Energy 1 Grammar

Starter Unit
to be (singular)
Form
Im (am) Youre (are) Hes/Shes/Its (is) from Argentina.

Use
We use Wh- questions to ask for information. A: Hi, Im Jessica. Whats your name? B: Its Toms. Where are you from, Jessica? What, which and how are often used with other words to ask for specific information. What time is it? Which room is English in?

Use
We use the present simple of to be to talk about states. Im from Spain. Theyre good friends. We use short forms when speaking, except with is after words ending in -s. Im Jaime. Im from Barcelona. NOT I am Jaime. I am from Barcelona. This is my house. NOT Thiss my house. We use full forms in questions and short answers, and for emphasis. A: Are you French? B: Yes, I am. A: No, youre not. B: I am French! Honestly! We use short forms in informal writing, like e-mails and letters to friends. We use full forms in formal writing, like job applications and reports.

a/an + singular nouns

We use a/an before singular, countable nouns. a pizza NOT a rice It is the initial sound that is important, not the letter. We use a before words that begin with a consonant sound. a guitar a school We use an before words that begin with a vowel sound. an actor an engineer If we use adjectives before the noun, we use a or an according to the initial sound of the adjective. an apple a big, red apple Some words begin with a consonant, but are pronounced with a vowel sound. an hour an MP3 player Some begin with a vowel, but are pronounced with a consonant sound. a university a one euro coin

pron Make sure you verb. from form of the nce. NOT He z/) from Fra Hes (/hi France. in. NOT I from m/) from Spa Im (/aI Spain.

er Remembounce the contracted

Wh- questions (with to be)

Form
Question word Verb Subject

Plural nouns
To form regular plural nouns, we add -s to the noun. There is no fixed rule for irregular plural nouns. You have to learn them.
Regular nouns Singular Plural Irregular nouns Singular Plural

Where Who What When How

am is is is are

I? he/she? it? the concert? you?

guitar eye drum

guitars eyes drums

person man woman

people men women

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Energy 1 Grammar
To form the plural of nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -s, -x, -z or -o, we add -es. church churches bus buses box boxes tomato tomatoes To form the plurals of nouns ending in consonant + y, we change the y to i and add -es. baby babies To form the plural of nouns ending in -f, we change the f to v and add -es. shelf shelves

nouns. n with plural e dont use a/a W . some, any or We often use new CDs. ers. I want some rothers or sist nt got any b I have . I love animals

emember R

Unit 1
Subject pronouns and possessive adjectives
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives

to be
Form
Positive

I You He She It We They

my your his her its our their

Im (am) Youre (are) Hes/Shes/Its (is) Were/Theyre (are)

Negative

Spanish.

We use possessive adjectives to show possession. A: Hello. My names Andy. Whats your name? B: Hi, Andy. My names Jo. A: Is this your dog? Whats its name? B: Yes, it is. Its called Ben.

Im not (am not) You arent (are not) He/She/It isnt (is not) English. We/They arent (are not)
Questions

Am I Are you Is he/she/it Are we/they

Short answers

French?

Remember: it its is a verb. s name NOT Whats it ts its name? Wha

er Rememb e possessive adjective, s is th

Yes, I am./No, Im not. Yes, you are./No, you arent.

Wh- questions

Whats his name? Where are you from?

To form the negative of we/you are and he/she/it is, we contract not and join it to the verb. We arent ready yet. She isnt very happy.

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Energy 1 Grammar
To form the negative of I am, we contract I am (Im not). We dont contract not. Im not very good at sports. NOT I amnt very good at sports. To form questions, we put the correct form of to be before the subject. Am I late? Who is she?

use We sometimes what we say. to emphasise . rn to wash up A: Its your tu today. ts your turn B: It is not! I

emembere full form of not R th

Use
We use the present simple of to be to talk about descriptions and situations. Madrid is very hot in summer. My mum is an architect.

Unit 2
Possessive s
We use the possessive s with a noun to show possession. This is the bands new CD. Where is Angelas house? We often use s to describe peoples appearance. Mels eyes are brown. Mickeys hair is short and blond. We can omit the noun after possessive s, if it is clear what we mean. A: Are these your drums? B: No, theyre Daves. (Daves drums)

this/that/these/those
Form
Singular Plural

Whats this? Whats that? Is this your bag?

