2010 Fourth Asia International Conference on Mathematical/Analytical Modelling and Computer Simulation

Statistical Tuning of Walfisch-Ikegami Model in Urban and Suburban Environments

Dayanand Ambawade #1, Deepak Karia #2, Tejas Potdar #3, B.K.Lande #4, R.D.Daruwala #5, Ankit Shah #6
# Sardar Patel Institute of Technology and Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
#

Electronics and Telecommunication Department, University of Mumbai, India

deepakckaria, tejasap87,,ankitsagar@gmail.com,dd_ambawade@rediffmail.com,bklande,rddaruwala@vjti.org.in

AbstractTheoretical and experimental models have

been considered for the prediction of the path loss in systems of mobile communications. This paper reviews
Cost231-Walfisch-Ikegami model for prediction of path loss in mobile outdoor microcell environments. The proposed statistical model aligns in accordance to the measured data, considering roof height, road width as normal random variables. The characterization used is a linear curve, fitting the path loss to the variations. Five parameters are modelled statistically, with the dependencies on height of base station, distance from base station, road width and roof top height. The model is validated by comparing the simulated results with the measurement campaigns carried out in urban and suburban regions. Keywords Cost231-Walfisch-Ikegami model, Microcell environment, statistical models, random variables.

algorithm has been used to fit a linear model to measured data [3]. This process can be achieved by minimizing the summed square of residuals between measured data and prediction model data. Further comparison of the simulated results with the measured data shows that the power calculated using the proposed model provides a roadmap for an appropriate tie-up with that of the measured received signal power. To make accurate statistical comparison the Root Mean Squared Error of Proposed model and Theoretical model with respect to measured data are presented. II. MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS The measurement set up involves a transmission system, comprising of a DBXLH-6565C-T0M, transmitting antenna having double polarization (45) and operating on 870 960 MHz scale with gain of 15.4/17.5 (dBd/dBi). The antenna is positioned at a height of 35m from the ground, and is used by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL), a local network operator. The frequency of transmission was set to 872 MHz for the measurement campaigns carried out. On the other side, the reception system used is, TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1. The receiving antenna used in the measures is PIFA antenna used in Samsung U600 model that operates in the interval of 870 960 MHz with gain of 2 dBi with dimensions in mm: 30 x 6 x 5. The receiving module is assembled on a car and the received signal is emitted by one laptop having an PCMCIA card installed. The system of movement test uses a GPS system to give the information of the geographic position of all measures. The Figures below shows the snapshots of the areas covered by the respective transmitting base stations selected for collection of data, the most of which were located in the neighbourhood of Panvel.

I. INTRODUCTION In spite of the development of numerous empirical path loss prediction models so far, the generalization of these models to any environment is still questionable. They are suitable for either particular areas (urban, suburbs rural, etc.), or specific cell radius (Macrocell, Microcell, Picocell). To overcome this drawback, the empirical models parameters can be adjusted or tuned according to a targeted environment. The propagation model tuning must optimize the model parameters in order to achieve minimal error between predicted and measured signal strength. This will make the model more accurate for received wireless signal predictions. COST 231 WalfischIkegami non lineof-sight form (CWINLOS) models [2, 3] superiority over the other empirical models [6, 7, 8, 11, 12] has provoked us to select and adjust this model to our target environment. The model reports the relation between the path losses measured in various areas and its parameters such as frequency, distance, base station (BS), and mobile station (MS) antenna heights. This model is applicable for 800-2000 MHz and within a distance below 1km which is not the case in some models [9]. A typical application involves taking measurements of the path loss in the target environment and then tuning the Walfisch Ikegami model parameters to fit it to the measured data. Unfortunately, the Walfisch Ikegami model was developed based on measurements conducted in propagation environments that differ widely from the propagation environment in India. In order to efficiently apply the Walfisch Ikegami model to our region, a model tuning process is required. We have used the LS algorithm in to tune the model's parameters to fit the data (received signal strength) obtained for the urban and suburbs areas of Panvel City, India. The LS
978-0-7695-4062-7/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/AMS.2010.109 538

model is accurate for carrier frequencies in the range 800 fc 2000 (MHz), & path distances in the range 0.02

d 5 (km).LoS propagation: For LoS propagation in a street canyon, the path loss is,

Lp ( dB ) = 42.6+26 log 10( d ) +20 log 10( fc) , d 20 m

(1) where, the first constant is chosen, so that Lp is equal to the free space path loss at a distance more than 20 m. The model parameters are the distance d (km) and carrier frequency fc (MHz). Non Line of Sight Propagation: As defined in figure 4, the path loss for non-of-sight (NLoS) propagation in terms of the following parameters:

