History of Krishna district

Krishna District (Telugu: ) is a district of India's Andhra Pradesh state. It is named after the Krishna River which flows through the district. It has a population of 4,187,841 of which 32.08% is urban as of 2001.[1] Machilipatnam is the administrative headquarters of the district. Vijayawada is the commercial center of the district. The district is bounded by Khammam District to the north-west, West Godavari District to the north-east, the Bay of Bengal to the south-east, Guntur District to the southwest, and Nalgonda District to the west. Krishna district is well known for its pre-university educational centers. Contents [hide]

1 History 2 Geography o 2.1 Hills o 2.2 Rivers o 2.3 Flora o 2.4 Fauna o 2.5 Climate o 2.6 Soil o 2.7 Minerals 3 Divisions 4 Economy 5 Politics 6 Transport 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Education 10 Sports 11 References 12 External links

History
This history of this region dates back to 2nd century BCE. [2] Satavahana period (230 BC -227 AD): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikaakulam. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Goutamputra Satakarni and Yagnasri Satakarni (last Satavahan king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. Pallavas 500 AD - 340 AD): The Pallava kingdom spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near Ellore and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa.

Bruhitpalayanas: The contemporaries of pallavas who ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (5th Century AD): The 5th century rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli, etc. Eastern chalukyas ( 615 AD - 1070 AD): The entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples. Cholas: Cholas ruled this region with capital at Rajamahendri . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata in to Telugu. Kakatiyas: They ruled this region up to early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital. Reddy dynasty : On the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Pulaya Vema Reddi found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. He also possessed himself of the fortress of Bellamkonda, Vinukonda and Nagarjuna konda in the Palanad. The Kondavidu Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu, Ballamkonda and Kondapalli are still to be seen. Gajapathis of Orissa: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli. Vijayanagara empire: Krishna devaraya of Vijayanagar conquered this region in early 16th century. Qutb Shahis: In 1512, the Kingdom of Golconda or Hyderabad was founded by one Sultan Quli Qutub Shah. The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-lHussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named Madanna and Akkanna. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the goddess Kanaka Durga. Nizams: The Emperor Aurangazeb included this district in the province of Golconda, which remained under Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of Rajahmundry ruled the country induced in the Krishna District. The English: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which was their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.

Krishna District with its District Headquarters at Machilipatnam was formerly called as Machlipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Guntur district was separated from Krishna in 1904. Again in 1925 Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There were no significant further changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala paragana). Historic places in the district include:

Chintalapadu(Chandarlapadu) Bandar Port Kondapalli Killa Gudivada Ghantasala Gandhi Hill

Religiously significant places include:

Kanaka Durga Temple PandurangaSwamy Temple Brahmam gari Jenda in Edupugallu Penuganchiprolu Temple Mopidevi Temple Movva gopala swami temple Kondalamma temple Gollapudi Ayyappaswami Temple Hanuman Temple in Hanuman Junction Gunadala Matha Shrine MaremmaTemple,Putrela Sarswathi Devi Temple in Nuzvid

Geography
The district is divided into upland and coastal area. Kolleru Lake, one of India's most ecologically significant wetlands, lies partly within the district.

Hills
The main hill range of the district known as Kondapalli runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 km. The other impart hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. On the Indrakiladri hills at Vijayawada stands the famous temple of Kanakadurga.

Rivers

Prakasam Barrage at Vijayawada across Krishna River The chief rivers of the district are the Krishna (length 1,280 km), Muniyeru (Muneru), the Tammileru and Budameru. Krishna river debouches in to the Bay of Bengal at Hamsala Divi and Nachugunta in this district. The district contains small hillstreams viz., Jayanthi, Kattaleru, Ippalavagu, Upputeru, Telleru, Ballaleru, Nadimeyeru.

Flora
The district has no forests worth mentioning. The forest occupies only 9% of the total district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Bandar and Divi Taluks. A type of lightwood known as Ponuku (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.

Fauna
Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. A migrant gray billed pelican is a protected bird in the Kollair lake bordering the Krishna district. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.

Climate
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and mild winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.

Soil
Three types of soils viz., Black Cotton (57.6%), Sand clay loams (22.3%) and Red loams (19.4%).

Minerals
Natural Gas and Crude Oil is found extensively offshore and on the coastal belt of the district Small deposits of Diamonds are available.Limestone is a major mineral extracted in the district.Sand quarrying for construction is extracted from krishna and munneru rivers.