What are these? What are those? Are these your books?

We use this/that/these/those to talk about things when we dont know their names. A: Whats this? B: Its my new PSP! Give it to me! A: That looks good. What is it? B: Its my lunch! Get off! We use this/these for things that are close to us. Is this bag yours? These biscuits are really nice! We use that/those for things that are not close to us. Look at that car over there! Those people at the back are really noisy. I cant hear the film! We also use this/that/these/those to make it clear what we are talking about. A: Can I borrow a pen, please? B: Is this one OK? A: No, that one. The blue one. This book is really boring!

ssessi s can be a po ossessive) Toms guitar (p erb is) in the band. (v s the guitarist Tom

emember or a verb. R ve

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Energy 1 Grammar
there is/there are
Positive Singular Plural Negative

Theres (is) a window. There are some tables.

Questions

There isnt (is not) a computer. There arent (are not) any posters.
Short answers

We use theres with singular nouns and there are with plural nouns. Theres a blackboard. There are mats on the floor. We use a/an with there is and some with there are in the positive. Theres a computer. There are some books. We use a/an with there is + single countable nouns in negatives and questions. There isnt a blackboard. Is there a computer? We use any with there are + plural nouns and there is + uncountable nouns in negatives and questions. There arent any chairs. Is there any water? We use any with there are in negatives and questions. There arent any desks. Are there any shelves?

Singular Plural

Is there a cupboard? Are there any shelves?

Wh- questions

Yes, there is./No, there isnt. Yes, there are./No, there arent.

Singular Plural

How much homework is there? How many students are there?

Use
We use there is/there are to say something exists, or doesnt exist. Theres a desk for the teacher. There arent any desks for the students.

Unit 3
have got
Form
Positive Short answers Wh- questions

Yes, I have./No, I havent. Yes, you have./No, you havent. Yes, he has./No, she hasnt.

What colour hair has she got? What sort of car has he got?

Ive Youve Hes/Shes/Its Weve Theyve

Negative

got brown eyes.

I havent You havent He/She/It hasnt We havent They havent

Questions

got brown eyes.

can or a verb. It e a possessive s can b or have. be the verb is e) car. (possessiv is is my dads Th od student. (is) dys a very go An mputer. (has) a great new co Lauras got

! Remember

Have I Have you Has he/she/it Have we Have they

Use
got brown eyes?

We use have got to talk about states like possession, appearance and relationships. Shes got red hair. Weve got a house in the country.

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Energy 1 Grammar Unit 4

Present simple he/she/it
Form
Positive

Use
We use the present simple to talk about states, habits and routines. She lives in a house. She goes to school every day.

He She It
Negative

lives in the country.

Present simple I/you/we/they

Positive

He She It
Questions

doesnt live in a city.

I You We They Negative

go to school.

Does

he she it

work very hard?

Short answers

I You We They
Questions

dont get up early at the weekend.

Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.

Wh- questions

Do

Where does she live?

Short answers

I you we they

work at the weekend?

We add -s to the infinitive (without to) of most verbs to make the he/she/it form of the present simple positive. work works play plays For verbs ending in -s, -z, -sh, -ch or -x, we add -es to the infinitive. watch watches miss misses For verbs ending in consonant + y, we change the y to i and add -es. carry carries worry worries For verbs ending in -o, we add -es to the infinitive. go goes do does To form negatives, questions and short answers, we use the auxiliary verb does/doesnt with the infinitive (without to) of the main verb. He doesnt go to school on Saturdays. Does she live with her boyfriend? No, she doesnt.

Yes, we do. No, they dont.

