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ECDIS

Introduction
What is ECDIS
ECDIS = Electronic Chart Data Display Information System Requirements specified in SOLAS Electronic chart = map or geographically related information displayed on screen

Production of electronic charts

Two ways o Raster o Vector

Raster charts Electronic facsimile of existing paper chart Like a scan Electronic image = exactly same as paper chart Size of chart limited to size of screen Only small part of chart visible Zooming in => lines become small squares

Vector charts Technology more sophisticated List with information to draw chart = stored, not image itself Includes all positional information in latitude and longitude All objects described by vector data Detailed information View of chart changeable Chart projection changeable Automatic detection of approach toward potentially hazardous situation Performance standards defined for system using vector charts Vector data to be used defined by IHO Use of Electronic Navigational Chart Based on standard S-57 Unofficial vector system = Electronic Chart System ECDIS in place of paper chart only if adequate back-up arrangements are present Regions without ENC => Raster Navigational Chart

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ECDIS

Electronic chart system

Essential components o Data o Hardware o Software o Interface facilities o Electronic interconnections

Electronic chart data

Electronic navigational chart data
Is basic data for ECDIS Compiled to strict rules

Format of ENC data Object class o Unique name (= acronym) o Numeric code List of feature object attributes o Acronym o Numeric code o Divided into 3 groups A: individual characteristic B: information for use of data as needed for displaying C: administrative information Positional information not an attribute Linear boundaries shown as succession of small lines Loading can take long

System ENC Database in internal ECDIS format Transformation of entire ENC Accessed by ECDIS for display & other navigational functions Equivalent of up to date paper chart May contain information added by mariner & other sources

Raster navigational chart

Facsimile of paper chart Can be single chart or collection of charts

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ECDIS

Private data
Available from number of companies Most vector data Not official

IMO requirements concerning ECDIS

SOLAS
Chapter V Recognizes if used with official data & appropriate back-up

SOLAS Chapter V regulation 2 Definition nautical chart/nautical publication o Book, map or database o Issued officially by Government or Hydrographic Office o Meet requirements of marine navigation

SOLAS Chapter V regulation 19 paragraph 2.1.4 All ships Charts & publications to plan & display route & plot & monitor positions on board

SOLAS Chapter V regulation 18 part of paragraph 4 ECDIS must be conform to relevant performance standards Definition ENC o Database standardized to content, structure & format o For use with ECDIS o Conform to IHO standards o Issued by authorized institution o Contains all chart information necessary for safe navigation Paragraph 1.9 o ECDIS may operate in raster chart display system mode Paragraph 1.2 appendix 7 o When in RCDS mode => appropriate portfolio up to date paper charts on board Paragraph 3.7 appendix 7 o Appropriate portfolio up to date paper charts = paper charts of sufficient scale o Provide adequate look-ahead capability o Coastal states provide details of charts meeting requirements

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ECDIS

SOLAS Chapter V regulation 19 paragraph 2.1.5 All ships Back-up arrangements meet functional requirements of subparagraph .4 if fulfilled by electronic means

SOLAS Chapter V regulation 19 paragraph 2.10 Ships engaged on international voyages fitted with ECDIS o

o Exemption if ship permanently taken out within 2 years of specified implementation date

IMO equipment requirements

Permanent label if equipment meets requirements Wheel Mark in Europe o For all EU approved bridge instruments

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ECDIS

IMO back-up requirements

Capable of prompt access to charting facilities Latest edition of information Following functions in route monitoring mode o Plotting ships position o Taking courses, distances & bearings o Displaying planned route o Displaying time labels o Plotting adequate number of points, bearing lines, range markers Separate power supply Possible solutions o Paper chart folio o Second ECDIS o Integrated navigation system o Chart radar o Solution approved by flag state

IMO chart data requirements

Data must be up to date Chart information of latest edition S-57 format!!!!