Chromite: Kondapalli hills and adjoining areas Diamonds: Paritala, Ustepalls, Kondavatikallu, Ramannapet, Suryavaram, Kothapet, Nemalipuram, Mugaluru, Putrela(Famous in rajasthan)etc. Iron Ore: Jaggayyapet area Lime Stone: Jaggayyapet area Mica: Tiruvuru area Salphur: Kona in Machilipatnam Mandal.

Divisions
The District is divided into four revenue divisions namely Vijayawada, Nuzvid, Machilipatnam, Gudivada revenue divisions each headed by a sub collector. There are a total of 50 mandals in Krishna District

Mandals-Map
1. A. 11. 21. 31. 41.

Kond uru 2. Ag

Gann avara m

Kan kipa du

Naga yalan ka

Reddig udem
42.

22. 12.

iripal li 3. Av aniga dda 4. Ba ntum illi 5. Ba pulap adu 6. Ch allap alli 7. Ch andar lapad u 8. Ch atrai 9. G. Kond uru
10.

Ghan tasal a
13.

Kod uru
23.

32.

Gudi vada
14.

Krut hive nnu

24.

Nandi gama
33.

Thotlav alluru
43.

Nandi vada
34.

Tiruvur u
44.

Gudl avall eru

15.

Mac hilip atna m

25.

Nuzvi d
35.

Ungutu ru
45.

Gudu ru
16.

Man dava lli

26.

Pama rru
36.

Vatsav ai
46.

Ibrah impa tnam

17.

Mop idevi
27.

Pami dimu kkala

37.

Veerull apadu
47.

Jagg ayya peta

18.

Mov va
28.

Pedan a
38.

Vijaya wada(R ural)

48.

Kaik aluru
19.

Mud inep alli

29.

Pedap arupu di
39.

Vijaya wada(U rban)

49.

Gam palag udem

Kalid indi
20.

Mus unur u
30.

Pena malur u
40.

Vissan napeta
50.

Kanc hikac herla

Myl avar am

Penug anchi prolu

Vuyyur u

Major Cities and Towns:

Vijayawada Machilipatnam Gudivada Gannavaram Nuzvid Mylavaram Hanuman Junction Jaggayyapeta Vuyyuru kondapalli Ibrahimpatnam Nandigama

Tiruvuru pedana Kanchikacherla Vissannapeta movva Avanigadda Nagayalanka Koduru

Economy
The Majority of the people in Urban areas of Krishna district are engaged in trade and commerce. Agriculture is the most important occupation of the people of the district. The District hosts many industries. KCP Sugar Factory at Vuyyur is one of the largest sugar plants in India. Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) near Ibrahimpatnam is ranked as the No.1 Power generation unit in India for its high performance. Apart from this, many medium Scale Cement factories are there throughout the district. There are many small scale industries like musical instruments at Jaggayyapeta, gold-plated ornaments at Machilipatnam and Kondapalli toys. SIRIS Pharmaceutical Company at Vijayawada is another giant company manufacturing Allopathic medicines. The oldest port in Andhra Pradesh is at Machilipatnam.

Politics
Krishna district has two parliamentary constituencies Vijayawada and Machilipatnam. In Andhra pradesh assembly Krishna district has 16 constituencies namely Tiruvuru (SC), Nandigama (SC), Mylavaram, Jaggayyapeta, Vijayawada (West), Vijayawada (Central), Vijayawada (East), Penamaluru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Pedana, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Machilipatnam, Avanigadda, Pamarru (SC). Telugu Desam and Congress(I) and Prajarajyam are the main parties in the district.

Transport

The Bus complex (PNBS-Pandit Nehru Bus Station) at Vijayawada is one of the biggest in Asia. The Railway station at Vijayawada is the 2nd Busiest Junction in India. More than 190 trains pass by/originate/terminate at this railway station. Airport is located at Gannavaram which is 16 km north east of Vijayawada connecting the city to Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Rajahmundry. A new deep water port is under construction in Machilipatnam.

Four national highways pass through the district

NH-5 Chennai to Kolkata NH-9 Pune to Machilipatnam NH-221 Vijayawada to Jagdalpur NH-214 Kathipudi to Ongole

Demographics
Krishna district has a population of 4,187,841 of which 32.08% is urban. Population density is 479 persons/km2 while decadal population growth rate is 14.05%. 70.03% of people in district are literates.[3]

Culture
The Telugu Dialect of this region is often considered to be standard dialect of Telugu. The Kuchipudi dance form originated from this district. It is the birth place of many significant personalities in this part of the world, including:

