm r 82 . 17
min
=

28
82 . 17
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 6 . 213 13
10
8
224 mm N x f
cd
= =
Safe load = 213.6x4x1505/1000=1285.2>800kN
2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
99 . 15642 27 . 2 20 21 . 12 5 . 72 4 cm I = + =

cm r 89 . 17
min
=

95 . 27
89 . 17
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 67 . 213 13
10
95 . 7
224 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 213.67x4x1221/1000=1043.6kN>800kN

Try 4 angles of ISA 60x60x10 Area = 11cm
2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
79 . 14633 85 . 1 20 11 8 . 34 4 cm I = + =

cm r 24 . 18
min
=

41 . 27
24 . 18
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 38 . 214 13
10
41 . 7
224 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 214.38x4x1100/1000=943.2kN>800kN

Try 4 angles of ISA 60x60x8mm A = 8.18cm
2

( ) [ ]
4 2
min
8 . 12026 77 . 1 20 96 . 8 29 4 cm I = + =

cm r 17 . 19
min
=

26
17 . 19
500
min
= =
r
kL

2
/ 2 . 216 13
10
6
224 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 216.2x4x818/1000=707kN<800kN

Hence revise the section.
Adopt 4 angles of ISA 60x60x8mm

Ex.14 A rolled steel beam ISHB 300@ 58.8kg/m is used as a column. The
column is fixed in position but not in direction at both ends. Determine the
safe load carrying capacity of the section if the length of column is 4.5m

4
2 . 12545 cm I
zz
=

4
6 . 2193 cm I
yy
=

A = 74.85cm
2

mm mm t
b
h
f
f
100 6 . 10 , 2 . 1
250
300
< = = =

For the buckling about zz axis b

cm r
zz
95 . 12
85 . 74
2 . 12545
= =

75 . 34
95 . 12
450
= =
zz
e
r
l

2
/ 25 . 211 10
10
75 . 4
216 mm N x f
cd
= =

For the buckling about yy axis class c

cm r
yy
41 . 5
85 . 74
6 . 2193
= =

18 . 83
41 . 5
450
= =
yy
e
r
l

2
/ 2 . 131 10
10
2 . 3
136 mm N x f
cd
= =

Strength of the member = 131.2x7485/1000=982kN

Ex.15 Design a built up column consisting of two channel sections placed
back to back with a clear spacing of 250mm between them. The column
carries an axial load of 1000kN and is having an effective height of 6m.
Design the lacing for the column.

Axial load = 1000kN

Assume the permissible compressive stress = 0.5
y
f =125N/mm
2

Area required = 1000x10
3
/125=8000mm
2
= 80cm
2

Area of one channel = 45cm
2


Try 2 channels of ISMC 350; area = 2x53.65=107.3cm
2

cm r
zz
66 . 13 = cm r
yy
21 . 15 =

About zz axis

92 . 43
66 . 13
600
= =
zz
e
r
l

2
/ 15 . 192 15
10
9 . 3
198 mm N x f
cd
= =

About yy axis

34 . 39
21 . 15
600
= =
yy
e
r
l

2
/ 18 . 208 3
10
4 . 9
211 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 192.15x10730/1000-2061.76>1000kN hence OK

Try ISLC 300 A = 84.22cm
2

cm r
zz
98 . 11 = cm r
yy
32 . 15 =

50
98 . 11
600
= =
zz
e
r
l

2
/ 78 . 210 13
10
17 . 0
211 mm N x f
cd
= =

17 . 39
32 . 15
600
= =
yy
e
r
l

Safe load = 183x8422/1000=1541kN>1000kN

Hence adopt the section.