IMO training requirements

Users properly trained Requirements of Model Course Appropriate familiarization training on actual equipments on board

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ECDIS

Operational principles of ECDIS

ECDIS configuration

Critical aspects o Interconnected with back-up position fix system o ECDIS back-up system o Primary ECDIS connected to emergency power supply Input of sensor information o ENC always based on WGS84, private data could be different o Speed input over water / ground o Bearings magnetic / true o Target information relative / true ECDIS not used as collision avoiding system

Data loading
Permits Data of majority of charts = encrypted Permits needed to read information Permits need to be loaded o ECDIS newly installed o More charts needed o Loading charts from unused source o Permit expired o Data supplier sends new permit Contains equipment identification data (= user permit) o Must be on board Covers specific charts or areas over specific time period Warning when about to expire

Base data Chart data base loaded after installing permit

3 Bach NW Can take some time

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ECDIS

Chart updates Apply latest updates Most recent disk inserted Updates all charts & new editions ECDIS displays record all ENC updates including o Identification number of updates o Date & time of application / rejection o Anomalies encountered o Type of application Raster charts state of updating permanently available o Chart number & origin o Edition date o Reference to last Notice to Mariners o Date of publication of update CD Possible to update while in route monitoring mode Updates should be applied in port

Remote updating Could be directly communicated to ship Updates should be permitted by user Better no direct link because of viruses

Manual updates Object will not disappear but deletion shown by orange lines Numerous of reasons for manual update

Viewing charts on ECDIS

Modes o Route planning o Route monitoring Single operator action to route monitoring display with ships position Position shown on largest scale available in centre of screen Possibility to enter coordinates any position & display on demand

Basic display settings Main viewing modes o Daytime o Dusk o Night-time Daytime colours similar to paper chart colours

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ECDIS

3 Bach NW Projection Normally fixed 2D Some 2D & 3D

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ECDIS

Symbolism Two formats One based on traditional symbols Other simplified Defined within IHO

The ? symbol Magenta Any object not sufficiently described / no existing symbol

Display detail Main options for setting detail o Display base Coastline Ships safety contour Isolated underwater dangers Scale, range & north arrow Units of depth & height Display mode o Standard display Display base Drying line Buoys, beacons, aids to navigation & fixed structures Boundaries of fairways, channels Visual & radar conspicuous features Prohibited & restricted areas Chart scale boundaries Indication cautionary notes Ships routeing systems & ferry routes Archipelagic sea lanes o All other information Submarine cables & pipelines Details isolated dangers Details aids to navigation Contents cautionary notes ENC edition date Most recent chart update number Magnetic variation Graticule

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ECDIS

Place names To standard display by single operator action

Scrolling and zooming Smallest allowable chart display: 270 mm x 270 mm Not including non-chart data ENC o Bar visible to focus on zoom level RNC o Only displayed at compilation size o Equal to real image o Sometimes as overview showing whole chart zoomed out

Displaying detailed information Much available information not displayed Easily accessible by clicking object of interest

Displaying orientation mode North up mode is required Other modes also allowed

Displaying motion modes Route monitoring mode True motion / relative motion

Own ship settings

Own ship dimensions Physical parameters Chart of sufficient scale => vessel shown in scale Position fix reference point defined Position radar antenna defined

Depth indication To identify safe & unsafe water depth Depth data normally referred to LAT Safety contour o User-entered depth giving adequate safety allowance o Bold black line Safety depth o User-supplied depth

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ECDIS

o Affects appearance of spot soundings Deep & shallow area indication o By use of colour

3 Bach NW Safety domain

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ECDIS

Automatic check for approaching hazards to navigation Route monitoring mode always turned on Route planning mode can be turned on to check Minimum requirement o Alarm when ship will cross safety contour o Alarm / indication when ship will cross boundary of prohibited area or area with special conditions o Alarm when limit for deviation from planned route is exceeded o Indication when ship will closer to danger shallower than preset safety contour All alerts generated from relevant chart at largest scale available Safety domain by following parameters o Depth (safety contour & depth) o Forward extent (look-ahead time / range) o Lateral closeness (specified distance)

Units and legend

Legend general information is displayed Minimum o Units for depth o Units for height o Scale of display o Data quality indicator o Vertical & horizontal datum o Value safety depth & contour o Magnetic variation o Date & number last update o Edition number & date of issue of ENC o Chart projection

ECDIS tools
Mandatory navigational tools o Indicating fixed geographical position on display by input of coordinates o Presenting coordinates of selected point o Method to calculate range & bearing between positions o Method to calculate position given range & bearing from known position o Methods to incorporate relevant geodetic calculations o Electronic bearing lines with resolution of 0,1 o Variable range markers with resolution compatible with range scale in use o Capability to enter & plot manual bearing & distance LOPs Reference to user manual for exact procedures