Figure 1. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1.Snapshot of ONGC Township and MTNL Panvel south site

hb = BS antenna height, 4 hb 50 (m) hm = MS antenna height, 1 hm 3 (m) hroof = roof heights of buildings (m) hb = hb hroof = heights of BS relative to rooftops (m)
d BS MS
hroof

hm

hroof

hm s Incident wave

Direction of travel

Figure 2. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1.Snapshot of Milan Co-operative Housing Society

`
Figure 4. Typical propagation situation in urban and suburban areas and definition of the parameters used in the COST-WI model and other Walfisch-type models

Here ,

hm
(m)

= hroof hm = height of MS relative to rooftops

w = width of streets (m) s = building separation (m) = road orientation with respect to the direct radio path
If no data on the structure of the building and roads are available, the following default values are recommended, s =
Figure 3. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1.Snapshot of Old Panvel area and Vrindavan

20. . 50 (m), w = s 2 , = 900, where roof= 3(m) and 0(m).

hroof = 3 floors + roof (m),

The NLoS path loss is composed of three terms, viz., A. Cost231- Walfish Ikegami Model The COST231- Walfish Ikegami model [4] distinguishes between LoS and NLoS propagation. The
539

Lp ( dB) =

Lo + Lrts + Lmsd , Lo ,

Lrts + Lmsd 0 Lrts + Lmsd < 0

(2)

Where Lo = free space loss = 32.4 + 20 log 10 ( d ) + 20 log 10 ( fc )

0.7 * fc 9251 , medium city & Suburban

Lrts = roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss Lmsd = multi-screen diffraction loss
The roof-top-to-street diffraction loss is

Kf = -4 +

1 .5 * fc 925 1 , metropolitan area

(9) This model works best for, hb >> hroof . Large prediction errors can be expected for hb > hroof .The theoretical model in terms of the above factors shown below

Lsrt = 16.9 +10log10() +10log10( fc) + 20log10(hm) + Lori

(3)
where

-10 + 0.354 ( ),

35

Lori =

2.5 + 0.075 ( 350), 350 4.0 0.114 ( 550), 550

550

ptheoritical = ( pt 32.4 20 * log 10( x) 30 * log 10( f ) + 16.9 + 10 * log 10( w) 20 * log 10( hroof hm) Lori + 18 * log 10(1 + ( hb hroof )) Ka Kd * log 10( x) Kf * log 10( f ) + 9 * log 10( s ))
(10)

900 (4)

where,
K
a f d

= 54 , h = 18 , h

> h > h

roof roof

The multi-screen diffraction loss is

K K

= 4 + 0 .7 *
b

fc

925

Lmsd = Lbsh + Ka + Kd log 10 ( d ) + Kf log 10( fc ) 9 log 10 (b)

(5) where

(11)

s = distance between the base station and the mobile

station. x = distance between buildings w = width of road B. Proposed Statistical Model This work proposes a method that consists in modelling through the multiple linear regressions [5] of difference from received power among the propagation loss obtained by the COST 231Walfisch-Ikegami model (1) in relation to the involved environment and the received power measured in each environment. After the calculation of the regression equation of each one of the areas covered by the four base stations, an average among the partial coefficients of regression was made to find out that one which would be the generic equation of adjustment to be added for the representative equation of Walfisch-Ikegami model for the studied environment. To generalize still the model, parameters hroof , Lori and s , were modelled as random variables with Gaussian distribution functions (17) (18) with mean specified in Table I. This distribution function was chosen by the criterion chi-square, because it was the distribution that presented the best adjustment. The Gaussian distribution function is given by:
f ( x ) = 1 ( * 2 * ) * e ^ ( x )^ 2 /( 2 * ^ 2 )

Lbsh

18 log 10 (1 + h b ) , 0,

hb > hroof hb hroof

(6)

is the shadowing gain (negative loss) for cases when the BS antenna is above the roof tops. Here Ka and Kd depends on the path length, d, and the base station with respect to the rooftops hb . The term Ka accounts for the increase in the path loss when the BS antennas are situated below the rooftops of adjacent and are given by

Ka =

hb > hroof 54 0.8 hb , d 0.5 km & hb hroof 54 0.8 hb d 0.5 , d < 0 .5 km & hb h roof
54,
(7)

The terms Kd and Kf control the dependency of the multi screen diffraction loss on the distance and the frequency, respectively and are given by 18,

hb > hroof
hroof ,

Kd

= 18 15 hb

(12) where, is the average, is the standard deviation and x is a random variable of a standard normal distribution. Here simple Linear Regression explains the values of a variable y using the values of another variable x , these two variables being assumed to entertain a linear relation:
540

h b h roof
(8)

y = ax + b + ( x )
where,

(13) is a random "noise" that depends a priori on x .