Design of lacing

Cl 7.6.2 Minimum width of lacing bar = 3x16 (dia of bolt) = 48 say 50mm

Cl 7.6.4 Angle of inclination =
0 0 0
45 70 40 = =

Cl 7.6.3 Thickness of lacing bar =
[ ] [ ] 10mm say mm g g spacing 17 . 6 60 60 250
60
1
60
1
= + + = + +

Cl 7.6.5.1

whole
e
r
l
member of component one of r
lacing of Spacing
|
|
\
|
min
min
7 . 0
50

( )
( ) 42 . 27 17 . 39 7 . 0 50 89 . 12
7 . 28
60 60 250
= =
+ +

Cl 7.6.6.3

145
|
\
|
flat
r
kL

of the lacing bar = 145 86 . 126
12 1
2 37 7 . 0
120
7 . 0
= =
x
t
l

Check the bars for lacing in compression

Shear force kN x 25 1000
100
5 . 2
= =

Force on the lacing bar = kN ec
x
ec
n
S
84 . 8 45 cos
2 2
25
cos
2
= =

For the flat angle, for 127 =

2
/ 15 . 77 4 . 9
10
7
7 . 83 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = 77.12x50x10/1000=38.6kN>8.84kN

Check for the flat in Tension

( )
( ) ( )
kN tf d b
m y
105
25 . 1
410 10 18 50
/ =
= =

Or > = = kN x x A f
mo g y
4 . 113 1 . 1 / 10 50 250 / for in the lacing bar

Ex.16 Design a battened column for the column shown in figure. Assume that
the channels are kept back to back.
The effective slenderness ratio
|
\
|
r
kL
of battened columns shall be 1.1 times the
maximum actual slenderness ratio of the column.

|
\
|
r
kL
= 1.1x39.17=43
2
/ 5 . 193 15
10
3
198 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe load = kN kN x 1000 7 . 1629
1000
8422
5 . 193 > =

whole
e
r
l
member of component one of r
batten the of spacing Maximum
|
|
\
|
min min
7 . 0

Maximum spacing of batten = 143.5cm = 0.7(2.87)43= 86.4cm

Provide the battens at a spacing of 850mm

Provide 20mm bolts. For rolled, machine flameout, P74, Cl 10.2.4.2 1.5xhole
diameter = 1.5x20=33mm

Effective depth of batten

= 250+2(23.5)=297mm>2(100)=200mm

Overall depth of batten = 297+2(33)=363mm=370mm

Required thickness of batten = 1/50 (distance between inner most bolts.)

1/50(250+2x60)=7.4 say 8mm

Length of the batten = 250+2(100) =450mm
Provide 450x370x8mm
Size of intermediate batten

Effective depth = 3/4x297=222.75mm>2x100=200mm

Hence an effective depth of 225mm

Overall depth = 225+2x33=291say 300mm

Provide 450x300x8mm intermediate battens

Design forces

Transverse shear = V = 2.5/100x1000=25kN=25000N

Longitudinal shear kN
x
x
NS
C V
V
t
b
72 . 28
370 2
85 25000
= = =

t
V = transverse shear = 25000N

C = c/c of battens, longitudinally = 850mm

N = number of parallel planes = 2

S = minimum distance between the centroid of the bolt = 370mm

Moment Nmm
x
x
N
c V
M
t
5312500
2 2
850 25000
2
= = =

For end batten

Shear Stress = 28720/370x8=9.7N/mm
2
<
2
/ 2 . 131
1 . 1 3
250
mm N
x
=

Bending stress =
2 2
2 2
/ 227
1 . 1
250
/ 10 . 29
370 8
5312500 6 6
mm N mm N
x
x
td
M
= < = = |
\
|

