International Conference on ICT-Initiatives, Policies & Governance, Dehradun, India, 28-29 Nov 2011

Comparative Study of Different Wavelet Based Image Compression Techniques

Krishna Kumar1, Basant Kumar2, Dharmendra Kumar3 and Rachna Shah4
1 2

M.Tech (Student), Motilal Nehru NIT Allahabad, India, krishnanitald@gmail.com

Assistant Prof. ECE Department, Motilal Nehru NIT Allahabad, India, singhbasant@mnnit.ac.in
3

B.E, Commercial Tex Officer, Government of Uttarakhand, dharmen_mitra@yahoo.co.in

4

M.Tech (Student), NIT Kurukshetra, India, rachna.shah27@gmail.com

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify efficient wavelet based image compression technique. The techniques involved in the comparison process are set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT), Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW) and Self-Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM). These techniques are more efficient and provide a better quality of image. In compression, wavelets have shown a good adaptability to a wide range of data, while being of reasonable complexity. This paper focuses important features of wavelet transform in compression of still images, including the extent to which the quality of image is degraded by the process of wavelet compression and decompression. The techniques are compared by using the performance parameters PSNR and MSE. Keywords: SPIHT, EZW, SOFM. I. Introduction With the development of consumer electronic and multimedia, the demand of image compression technologies increased rapidly. Image compression addresses the problem of reducing the amount of data required to represent a digital image. The purpose of image compression is to reduce redundancy of the image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form. Image compression is divided into lossless compression and lossy compression. The approaches for lossless image compression include variable-length encoding, Adaptive dictionary algorithms such as LZW, bit-plane coding, lossless predictive coding, etc. The approaches for lossy compression include lossy predictive coding and transform coding. Transform coding, which applies a Fourier-related transform such as DCT or the wavelet transform, is the most commonly used approach. The wavelet approach improves image quality and reduces the image file size by using denoising and compression techniques [12].The compression offers a means to reduce the cost of storage and increase the speed of transmission. Image compression is used to minimize the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image. Wavelet based image compression based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) [1] and is a powerful, efficient and yet computationally simple image compression algorithm. It provides a better performance when compared to the Embedded Zerotree wavelet transform [13]. II. SPIHT Algorithm SPIHT is the wavelet based image compression method. It provides the Highest Image Quality, Progressive image transmission, fully embedded coded file, Simple quantization algorithm, fast coding/decoding, completely adaptive, lossless compression, exact bit rate coding and Error protection. SPIHT makes use of three lists the List of Significant Pixels (LSP), List of Insignificant Pixels (LIP) and List of Insignificant Sets (LIS). These are coefficient location lists that contain their coordinates. After the initialization, the algorithm takes two stages for each level of

International Conference on ICT-Initiatives, Policies & Governance, Dehradun, India, 28-29 Nov 2011

threshold the sorting pass (in which lists are organized) and the refinement pass (which does the actual progressive coding transmission). The result is in the form of a bitstream. It is capable of recovering the image perfectly (every single bit of it) by coding all bits of the transform. However, the wavelet transform yields perfect reconstruction only if its numbers are stored as infinite precision numbers. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is one of the quantitative measures for image quality evaluation which is based on the mean square error (MSE) of the reconstructed image. The MSE for N x M size image is given by

Where

the original image data is

is the compressed image value and N is the

total number of pixels. The formula for PSNR is given by:

The main steps are as follows: It is important to have the encoder and decoder test sets for significance in the same way, so the coding algorithm uses three lists called list of significant pixels (LSP), list of insignificant pixels (LIP), and list of insignificant sets (LIS). 1. Initialization: Set n to [log2 maxi,j(Ci,j)] and transmit n. Set the LSP to empty. Set the LIP to the coordinates of all the roots (i, j) H. Set the LIS to the coordinates of all the roots (i, j) H that have descendants. 2. Sorting pass: 2.1 For each entry (i, j) in the LIP do: 2.1.1 Output ; 2.1.2 If = 1, move (i, j) to the LSP and output the sign of . 2.2 For each entry (i, j) in the LIS do: 2.2.1 If the entry is of type A, then output Sn(D(i, j)); if (D(i,j)) = 1, then for each (k, l) O(i, j) do: output (k, l); if ( (k, l) = 1, add (k, l) to the LSP, output the sign of ; if ( k, l) = 0, append (k, l) to the LIP; if L(i, j) not equal to 0, move (i, j) to the end of the LIS, as a type-B entry; 2.2.2 else, remove entry (i, j) from the LIS; 2.2.3 if the entry is of type B, then output ( (L(i, j)); if ( (L(i, j)) = 1, then append each (k, l) O(i,j) to the LIS as a type-A entry: remove (i, j) from the LIS: 3. Refinement pass: for each entry (i, j) in the LSP, except those included in the last sorting pass (the one with the same n), output the nth most significant bit of | |. 4. Loop: decrement n by 1 and go to step 2 if needed. III. EZW Algorithm The EZW algorithm was introduced in the paper of Shapiro [2]. The expansion of EZW is Embedded Zerotree Wavelet. The core of the EZW compression is the exploitation of self-similarity across different scales of an image wavelet transform. In other words EZW approximates higher frequency coefficients of a wavelet transformed image. Because the wavelet transform coefficients contain information