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ECDIS

Navigational elements and parameters

ECDIS required to display navigational elements & parameters o Past track with time markers for primary & secondary track o Vector for course & speed made good o Variable range marker & electronic bearing line o Cursor o Dead reckoning position & time o Estimated position & time o Fix & time o LOP & time o Transferred LOP & time (predicted & measured tidal stream / current vector) o Danger highlight o Clearing line o Planned course & speed to make good o Waypoint o Distance to run o Planned position with date & time o Rising & dipping range of lights o Position & time of wheel over

ECDIS marine information overlays

Additional types of non chart data useful for safe navigation Removable by single operator action Can be o Tracked radar targets & radar images o AIS targets o Predicted current vectors o Safety information o Meteorological data Not yet international standards for overlays

Data quality
Data might be inaccurate Reasons o Physical changes since latest survey o Changes to position of navigational aids (intentional / accidental) o Survey may be inaccurate o Original survey based on sparse number of spot soundings o Chart may contain compilation error o Chart not suitable for purpose in hand

Zone of confidence

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ECDIS

Indicates that ENC data meets minimum criteria for position & depth accuracy Can be seen as survey accuracy

Use of ECDIS for route planning

Basic information must be known to officer Includes o Conditions & state of vessel, stability & equipment o Dimensions, draught & manoeuvring characteristic data o ENC data at appropriate scale o Latest updates o If RNC => updated paper charts o Notices to Mariners o Up to date sailing directions & pilot books o Up to date port information o Details shore-based emergency response arrangements o List of lights and fog signals o List of radio signals o Tide tables for relevant areas o Tidal stream atlases and/or tidal stream MIOs for ECDIS o Latest maritime safety information (NAVTEX) o Ships routeing guides o Waypoint lists o Weather & climate data including weather routeing plans o Radio signal information o Information relating to pilotage o Load line requirements

Preliminary tasks

Notices to Mariners Efficient for providing correct information on paper charts Much of information only for use on paper charts Not true for all included information Vessels navigating solely on ECDIS still able to access Notices

Temporary & preliminary notes Important items within Notices Information only valid for limited period Preliminary notices early notification of intended changes Many objects in ENC data time varying attribute Usable as part of ENC update to give timely information NAVTEX messages geographically displayed shows latest information Doesnt cover all T&P information

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ECDIS

Preparing the first cut route

New route based on existing routes Starting from scratch o Basic route plan between arrival & departure o Rhumb line / great circle o If great circle: break circle into number of rhumb lines o Consider safety & environment o Insert waypoints o Work on ever increasing scale Basic tools o Adding waypoint o Deleting waypoint o Changing position of waypoint o Reversing waypoint order Possibility to enter waypoints manually by coordinates Entry of waypoint lists on removable media Waypoints also visible as table o Input information from keyboard

Mariners notes and critical points

Proper detailing of route Check that route has taken intro account all safety information When underway & NAVTEX message => changes to plan Insert maritime safety information into correct position Allows placing of o Text notes o Any symbol o Simple lines or areas with or without colour Presence of text note by ! or I Some ECDIS connected to NAVTEX Mariners notes include place of VTS calls, planned speed changes & warnings Critical points when specific action is required Alarm generated within specific time before critical point

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ECDIS

Detailing and checking the route

In largest scale alignment with visual / radar charted features Automatic checking facility based on o Safety contour & depth o Safety height o Safe passing distance Route closer to following geographic areas o Traffic separation zone o Inshore traffic zone o Restricted area o Caution area o Offshore production area o Areas to be avoided (existing & user-defined) o Military practice area o Seaplane landing area o Submarine transit area o Anchorage area o Marine farm / aquaculture o Particularly sensitive sea area

Time varying objects Can be included in ECDIS Specific requirements o Obtain information about date of implementation & contents of update o Update displayed during time of validity o Used by internal checking facilities

Tabulated route plan

More detail added by showing in tabular form Typical entries o Waypoint number o Waypoint name o Waypoint coordinates o Leg course & length o Speed o Turn information o Date & time for ETA @ waypoint

