Lecture 29 Strut and tie modeling Strut-and-tie

Dr Fang WANG Senior Research Officer Main Roads, M i R d WA fang.wang@mainroads.wa.gov.au

Outline
Member capacities
Strut Tie Node

Example

Strut capacity against action force

Strut capacities - Cu=s0.9fcAc
s is strut efficiency factor = 1/(1+0.66(cot)2 with the limit of 0.3 s1.0 (considering the transverse tension fields crossing the strut) h ) smallest strut angle (with tie element) Capacity check c te o Capac ty c ec criterion cCuC* C C*strutforce Capacityreductionfactorc=0.6 (AS 3600) Ac is taken as the minimum cross-sectional area of the strut member

Steel tie
Yield strength capacity - Tu=fsyAst
Capacity check criterion sTuT* T*tieforce Capacityreductionfactors=0.8 (AS 3600) d f 8 6 ) As is cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement

Node stress
CCC, CCT, CTT, TTT

Node stress (contd)

Three principal stress Hydraulic or non-hydraulic: 3 non hydraulic: 0.9f cn0.9fcAc
Efficiency factor n =1.0 for CCC, 0.8 for CCT, 0.6 for CTT Capacityreductionfactorc=0.6 (AS 3600)

Example deep beams

Three types of model
Type I force directly from load point to support, no consideration of effect of vertical web reinforcement Type II shear transferred by major and minor struts, hanger reinforcement required Type III shear is carried to the support by a series of minor compression struts with hanger reinforcement to Type I a/z 1 Type II 1a/z 3 Type III a/z 3 a shear span z lever-arm

a z

Type I

Type II

Type III

 Example deep beams

 Example
Design of a deep transfer girder
Design the 11 meter spa , 3.66 meters deep and es g e e e span, ees a d 600 mm thick cantilevered transfer girder.

Loading
1) Strength limit state
P*=8000 kN w*=100 kN/m (including self-weight)

2) Serviceability limit state

P=5000 kN w=62.5 kN/m (including self-weight)

Materials
1) fc=50 Mpa 2) fsy=500 MPa

Example
Strut-and tie model is selected as a type II model based on the a/z=1.13
w* is replaced by equivalent nodal loads. q Node N is separated into two components, N1 and N2, to better accommodate the forces from the heavily loaded inclined i li d struts into the wall i h ll support.

Example
Analysis
For the left shear, with a/z= 1.13, the span is classified as Type II and the angle to the horizontal of the major compression strut angle is 41.5. p g The component of the point load at node B that is taken to the left side support is calculated by subtracting the load at node A (350 kN) from the support reaction (4720 k ) i ( kN) 8000 kN at node B: 4370 kN goes towards the left support reactionwith the pp balance (3630 kN carried to the right side support.

Example

Example
Analysis A l i
The selected design is threefold indeterminate, the redundancies can be removed and replaced with sets of d d i b d d l d ith t f forces chosen by the designer for a prescribed force distribution:
1) Replace the support at node H with the specified reaction force of 4720 kN upwards. 2) Remove member AI and replace it with a set of statically equivalent equal and opposite forces at nodes A and I of 766 kN.

 Example

Analysis 3) proportion the relative components of the load transferred from the 8000 kN point load to each of struts BJ and BK 3630 kN is transferred through the right shear span g g p towards the supports labeled N. (struts BJ and BK shall carry equal vertical components of this force, that is, a vertical component of 1815 kN each) The tie DJ is removed from the analytical model and replaced with a f l d i h force pair of 1815 k at nodes D and J. i f kN d d

Example
Left shear span To satisfy the web force of F*AI=776 kN, the area of steel should satisfy 1 Tu=Astfsy 2 T sTuT* s=0.8AS 3600 0.8AS AsF*AI/( sfsy)=776103/(0.8500) =1940 mm2 1940

 Example
Left shear span

 Example
Left shear span

 Example
Left shear span

 Example
Left shear span

 Example
Left shear span R i f Reinforcement ratio for the tie steel is: t ti f th ti t l i p=1940/(2000600)=0.00162 The dimension of 2.0 m is selected so that the maximum angle of the minor compression struts does not exceed 75.

 Example
Left shear span Th proportion of the vertical load carried directly The ti f th ti l l d i d di tl to the support from strut BH requires consideration of bursting forces The force carried by BH is: forces. 1 F*BH=3594/(sin41.5)=5424 kN for ultimate loads 2 FBHs=(5/8)F*BH=(5/8)5424=3390 kN for f service loads i l d

 Example
Left shear span Th strut width (dc) is calculated from equation 7.1, The t t idth i l l t df ti 7 1 7.2 and 7.3 where Ac=dct and the strut efficiency is s 0.54: s=0 54: 1 Cu=s 0.9 f c Ac 2
cCuC*

( ( )) 3 s=1/(1+0.66(cot )) within the limits 0.3s1.0

 Example

 Example
Left shear span F serviceability, with tan a=1/2, E ti 7.14 For i bilit ith t 1/2 Equation 7 14 gives a bursting force of: Tb=C tan a where C is the compression force in the strut and the deviation is taken as: ) y 1) tan a=1/2 for serviceability 2) tan a =1/5 for strength lb=33901/2=1695 kN 3390 / 695 N

 Example
Left shear span Li iti the maximum stress in the bursting steel Limiting th i t i th b ti t l to fs=200 Mpa for a moderate level of crack control, control the area of reinforcement crossing normal to the cracking plane is: As=1695103/200=8480 mm2

 Example
Left shear span F strength, with tan a=1/5, E ti 7.14 gives a For t th ith t 1/5 Equation 7 14 i bursting force of: T*b=54241/5=1085 kN and an area of steel of: AsT*b/( sfsy)=1085103/(0.8500)=2710 mm2 and therefore, the b d h f h bursting forces at service loads i f i l d control the design.