Wh- questions

Where do you live? What time do they go to bed?

in If there is a auxiliary verb on, we use the questi e main verb. answer, not th the short usic? A: Do you like m OT Yes, I like. B: Yes, I do. N ball? ster play foot A: Does your si Yes, she plays. she does. NOT B: Yes,

ber Rememuxiliary verb in the na

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Energy 1 Grammar Unit 5

Present simple: frequency adverbs
never 0% sometimes often usually always 100%

When we say how often we do things, we are talking about routines and habits, so we use the present simple with frequency adverbs. I usually visit my grandparents on Sundays. The traffic is always bad in the morning. We can use one word adverbs or adverb phrases. I never tidy my room. My dad goes running three times a week. Always, usually, often, sometimes and never go after the verb to be. Im always late! He is always friendly. But before the main verb. I usually go to my friends house on Saturdays. We never go shopping on Sundays. Frequency adverbs also go before the main verb (not the auxiliary verb) in negatives and questions. I dont often make mistakes. Do you always get good marks?

Adverb phrase sentence. week. work twice a with the house I help day. e guitar every I practise th

ber Remesmgo at the end of the

Object pronouns
Subject pronouns Object pronouns

I You He She It We They

me you him her it us them

We use object pronouns to replace nouns, so we dont have to repeat them. A: Do you know Clive? B: Yes, I do. I go to school with him. NOT I go to school with Clive. Jennys very nice. I really like her. NOT I really like Jenny. We use object pronouns after verbs and after prepositions. My English pen friend e-mails me every week. I talk to her every day.

Unit 6
can/cant (ability)
Form
Positive Negative

I You He She It We They

can swim.

I You He She It We They

cant swim.

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Energy 1 Grammar
Questions

Imperatives
I you he she it we they

Form
Positive

Can

swim?

Write this down. Do it again.

Negative

Short answers

Yes, I can./No, I cant. Yes, she can./No, she cant.

Wh- questions

Dont speak Spanish in your English class. Do not run in the classroom.

What languages can she speak?

Can is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by another verb in the infinitive (without to). I can swim. NOT I can to swim. I cant do maths. NOT I cant to do maths. Can is the same in all persons. There is no -s in the third person singular. He can dance. NOT He cans dance. We can dance too. To form questions, we put can before the subject. The order is can + subject + infinitive (without to). We dont use do. Can you write a letter in English? NOT Do you can write a letter in English? What instrument can you play? NOT What instrument do you can play?

To form the positive imperative, we use the infinitive of the verb (without to). It does not change. Help me! Call me tomorrow. To form the negative we put dont before the infinitive (without to). Dont cheat. Dont sit there.

only is do not. We form of dont The full what we say, to emphasise use this form riting. or in formal w when e. Do not talk told you befor Ive Im talking. unattended. not leave bags Notice: Do

! Remember

Use
We use can/cant to talk about ability things we are able to do, or not able to do. I can play the guitar. Can you sing? We also use can to make requests. Can you explain this, please? Can I have a drink, please?

Use
We use the imperative to give commands or instructions. Read the instructions before you start the exercise. Go to the bakers and get some bread. We also use the imperative to make suggestions. A: Its no good. I cant do this homework. B: Ask Mr James to explain it again. He wont mind. The imperative is used in many fixed expressions. Have a good weekend! Bye. Take care.

is very . The Pronunciation ot pronounced nt is often n -t of ca cant tell the ds of can and vowel soun word it is. listener which ed) o it. (unstress I can /kn/ d ) n/ (stressed Yes, I can. /k nt o it. NOT I ca cant /kAnt/ d I /knt/ do it.

er Rememb important. The final

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Energy 1 Grammar Unit 7

Present continuous
Form
Positive

To form questions, we put the correct form of to be before the subject. Are you listening to me? What are you doing?

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Negative

having a good time.

t con In the presen iliary verb. to be is an aux

emembetirnuous the verb R

Spelling of the -ing form

For most verbs, we add -ing to the infinitive. walk walking listen listening
not having a good time.

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Questions

When the infinitive ends in -e, we usually drop the -e and add -ing. make making ride riding When the infinitive ends in a single vowel and a single consonant, we usually double the final consonant. run running travel travelling

Am I Are you Is he/she/it Are we Are they

Short answers

having a good time?

Yes, we are. No, Im not.

Wh- questions

What are you doing? Where are you going?

u r forms. If yo many irregula There are onary. k in your dicti nt sure, chec are ing seeing NOT se e se sitting visiting NOT vi t visi

! Remember

To form the present continuous, we use the present simple of to be (am/is/are) and the -ing form of the verb. Hes playing very well today. Theyre working very hard at the moment. To form negatives, we add not to the correct form of the verb to be. Im not playing any more. Shes not listening.