TABLE I. MEAN VALUE S OF DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDING AND ROOFTOP HEIGHT OBTAIN FROM DATA OBTAIN FROM PANVEL MUNICIPALITY IN THE AREA OF OPERATION
Base Station

Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) addresses just about the same problem except that here, the response variable y is supposed to be explained not by just one variable x , but by several variables {xj} . If we slightly change the foregoing notations, we assume that the linear relation between y and xj is:

smean
10 11 9 10 10

hr

ONGC Township OLD Panvel Vrindavan MTNL South Milan CHS

12.07 13.92 12.52 13.07 12.01

{}

(14) y = 0 + 1 x1 + ..... + pXp + (x ) where, p is the number of independent" variables, ( x ) is a random noise (e.g. measurement errors) whose properties depend a priori on the point of the data space defined by the values of the xj . The data is made of n measurements yi , where i = 1,2.., n ,taken for n sets of values
yi =

{Xij} of the independent variables:

0

+ 1 x 1 + ..... + p X

ij

+ (x

)
(15)

where, values of

i are

fixed but unknown numbers and

The significance of Lori is that it contributes significantly to the output power values obtained through the model. In [1], this metric was not taken into account during the measurements campaigns. Hence we have made a point to approximately calculate it. In the method of calculation, we have considered the shortest distance from the base station as perpendicular side of a right angle triangle, the distance of the base station from other points along the path as hypotenuse. Geometrically, we estimated the angle made by this hypotenuse and the road along which measurements were taken. In order to consider the angle made in the direction of the travel, the following correction formula is used

( x )i

are n realizations of the

(x ) .

corrected = 180

(19)

The proposed Model is shown below:

pproposed = ( pt 32.4 p(1) * 20* log 10( x) 30 * log 10( f ) + 16.9 + p(3) *10 * log 10(w) p(2) * 20 * log 10(hroof hm) p(4) * Lori + p(2) *18* log 10(1 + (hb hroof )) Ka p(1) * Kd * log 10( x) kf * log 10( f ) + p(3) * 9 * log 10(s) + p(5))

(16)

h roof = hr + randn

(17) (18)

s = s mean + randn
where,

randn = normal random variable (width of street) w=s 2 Ka = 54, hb > hroof , Kf = 4 + 0.7 * fc 925 1 for suburban. smean : mean values of the distance between buildings.

III. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS To verify the tuned Walfisch Ikegami path loss model, comparison between path loss predicted and measured data have been performed over the suburbs areas of the Panvel city. The network operates in the 872 MHz band. The values of Walfisch Ikegami path loss model parameters p(1),p(2),p(3),p(4) and p(5) are calculated [10] and presented in Table II . The performance of the tuned model is then compared to measured data. The values of the performance measures, RMSE, are tabulated in Tables III for the adjusted and the theoretical model. The obtain results are presented in Figs. 4 To 7, correspondent to the experiments carried through in four areas of the measurement campaign. The figures present the variation of the received signal (dBm) (simulated and measured) in function of the distance in relation to the radio base station (Km), along the travelled Avenues and Streets. A statistical analysis of the measures was accomplished for the areas covered by base station located at Old Panvel, ONGC Township, Vrindavan avenue and MTNL Panvel south, to compare among the power values of the measures and simulated signal for the proposed model, in order to verify the model validity for each area covered by the base station of the measurement campaign used for calculating the parameters of the proposed model. To make a more perceptive study of the proposed model, an analysis was accomplished through the collected data in one area more from the measurement campaign (Milan Co-operation Housing Society) which were not part of the processing of the data for obtaining of the regression parameters inserted
541

in (16). Figures 4 to 7 show the comparative graphics power from the received signal versus distance to the radio base station, simulated (theoretical model of COST 231Walfisch-Ikegami and proposed model) and measured for the Milan CHS (Figure 8) was not part of the data processing for acquisition of the correction parameters of the considered model.
TABLE II. REGRESSION PARAMETERS FOR THE PROPOSED MODEL
Average Values
-0.7680 -0.4520 -0.2006 -0.3730 42.3241

coefficients p(1),p(2),p(3),p(4) and p(5) ,which are less than 0.005.