Hence safe

For Intermediate battens

Shear stress = 28720/300x8=11.97N/mm
2
< 131.2N/mm
2

Bending stress = 6x53/2500/8x300
2
=44.27N/mm
2
< 250/1.1=227N/mm
2

Connections

Strength of the bolt = 45.3kN

Required number of bolts = 28.72/45.3 < 1.0

As the bending moment is also present, provide 3 bolts

Check
Force in each bolt due to shear = 28.72/3=9.57kN

Adopt a pitch of 100mm

Force due to moment =
2
r
r M

= kN
x
x
56 . 26
100 100
100 5312500
2 2
=

Resultant force = kN kN 3 . 45 23 . 28 56 . 26 57 . 9
2 2
< = +

Hence safe.
CASED COLUMNS

Encased I sections or filled hollow sections carries more load. In cased columns,
the advantages derived from the properties of concrete and steel are used. The
concrete is strong in stronger in compression and it provides greater rigidity. The
solid concrete casing assists in carrying the load and the entire load is resisted by
concrete and steel. The design of the above columns is currently based on IS
11384-1985. As the above code is on working stress method the guide lines given
in BS5950, Part I is presented here. The role of concrete is that it acts as a fire
protection for the encased steel columns and also prevents the column from
buckling about the weak axis. As per the BS5950, Part I the column must satisfy
the following specifications.

(i) The steel section is either a single rolled or fabricated I or H section
with equal flanges, channels and compound sections can also be used.
(ii) The steel section should not exceed 1000mmx500mm. The dimension
100mm is in the direction of web.
(iii) Primary structural connections should be made in the steel section.
(iv) The steel section is unpainted and free from dirt, grease, rust, scale etc.
(v) The steel section is encased in concrete of at least Grade 20, to BS
8110.
(vi) The cover on the steel is to be not less than 50mm. The corners may be
chamfered.
(vii) The concrete extends the full length of the member and is thoroughly
compacted.
(viii) The casing is reinforced with bars not less than 5mm diameter at a
maximum spacing of 200mm to form a cage of closed links and
longitudinal bars. The reinforcement is to pass through the centre of
the cover.
(ix) The effective length is not to exceed 40b
c
, 100b
2
c
/ d
c
or 250 r
whichever is the least, where
b
c
= minimum width of solid casing.
d
c
= minimum depth of solid casing.
r = minimum radius of gyration of steel section.
BS5950, Part I guidelines for estimating the compressive strength of column.

a) The radius of gyration about yy axis is shown in figure, r
y
should be taken
as 0.2b
c
but not more than 0.2 (B+150) where B = overall width of flange.
The radius of gyration for the zz axis should be taken as that of the steel
section.
b) The compression resistance
c
P is

cs c
y
cu
g c
P p
p
A f
A P
|
|
\
|
+ = 45 . 0

y c
y
cu
g cs
p A
p
f
A P
|
|
\
|
+ = 25 . 0

Where
c
A = gross sectional area of concrete. Casing in excess of 75mm from the
steel section is neglected. Finish is neglected.

g
A =gross area of the steel section

cu
f =characteristic strength of the concrete at 28 days. This should not exceed
40N/mm
2
.

c
p =compressive strength of steel section determined using
x
r and
z
r in the
determination of which
2
/ 335 mm N p
y

y
p = design strength of steel

Cased Column

CASED COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOAD

Ex.17 An internal column in a building has an actual length of 4.5m centre to
centre of floor beams. The steel section is ISHB250 @ 51kg/m. Calculate the
compression resistance of the column if it is cased in accordance with the
codal provision. M25 concrete grade has been use. The casing has been made
325mm square.

Properties of ISHB 250

A=6496mm
2

zz
r =10.91cm

yy
r =5.49cm

For the above cased column;

( )
( ) mm
mm r
y
80 150 250 2 . 0
65 325 2 . 0
= +
= =

i) effective length = 0.7 (4500) = 3150mm of cased column

ii) 40
c
b =40(325) = 13000mm

iii) 100
c
c
d
b
2
=100x325=32500mm

iv) 250 r =250x54.9=13725mm

slenderness ratio = 46 . 48
65
3150
= =
r
kL

refer Table 9(c) in P42, IS800:2007.
2
/ 3 . 185 15
10
46 . 8
198 mm N x f
cd
= =