 Example
Left shear span L tl the minimum bursting reinforcement is Lastly, th i i b ti i f ti calculated. At the point in the loading that the bursting crack forms, the force carried by the forms concrete and to be transferred to the bursting reinforcement is (Equation 7.16): ( q ) Tbcr=0.7 t lb f ct where t i the thickness of the strut and h is th thi k f th t t d f ct=0.36(f c)1/2 Tbcr=0.760040550.36501/210-3 =2710 mm2

 Example
Left shear span At the ultimate condition, with tan a=1/2, E ti th lti t diti ith t 1/2 Equation 7.14 gives a bursting force in strut BH: T*b=54241/2=2712 kN As T*b0 5Tb,cr, minimum web reinforcement is 0.5T required. The area is calculated as:

 Example
Left shear span C Comparing As and As,min, th minimum bursting i d the i i b ti reinforcement governs. The area of bursting reinforcement normal to strut GH is: Ast=10 840 mm2 The reinforcement ratio is: pw=As/lbt=10840/(4055600)=0.00445

 Example
Left shear span Th force across the bursting plane is maintained if The f th b ti l i i t i d orthogonal reinforcement is placed parallel and normal to the axis of the member such that 1) pwh=pw sin=0.00445sin41.5=0.00295 2) pwv=pw cos=0.00445cos41.5=0.00333 The vertical web reinforcement in the left shear span, considering bursting reinforcement and hanger reinforcement, is: pwv=0.00162+0.00333=0.00495

 Example
Left shear span Ad ti two layers (one layer at each face) of 20 Adopting t l ( l t hf ) f mm diameter bars, with a total bar area across the 600 mm thick section of 620 mm2, gives a bar spacing requirement of s620/(0.00495600)=209 s620/(0 00495600)=209 mm Use two layers N20 bars at 200 mm spacing for the vertical reinforcement in the left shear span. ti l i f t i th l ft h

 Example
Left shear span F th h i t l reinforcement, pwh=0.00295. For the horizontal i f t 0 00295 Using two layers of 16 mm diameter bars (As=400 mm2) gives a bar spacing requirement of s400/(0.00295600)=226 mm Use two layers N16 bars at 220 mm spacing for the vertical reinforcement in the left shear span.

 Example
Right shear span F Forces i th hanger members DJ, EK and FM are in the h b DJ d similar and it is decided to distribute the reinforcement for each over a length of two meters. meters For design, the maximum force F*FM=2015 kN is used giving a reinforcement area of: AsF*FM/( or: s620/(0.00420600)=246 mm fsy)=2015103/(0.8500) s =5040 mm2 5040

 Example
Right shear span T match the left shear span, it is decided to use To t h th l ft h i d id d t two layers of N20 bars at 200 mm centers. Although there is no horizontal steel required for equilibrium, a minimum of 0.2 per cent is adopted to ensure that the strut efficiencies are obtained, for obtained ductility and for shrinkage and temperature requirements. equ e e ts. Two N16 bars at 220 mm centers satisfy this requirement giving a horizontal reinforcement ratio of pwh=0.00303.

 Example
Compression members Th width of th compression struts is obtained by The idth f the i t t i bt i d b rearranging Equations 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 such that, The resulting minimum strut widths are g g given in the Tables for the stinger and web struts. W t t e st uts proportioned, t e ode s ev sed With the struts p opo t o ed, the model is revised slightly as sketched in the following Figure.

 Example

 Example
Bottom tensile reinforcement Th maximum force carried by the bottom steel is The i f i d b th b tt t li 5131 kN and occurs directly beneath the load column. column The area of horizontal bottom steel required is: AstF*IJ/(
3 s fsy)=513110 /(0.8500) =12 830 mm2

This can be supplied with 16N32 bars in four layers with four bars per layer.

 Example
Bottom tensile reinforcement A h As hanger reinforcement is progressively i f ti i l introduced into each of the left and right shear spans, spans the main bottom steel can be progressively reduced provided proper anchorage requirements are maintained.

 Example
Top tensile reinforcement At the right hand support the top horizontal steel th i ht h d t th t h i t l t l carries a force of 4992 kN requiring a steel area of: AstF*FG/( fsy)=4992103/(0.8500) s =12 480 mm2

This can be supplied with 16N32 bars placed in four layers with four bars per layer. As for the bottom steel, the negative moment reinforcement can be progressively reduced as the hanger steel is introduced. h li i d d

 Example