Pilotage information
Inputting pilotage information Include o Clearing lines

3 Bach NW o Parallel index lines o Mariners Notes

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ECDIS

Final checks and procedures

Automatic safety checking facility Bridge instructions followed Approved route saved and copied to back-up system

Use of ECDIS for route monitoring

Major aid for route monitoring

Basic route monitoring features on ECDIS

Own ship scaled on large scale display Own position not precise Course & speed vector Single arrowhead if water stabilisation Double arrowhead if ground stabilisation

Executing the route plan

Select planned route Also alternative routes Progress along route automatically monitored

Checking integrity of the navigation solution

Navigational information never assumed correct unless verified Alerts if problem with connected navigational equipment Many problems not automatically detected Comparing displayed position with all other navigational information Plotting manual fixes on ECDIS Coastal passages good visibility => visual bearings Restricted visibility => RADAR

Lines of position Plotting on ECDIS possible Dont forget compass errors

Estimated position If automatic positioning fails Rely on estimated position between each manual fix

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ECDIS

3 Bach NW Position offsets

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ECDIS

Facility for fixed offset of position Not recommended!

Parallel index lines Often available

Maintaining situational awareness

Charted hazards and alerts Display should show appropriate detail Alert given when charted hazards enter safety domain o Alarm if ship crosses safety contour o Alarm / indication if ship crosses boundary area of special area o Alarm if too much deviation from planned route o Indication when distance from danger shallower than safety contour o Alarm in advance of critical point Alerts generated not of concern o Planned turn before hazard o Safety contour crossed but route plan includes sufficient tidal height o Crossing safety contour towards deeper water o Passing closer intentionally o Entering non hazardous special purpose area

Display of radar and AIS targets Enhances situational awareness ECDIS is no collision avoidance system!!!

Radar target overlays Watch out for non matching vector types Useful when radar without chart overlay facilities See geographical area of targets Track ground fixed targets Isolated targets out of position => o Targets wrongly identified o Targets moved out of position o Charted errors o Observed target = false echo Fixed position offset all targets o Position-fix equipment vessel faulty o Position-fix equipment hydrographic organisation faulty o Position-fix system spoofed

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ECDIS

o Due to fault combined radar / ECDIS system Radar image overlay Distracting Establish whether coastlines appear at expected position (integrity check)

AIS target overlay Many radars not able to display AIS ECDIS as main AIS target display

Track keeping autopilot

Track information Control for autopilot Cautions o Ship close to desired track & no possible conflicts with other vessels o Position-fix system automatically monitored (alarm if discrepancy too big) o Wheel-over indication given => switch to manual o Alarm at wheel-over o Alarms for cross-track error, course difference & low speed generated automatically

Voyage recording
Inbuilt voyage recording facility Preserving detailed record for previous 12 hours at one minute intervals o Time o Position o Heading o Speed Record of track of entire voyage at four hourly intervals Possible to review recorded data Impossible to manipulate information

ECDIS failure
Can fail / give misleading information Relies on other navigation sensors

Transfer to back-up
Ensure safety not compromised due to ECDIS failure Timely transfer possible during critical situations

3 Bach NW Back-up using dual ECDIS

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ECDIS

Routes & tracks stored in second ECDIS & kept up to date Both units switched on in normal circumstances

Back-up using other electronic systems Approved ECS or chart radar Flag state gives Certificate of Compliance Must be able to accept routes from planning process

Back-up using paper charts Appropriate paper chart readily available on chart table Corrected charts Current position plotted at suitable intervals Planned routes pre-plotted

Emergency charts Back-up system = electronic => carrying set of small scale charts as emergency backup Allows vessel to proceed to area of safety

System maintenance
Doesnt need planned maintenance schedule for hardware Failures rectified by authorized service engineer Software subject to revisions Requirements embedded in standards o Software maintenance arrangements provided by manufacturers o Current software version displayable on demand o Means available to update software Timely access to o List current IHO standards o Status of compliance of extant software versions o Regulatory approval status of software in use