The gross sectional area of concrete

2
105625 325 325 mm x A
c
= =

Compressive strength of concrete

kN x x P
c
5 . 2084
1000
3 . 185
105625
250
25
45 . 0 6496 = |
\
|
+ =

Short column strength

kN
x
x P
cs
2284
1000
250
250
105625 25
25 . 0 6496 = |
\
|
+ =

Compressive strength of column = 2084.5kN

Column with axial load and moment

Ex.18 A stanchion carries an factorial axial load 500kN and a factored
bending moment of 250kNm. Design the section if the length is 6m and one
end of the column is restrained in position and direction whereas, other end is
restrained only in position but not in direction.

Try section ISWB 600@ 133.7kg/m

43 . 91
5 . 52
6000 8 . 0
= =
x
r
kL

Yura suggested

b
M
d
M
P p
y
z
eff
5 . 7 2 + + = for initializing the size of the column. If the BM is
predominant then the equivalent BM can be found out from

2
d
P M M
u z eq
+ =

In this case;

kN x
d
M
P P
z
eff
33 . 1333
6 . 0
250
2 500 2 = + = + =
Check the above section

2 . 1 4 . 2
250
600
> = =
b
h

40 3 . 21 < = mm t
c

Buckling about yy axis, buckling class b

2
/ 7 . 131 16
10
43 . 1
134 mm N x f
cd
= =

Compressive strength of the trial section=131.7x17038/1000=2244kN>1333.33kN

Section properties

A = 177.38cm
2

( )
4 5
10 06 . 1 cm I
zz
=

( )
4 3
10 7 . 47 cm I
yy
=

( ) ( ) 4 / 2 2 / 2
f w t f t pz
t H t t H t b Z + =

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
66 . 3986 4 / 3 . 21 2 600 2 . 11 2 / 3 . 21 600 3 . 21 250 2 cm x Z
pz
= + =

(P138, IS800:2007)

( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3
3 2
1 . 683
4
2 . 11
3 . 21 2 600
4
250
3 . 21 2 4 2 4 / 2 cm x t t H b t Z
w f f f py
= + = + =

Cross section classification

0 . 1
250
250 50 . 2
= = =
y
f

Outstanding flanges

4 . 9 87 . 5
3 . 21
2 / 250
< = =
f
t
b
(Table 2, P18)

Hence the flange is plastic

Web

( ) mm r t H d
f
4 . 521 ) 18 ( 2 3 . 21 2 600 2 2
1
= = =

84 6 . 46
2 . 11
4 . 521
< = =
w
t
d

Hence the cross section is plastic

Refer d 9.3.1.1 for plastic and compact sections

0 . 1 + +
dz
z
dy
y
d
M
M
M
M
N
N

N = factored applied axial force = 500kN

d
N = design strength in compression =
mx
y g
f A

= kN
x
x x
3 . 3872
1000 1 . 1
250 10 38 . 170
2
=

kNm
x
x x x
M
dz
05 . 906
10 1 . 1
250 10 66 . 3986 1
6
3
= =

0 . 1 4 . 0
05 . 906
250
3 . 3872
500
< = +

Member buckling resistance in compression

Effective length of member = 0.8x6000=4800mm

22 . 19
7 . 249
4800
= =
z
z
r
kL

mm t
b
h
r
kL
f
y
y
40 3 . 21 ; 4 . 2
250
600
43 . 91
5 . 52
4800
< = = =
= =

Buckling about zz axis (Buckling class a)

2
/ 226 1
10
22 . 9
227 mm N x f
cd
= =
Buckling about minor axis (Buckling class b)

2
/ 7 . 131 16
10
43 . 1
134 mm N x f
cd
= =

Safe compressive strength = kN kN
x
500 2336
1000
17738 7 . 131
> =

Hence the section is conservative.