International Conference on ICT-Initiatives, Policies & Governance, Dehradun, India, 28-29 Nov 2011

about both spatial and frequency content of an image, discarding a high-frequency coefficient leads to some image degradation in a particular location of the restored image rather than across the whole image. Here, the threshold is used to calculate a significance map of significant and insignificant wavelet coefficients. Zerotrees are used to represent the significance map in an efficient way. The main steps are as follows: 1. Initialization: Set the threshold T to the smallest power of 2 that is greater than max (i,j) | /2, where are the wavelet coefficients. 2. Significance map coding: Scan all the coefficients in a predefined way and output a symbol when | > T. When the decoder inputs this symbol, it sets | = 1.5T. 3. Refinement: Refine each significant coefficient by sending one more bit of its binary representation. When the decoder receives this, it increments the current coefficient value by 0.25T. 4. Set T = T/2, and go to step 2 if more iterations are needed. IV. SOFM Algorithm Self-Organizing Feature Maps also known as Kohonen maps were first introduced by Von Der Malsburg and in its present form by Kohonen [14]. This SOFM algorithm is based on competitive learning. Here, neurons are placed at the nodes of a lattice. Neurons become selectively tuned to various input patterns. Output neurons compete among themselves to be activated. From that, only one or one neuron per group wins. The location of the winning neurons tends to become ordered in such a way that a meaningful coordinate system for different input feature is created. The main steps are as follows: The SOFM algorithm consists of four basic steps. It is shown in the following. 1. Initialization: Choose random values for the initial weight vector must be different for j=1, 2, 3k. 2. Sampling: Draw a sample c from the input distribution with a certain probability. 3. Similarity Matching: 3.1. The best matching criterion is equivalent to the minimum Euclidean distance between vectors. 3.2. Mapping q(c) identifies the neuron that best matches the input vector c.

4. Updating:

Continue until noticeable changes are observed. V. Simulation & Results The images Lena, Baboon, Cameraman, Peppers, Barbara and Bridge are used. The results that got by using SPIHT technique are shown in the Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 SPIHT Compression of Lena, Baboon, Cameraman, Peppers, Barbara and Bridge

International Conference on ICT-Initiatives, Policies & Governance, Dehradun, India, 28-29 Nov 2011

SPIHT provides better results when compared to the EZW. The Fig. 2 shows the results that got by using the EZW technique. EZW is used to produce a fully embedded bit stream.

Fig. 2 EZW Compression of Lena, Baboon, Cameraman, Peppers, Barbara and Bridge

The results that got by using SOFM technique are shown in Fig. 3. The images provide less quality when compare to the other techniques.

Fig.3 SOFM Compression of Lena, Baboon, Cameraman, Peppers, Barbara and Bridge

VI. Performance Analysis S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Image Lena Cameraman Bridge Barbara Peppers Baboon SPIHT PSNR MSE 39.85 5.98 34.98 19 29.5 72.23 38.892 15.22 37.25 11 27.73 92 EZW PSNR MSE 25.6 161 24.2 234 23.68 280.3 22.7 340.33 23.11 82.67 21.33 138.11 SOFM MSE 4.6543e+003 4.2439 e+003 4.4457 e+003 4.5537 e+003 4.1261 e+003 4.8735e+003

PSNR 11.502 10.98 10.5548 10.38 10.7 10.89

TABLE: 1 (PSNR & MSE Values for SPIHT, EZW and SOFM)

Fig. 4 Comparison of PSNR values for SPIHT, EZW & SOFM

Fig. 5 Comparison of MSE values for SPIHT, EZW

International Conference on ICT-Initiatives, Policies & Governance, Dehradun, India, 28-29 Nov 2011

From the comparison of SPIHT, EZW and SOFM by using PSNR and MSE are shown in Fig.4 and Fig. 5. We can analyze that the SPIHT based image compression technique always provide higher value of PSNR for all images. VII. Conclusion The results of the above techniques SPIHT, EZW and SOFM are compared by using two parameters such as PSNR and MSE values from the reconstructed image. These compression algorithms provide a better performance in picture quality at low bit rates. One of the important features of SPIHT is that it uses the progressive transmission and its use of embedded coding. It is observed that SPIHT provides a better result when compare to EZW and SOFM. References [1] A. Said, W.A. Pearlman. Image compression using the spatial-orientation tree. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Chicago, IL, pp. 279-282, 1993. [2] J.M. Shapiro. Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., Vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 3445-3462, 1993. [3] Vetterli. M. and Kovacevic, J. Wavelets and Subband Coding, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995. [4] A. Said and W.A. Pearlman. A new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 243-250, 1996. [5] Charles D. Creusere. A new method of robust image compression based on the embedded zero tree wavelet algorithm, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 6(10):14361442, October 1997. [6] G.M. Davis and A. Nosratinia. Wavelet-based Image Coding: An Overview. Applied and Computational Control, Signals and Circuits, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1998. [7] S. Mallat. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic Press, New York, NY, 1998. [8] J. Tian and R.O. Wells. Jr. Embedded image coding using wavelet-difference reduction, Kluwer Academic Publ., Norwell, MA, pp. 289-301,1998. [9] J. Li and S. Lei. An embedded still image coder with rate-distortion optimization, IEEE Trans. on Image Proc., Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 913-924, 1999. [10] H. Malvar. Progressive wavelet coding of images, Proc. of IEEE Data Compression Conf., pp. 336-343, March, 1999. [11] K.Sayood, Introduction to Data Compression, 2nd edition, Academic Press, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2000. [12] Chuanwei Sun, Quanbin Li and Jingao Liu. The Study of Digital Image Compression Based on Wavelets, IEEE International Conference, 2010. [13] S.P. Raja1 and Dr. A. Suruliandi. Analysis of Efficient Wavelet based Image Compression Techniques, IEEE Second International conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies, 2010. [14] Initialization and Training Methods for Kohonen Self Organizing feature Map in Image Quantization by Xiao Rei, chip-Hong Chang.