Pingali Venkaiah designer of Indian National Flag Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (N.T.R) Mutnuri Krishna Rao(Krishna Patrika) Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao Akkineni Nageswara Rao (A.N.R) S.V Ranga Rao(SVR) Savitri(Actress) Rajendar Prasad(Actor) C.K Naidu K.V.P RamaChandra Rao,Member of parliament[Rajya sabha]. Ramoji Rao Cherukuri Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao Viswanatha Satyanarayana K. L. Rao Kakani Venkata Ratnam, politician Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitharamaiah Duggirala Gopala Krishna Jayaprakash Narayana, Convenor Lok Satta Veturi (lyric writer) Dr.Ghattamaneni Babu Rao, a renowned philanthropist. Daggula Narasimha Reddy[DN Reddy] JNTU Hyd VC Dr.Yarlagadda Laxmi Prasad,writer,padmasri award winner. Naresh Kumar Amarthaluri, famous finance specialist from Krishna University, Machilipatnam. Koneru Humpy (Grand Master, Chess)

Education
Vijayawada is one of the main education centers in Andhra Pradesh. NTR University of Health Sciences is located in Vijayawada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam. International Institute of Information Technology is present in Nuzvid. South Indian branch of School of architecture and planning is present in Vijayawada. It boasts Headquarters of numerous residential colleges and schools like Sri Chaitanya, Nalanda, Gowtham, Sri Krishnaveni, American Medical Education for USMLE Coaching which are amongst the biggest/largest of the Corporate Educational Institutes in India.

District has numerous engineering colleges including Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, KLCE. Gudlavalleru Polytechnic College, Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are few of the many famous arts and science colleges in the district.

Sports
Kabaddi is the most popular sport followed by Cricket, Volleyball and Tennis. Indira Gandhi Stadium in Vijayawada hosts One Day Internationals Cricket matches of India.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/krishna-district#ixzz1AW8zaBrS

Krishna
Location of Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and India

16.17N 81.13E / 16.17N Coordinates Country State 81.13ECoordinates: 16.17N 81.13E /

16.17N 81.13E
India Andhra Pradesh

Headquarters Machilipatnam Population

4,187,841 (2,001 Census)

Density

479 /km2 (1,241 /sq mi)

Time zone Area Website

IST (UTC+5:30)
8,727 square kilometres (3,370 sq mi) http://www.krishna.gov.in

Krishna district
Mandals A.Konduru Agiripalli Avanigadda Bantumilli Bapulapadu Challapalli Chandarlapadu Chatrai G.Konduru Gampalagudem Gannavaram Ghantasala Gudivada Gudlavalleru Guduru Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district Jaggaiahpet Kaikaluru Kalidindi Kanchikacherla Kankipadu Koduru Kruthivennu Machilipatnam Mandavalli Mopidevi Movva Mudinepalli Musunuru Mylavaram Nagayalanka Nandigama Nandivada Nuzvid Pamarru Pamidimukkala Pedana Pedaparupudi Penamaluru Penuganchiprolu Reddigudem Thotlavalluru Tiruvuru Unguturu Vatsavai Veerullapadu Vijayawada(Rural) Vijayawada (Urban) Vissannapeta Vuyyuru [hide] Villages A.Konduru Agiripalli Avanigadda Bantumilli Bapulapadu Bhavadevarapalli Boravancha Challapalli Chandarlapadu Chatrai Chodavaram (Krishna district) Choutapalli Dakaram Dokiparru G. Konduru Gampalagudem Ghantasala (town) Gollapudi Gudlavalleru Guduru Hamasaladeevi Ibrahimpatnam Kaikaluru Kalavapamula Kalidindi Kankipadu Kapileswarapuram Kavuluru Koduru Koduru Kondapalli Konijerla Korukollu Kothuru Kruthivennu Kuchipudi (village) Lingala village Mandavalli Mopidevi Movva Mudinepalli Musunuru Mylavaram Nagayalanka Nandigama Nandivada Nemali Pamarru Pamidimukkala Pedamadalla Pedaparupudi Pedapudi, Krishna district Penamaluru Penuganchiprolu Pochavaram Poranki Prodduturu Ramanakkapeta Rayavaram (Andhra Pradesh) Reddigudem Tadepalle, Krishna district Thotlavalluru Tunikipadu Unguturu Vakkalagadda Vatsavai Veerullapadu Venkatadripuram Ventrapragada Vissannapeta [hide] Towns and cities Avanigadda Gannavaram Gudivada Jaggaiahpeta Kanchikacherla Kondapalli Machilipatnam Nandigama Nuzvid Pedana Tiruvuru Vuyyuru Vijayawada Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/krishna-district#ixzz1AWAiompH