Member buckling resistance in bending

tion plastic for
f Z M
b
bd p b d
sec 0 . 1 =
=

=
LT
Imperfection parameter = 0.21 for rolled steel section P54, cl 8.2.2

b cr
f
,
= extreme fibre bending compressive stress

( )
5 . 0
2
2
2
,
/
/
20
1
1
1 . 1
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ =
f f
y LT
y LT
b cr
t h
r L
r L
E
f

43 . 91 =
y
LT
r
L

5 . 0
2
2
5 2
,
3 . 21 / 600
43 . 91
20
1
1
43 . 91
10 2 1 . 1
(
(
\
|
+ =
x x
f
b cr

[ ]
2 5 . 0
/ 64 . 320 527 . 0 1 48 . 259 mm N = + =

T L,
= Non dimensionless slenderness ratio

883 . 0
64 . 320
250
,
= =
b cr
y
f
f

( ) [ ]
2
2 . 0 1 5 . 0
LT LT LT LT
+ + =

Strength reduction factor = ( ) [ ]
2
863 . 0 2 . 0 883 . 0 21 . 0 1 5 . 0 + +

96 . 0 =
LT

=
LT
bending stress reduction factor to account for lateral Torsional buckling

2 2
1
XL LT LT
+
=

748 . 0
853 . 0 96 . 0 96 . 0
1
2 2
=
+
=
LT

2
/ 170
1 . 1
250
748 . 0 mm N x
f
f
mo
y
LT bd
= = =

Elastic lateral buckling moment

b cr p b cr
f Z M
,
=

=
cr
M Elastic lateral buckling moment

kNm kNm
x x
M
cr
250 3 . 1278
10
64 . 320 10 66 . 3986
6
3
> = =

Hence it is safe

Moment amplification factors

( )
dz
Z
P
P
k 2 . 0 1
1
+ =

146 . 1
2336
500
2 . 0 883 . 0 1 = |
\
|
+ =
171 . 1
2336
500
8 . 0 1 8 . 0 1 = + = + = X
P
P
k
dz
ZZ

0
1
2
= =
M
M
z

( ) [ ] 4 . 0 , 4 . 0 6 . 0 max + =
mz
C

6 . 0 =
mz
C

1 34 . 0
3 . 1278
250
6 . 0 146 . 1 21 . 0
1
< = + = + x x
M
M
C k
P
P
cr
mz z
dz

Hence the section is safe against bending moment and axial force.

Questions on Compression members, Column Splices, Slab &
Gusset Bases and Connections between beams & columns

1. Design a single angle discontinuous strut (equal & unequal angle) to carry a
compressive force of 500kN. The c/c distance between the joints is 3m.
Design also the connections using
a) M24 bolts of property class 5.6
b) M24 HSFG bolts of property class 10.9
c) Equivalent welded connections

2. Repeat the above problem using double angles (on same side & on either side
of gusset plate) for a force of 1000kN.

3. A discontinuous double angle strut is placed back to back on the same side of
the gusset plate 8mm thick. The angles are ISA 125x95x8 with c/c distance
between the joints =3m. Calculate the safe load when:
a) connected by one bolt at each end
b) connected by two or more bolts at each end
What will the % change of load if the above angles are placed on either side of
the gusset plate?

4. A single angle discontinuous strut ISA 130x130x12 is 3m between centre to
centre of intersections. Calculate the safe load when:
i) connected by one bolt at each end
ii) connected by two or more bolts at each end

5. A truss member has a length of 3.5m between the centre of joints. The force in
the member is 150kN compression due to DL & IL; 200kN due to DL & WL.
Design the member and the connection to a 10mm thick gusset plate. Adopt
single equal angle; single unequal angle; double equal angles & double
unequal angles.