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ECDIS

AIS basics
System concepts
Automatic Identification System = digital communication system that allows other ships & stations to exchange positional & other information automatically Enhance safe navigation Provides information for use by authorities for safety & security purposes VHF IMO states that IAS intended to enhance o Safety of life at sea o Safety & efficiency of navigation o Protection marine environment Purpose o Help identify vessels o Assist target tracking o Simplify information exchange o Additional information Stations include ships, shore stations, non SOLAS crafts, SAR aircraft & aids to navigation Transmit up to date data including o Non changing data as name & length o Dynamic data as position, course & speed over ground o Voyage related data as destination, ETA & draught Transmitted data received by all stations within range of transmitting station Displayable in numerous ways Transmission o Burst of data in time-ordered sequence o Avoids transmitting at same time o Two VHF channels used o Consecutive transmissions alternate o Mostly used 87B (161,975 MHz) 88B (162,025 MHz)

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ECDIS

Self-organising time division multiple access

Each station uses defined time slots Time slots aligned to UTC (GNSS used for precise UTC) One minute divided into 2 250 equal slots Individual ships at sea transmit once every 6 seconds System allows distribution data between large number of stations using limited portion frequency spectrum Determination transmission slots o Initially listening to existing traffic o Establish free slots o Algorithms to choose suitable slots Degrades when increasing number of stations (range of contact decreases)

Modes of operation
Self organising mode = Autonomous and Continuous Two other modes AIS equipment switches automatically Assigned mode o Assign individual ship stations intervals & slots o Useful in circumstances causing overload (e.g. SAR operation near busy port) o Revert to A&C after random interval between 4 & 8 minutes o Re-switching is possible Polled o Requesting specific data directly from ship stations

Regional operating settings In range of shore station, broadcast parameters remotely controlled Parameters o Coordinates where settings are to be used o VHF channels to be used o Transmit power o Transitional area AIS can store at least 8 regions Also manual input by users possible

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ECDIS

Ship borne equipment

Two AIS receivers One DSC receiver One VHF transmitter Digital processor o Controls everything o Collects signals from inbuilt GNSS o Monitors interface with operator & other equipment o Controls inbuilt integrity tests

Propagation of AIS channels

Basically VHF operating on marine-band frequencies Behaves similarly to VHF radios Transmission power o Differs o 2 watt & 12,5 watt o Range reduction of 25% Range around 30 miles if not overloaded Not affected by weather conditions Affected by shielding by land & buildings

AIS data
Communication by standard message types Internationally agreed types by International Telecommunications Union AIS equipment turns relevant received data to understandable information Conversion to correct message type = automatic Relevant groups o Static data o Dynamic data o Voyage related data o Safety & security related messages o Other user-relevant AIS messages

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ECDIS

Entered only once Remains generally constant Consists of o Maritime Mobile Services Identity number o Ships name o Call sign o IMO number o Type of vessel o Length & beam o Location of position fixing antenna o Height over keel Broadcast every 6 minutes Location antenna important in close quarter situations

Dynamic data Automatically supplied by navigation system Consists of o Position o Time in UTC o Course over ground o Speed over ground o Heading o Rate of turn Manual input concerning navigational status Transmitted at regular time intervals depending on dynamics of vessel

3 Bach NW Voyage related data

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ECDIS

Manually entered & kept up to date Consists of o Draught o Destination o ETA o Type of ship o Hazardous cargo type o Number of people on board Broadcast every 6 minutes

Safety and security messages To individual station / all stations Max 160 characters Automatic response if to individual station

Binary messages Flexible message facility All messages available on digital interface Two categories o International o National

AIS class B
Non-mandatory fittings Less expensive Detects unused transmission slots Lower power level Number of issues o Update rate at twice / minute Less effective situational awareness Automatic fusion with radar inappropriate Manual association more difficult o Increased amount of garbling o Some areas too many Class B targets o Poor education & training of users

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ECDIS

AIS limitations
Other ships might not be fitted with AIS Other ships might switch off AIS Not complete picture of situation around ship Transmission of erroneous information Poor sensors Doubtable quality

Use of AIS information in collision avoidance

Less radar assisted collisions Access to dynamic information Surpasses radar in 3 aspects o Positional accuracy better than 10 m o Less delay for position & course over ground changes o Supplementary information Passing distance determined with higher accuracy & reliability Manoeuvring restrictions immediately evident More complete information than radar Even better in conjunction with radar