-45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 -75 -80 -85 Measured value Best fit model Theoretical model

Parameters
P [1] P [2] P [3] P [4] P[5]

Power in dBm

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 Radius

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

TABLE III.
Name of Base Station

STANDARD DEVIATION FOR THE BEST FIT AND THEORETICAL MODEL

Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE) of Proposed model with respect to Measured data 7.6334 3.1354 3.5808 8.1373 5.1134 Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE) of Theoretical model with respect to Measured data
Power in dBm -70

Figure 4. Power estimated versus Distance from the Base station (ONGC Township)

-75

Measured value Best fit model Theoretical model

-80

ONGC OLD Panvel Vrindavan MTNL South Milan CHS

10.7185 17.5261 16.9955 19.4218 9.0457

-85

-90

-95

-100

IV. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS The proposed model presents variations in relation to each area analysed. The Old Panvel, ONGC Township, MTNL Panvel south site and Vrindavan all of them involved in the measurement campaign to analyse the regression models obtained for the five areas from the involved environment in the study, we referred to the regression equation and the test of significance of its coefficients. The results verified through the simulation of the Walfisch-Ikegami model (10) had presented significant errors when compared with the results obtained for the model adjusted (proposed model)(16) and with the values measured in field. From figs. 4 to 7, it is observed that the root mean square errors of the tuned model in relation to the value measured in the field are of 7.6334, 3.1354, 3.5808, 8.1373 and 5.1134, respectively which are comparatively lower than theoretical model. Thus it can be said that the proposed model can be used in the prediction of propagation in urban and suburban centres with a smaller deviations as compared to the theoretical model from the measured data. To prove the validity of the coefficients we verified that the assessed value of coefficients in the regression equations are significant at the level of 5%, proved by the p-value obtained for the

-105 1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9 2 Radius

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

Figure 5. Power estimated versus Distance from the Base station (OLD Panvel)

-45 -50 -55 -60 Power in dBm -65 -70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 0.2 Measured value Best fit model Theoretical model

0.4

0.6

0.8 Radius

1.2

1.4

1.6

Figure 6. Power estimated versus Distance from the Base station

( MTNL Panvel South)

542

-50 -55 -60 -65 Power in dBm -70 -75 -80 -85 Measured value Best fit model Theoretical model

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank the MTNL GSM cell, especially MR. Wasane, Mr. Palkar and Mr. Jaiswal for providing the required help. The authors also thank Ms. Amruta Borse and Mrs. Sukanya Kulkarni for their support at various measurement campaigns carried out. REFERENCES
[1]

-90 -95 -100 0.8

[2]
0.9 1 1.1 Radius 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Figure 7. Power estimated versus Distance from the Base station (Vrindavan)

[3] [4]

-60 Measured value Best fit model Theoretical model

-65

[5] [6]

-70

[7]
-75

[8]
-80

-85 0.2

0.4

0.6 Radius

0.8

1.2

[9]

Figure 8. Power estimated versus Distance from the Base station ( Milan CHS) [10] [11]

V. CONCLUSIONS The proposed statistical model consists of a fine-tuning of COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami Model in environment of propagation for signals of mobile communications cellular in the suburban centre of the city of Panvel. The methodology used for analysis provides, a roadmap for establishing the modelling statistics of the signal made through the parameters, viz., distance of mobile station with respect to the base station, height and distance between buildings which varies randomly with respect to the specified mean depending upon the terrain structure around the base station. The results obtained shows a good average fit of the proposed model with respect to the measured data collected from different urban and suburban areas compared to the classic Walfisch-Ikegami Model. With this, we propose the necessity of providing a statistical management in the standard propagation models, so as to mitigate the prediction error involved in the power measurement of the urban and suburban centres.

[12]

Rozal, E.O. and Pelaes, E.G. Statistical Adjustment of Walfisch-Ikegami Model based in Urban Propagation Measurements, IMOC 2007. A. Neskovic , N. Neskovic, and G. Paunovic, Modern Approaches in modeling of mobile radio systems Propagation Environment, IEEE Communications Surveys, (2000), p.5, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys. D. J. Cichon and T. Kurner, Propagation prediction Models, COST 231 Final Report,1999,ch.4.p.134 Gordon L. St ber, Principle of Mobile communication, 2nd edition. Springer International Edition. http://www.aiaccess.net/English/Glossaries/GlosMod/e _gm_regression_linear_multiple.htm W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communication design fundamentals, .Indianapolis, IN: Sams, 1986. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: principles and practice Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1996.p.145. M. Gudmundson, "Cell planning in Manhattan environments," Proceeding of the IEEE Vehicular Technology conference, Denver, May 1992, pp. 435438. Masaharu Hata Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio devices, IEEE Transactions on vehicular Technology, VOL. VT-29, no. 3, august 1980. MATLAB Statistics Toolbox, Curve-fit (www.mathworks.com). V.S. Abhayawardhana, I.J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M.P. Sellars, and M.G. Brown, Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems, IEEE VTC, Dallas, 2005. Magdy F. Iskander and Zhengqing Yun, Propagation Prediction Models for Wireless Communication Systems, IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory And Techniques, Vol. 50, No. 3, March 2002.

Power in dBm

543