6. Compute the strength of the column shown in figure

7. Design a builtup column to carry an axial load of 1400kN with the length of
column being 8m. The column is effectively held in position at both ends, but
not restrained against rotation at both ends. The C/S of the column is:

a) Two channels back to back (heel to heel)
b) Two channels toe to toe separated & unseparated
c) Two I- sections - ISHB & ISMB
d) I- section with cover plates
e) Four angles equal & unequal (arranged as square or rectangular
section)
In all the cases, design also the lacings and battens, if applicable. Also, check
other end conditions as specified in the code. (Connections can be bolted or
welded)

8. a) Design a builtup column carrying an axial load of 1300kN. The height of
column is 7m & is effectively held in position at both ends, but restrained
against rotation at one end only. Adopt two channels toe to toe with the
width over the back of the channels being 400mm. Also, design a suitable
lacing and battens. Connections can be bolted or welded.

b) Repeat the design in 7a) with two channels back to back with a clear
spacing of 300mm between them.

9. Design a suitable slab base and gusset base in problems (6) & (7) assuming
plain concrete pedestal of grade M15. Design the pedestal also. Adopt suitable
bolts. SBC of soil is 150kN/m
2
.

10. Design a column using an ISHB section with cover plates to carry a
compressive load of 3000kN. The effective length of the column is 6m. Also,
design a suitable gusset base & plain concrete pedestal of M15 grade. Adopt
suitable bolts. SBC of soil is 200kN/m
2

11. An upper storey column ISHB300 @ 58.8 kg/m carries a load of 1000kN & a
BM of 40kNm. It is spliced with a lower storey column ISHB400 @ 82.2
kg/m. Ends of the columns are machined. (Milled) Design a suitable splice.
Adopt suitable bolts or welds.

12. a) A column section ISHB400 @ 82.2 kg/m carries an axial load of 1200kN &
BM of 50kNm. Design a suitable column splice. Adopt bolts or welds of
suitable size.
b) Design a suitable splice for a 5m effective length ISHB450 @ 87.2 kg/m
column carrying an axial load of 1000kN & a BM of 50kNm. Assume the
surfaces to be unmilled. Adopt bolts or welds of suitable size.

13. An ISMB600 @ 122.6 kg/m transfer a reaction of 300kN framing into the
flange of a column ISHB400 @ 82.2kg/m. Design a suitable
a) Stiffened seated connection;
b) Unstiffened seated connection (simple seated)
c) Framed connection.
Adopt bolts or welds of suitable size.

14. Two secondary beams ISMB300 @ 58.8kg/m are directly welded on either
side of the web of the girder ISMB600 @ 122.6 kg/m. Each secondary beam
transfer an end reaction of 250kN. Design fillet field welded connection.

15. Repeat the above problem as a framed connection adopting bolts or welds of
suitable size.

16. A secondary beam ISMB400 @ 62.6 kg/m transmit an reaction of 300kN to a
main beam ISMB550 @ 86.9 Kg/m. Design a suitable framed connection
using bolts or welds of suitable size.

17. A stanchion factorial axial load of 750kN and factored Bending moment of
300 kNm. The effective length of the column is 5 m. Design the stanchion as
per IS 800:2007

18. A column of effective length 6.5m shown in fig is subjected to the design data
as follows.

Factored axial load at the top = 1250kN
Factored axial load at the bottom = 600kN
Moment about the major axis at the top = 100kNm
Moment about the major axis at the bottom = 55kNm
Check the adequacy of the section.

19. A column between the floor is provided with ISHB 300 @ 58.8kg/m.
Investigate its adequacy if the ultimate design loads and moments are as
follows
Axial compression = 2500kN
Ultimate Moments at Top
About Major axis = 350kNm
About Minor axis = 50kNm
Ultimate Moments at Bottom
About Major axis = 175kNm
About Minor axis = -75kNm
Effective length of the column = 6.0m

Dr. K.U. Muthu
Sri H. Narendra

Compression Members: Dr. K.U.Muthu

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Compression Members: Dr. K.U.Muthu

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Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT.

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