Use
We use the present continuous to talk about things that are happening at the moment of speaking. Be quiet! Im watching the film.

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Energy 1 Grammar
We also use the present continuous to talk about things which are happening around now. They may not be happening at the moment of speaking, but theyve started and they havent finished. A: You look tired. B: Yes, I am. Im studying really hard for my exams next week. Ronaldinho scored again last night. Hes playing really well at the moment.

the pr . We dont use appening now gs which are h about thin you doing? A: What are I go s house. NOT ing to Ahmed B: Im go se. to Ahmeds hou

r emembeesent simple to talk R

Unit 8
was/were/wasnt/werent
Form
Positive

Use
We use the past simple of to be to talk about descriptions and situations in the past. The weather was really bad last weekend. I wasnt very confident when I was young, but I am now.

I was You were He/She/It was We were They were

Negative

there last night.

The situation we are talking about can be very recent or a long time ago. The important thing is that it is finished. A: Is Tom here? B: He was here a minute ago. My uncle was in Germany in the 1960s. The situation we are talking about can be short or long. Again, the important thing is that it is finished. A: Do you know how much phone calls cost? B: Oh mum! I was only on the phone for two minutes! The 19th century was a period of great scientific progress.

I wasnt You werent He/She/It wasnt We werent They werent

Questions

there last night.

Was I Were you Was he/she/it Were we Were they

Short answers

there last night?

Past simple: positive

Form
Regular verbs

Yes, I was./No, I wasnt. Yes, she was./ No she wasnt. Yes, we were./No, we werent.
Wh- questions

I You He/She/It We They

Irregular verbs

stayed at home last night.

What was the homework yesterday? Where were you last night?

To form the past simple of to be, we use was and were. I was late for school again this morning. They were at the party on Saturday night.

I You He/She/It We They

went to the beach at the weekend.

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Energy 1 Grammar
Spelling of regular verbs
To form the simple past of regular verbs we add -ed to the infinitive. watch watched start started If the infinitive ends in -e, we add -d. live lived dance danced When the infinitive ends in a single vowel and a single consonant (except -w or -y), we double the final consonant. stop stopped travel travelled But stay stayed NOT stayyed When the infinitive ends in a consonant and -y, we change the -y to -i and add -ed. carry carried cry cried Some of the most common irregular past forms are: go went come came get got make made have had do did

the The simple pa pt to be, stay lar verbs, exce irregu rsons. same in all pe well. He played very g. nis all mornin We played ten

mber Remest forms of all regular and

Use
We use the past simple to talk about finished actions and situations in the past. I worked in a supermarket last summer. The band practised every day before their first concert. The action/situation can be recent or a long time ago. It can be short or long. The important thing is that it is finished. I talked to Mel this morning. Her parents lived in Trinidad before they came to Britain.

Irregular verbs
There are no rules for the form of irregular verbs. You have to learn them. Look at the Irregular Verbs list on page 54 of your Wordstore Vocabulary Notebook.

Unit 9
must/mustnt
Form
Positive

I You He She It We They

Negative

Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by another verb in the infinitive (without to). I must study for the test. NOT I must to study for the test. You mustnt forget your mums birthday again! NOT You mustnt to forget your mums birthday again! Must/Mustnt is the same in all persons. There is no -s in the third person singular. He must help with the housework every weekend. NOT He musts help with the housework every weekend. She mustnt bully her little sister.

must eat less.

I You He She It We They

Use
mustnt eat too much fat and sugar.

We use must to talk about obligation and necessity things we are obliged to do or need to do; we have no choice. You must arrive at school on time. You must work harder to pass the exam.

10

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Energy 1 Grammar
We use mustnt to talk about obligation not to do something. Basketball players mustnt kick the ball. You mustnt cross the road when the light is red.
Wh- questions

What did you do? Where did they go?

Past simple: negative/questions

Negative

To form the negative, we put did not (didnt) before the infinitive (without to). She didnt watch the game. We didnt stay late at the party. To form questions, we put the auxiliary did before the subject. The order is did + subject + infinitive (without to). Did you have a good time? Where did you go?

I You He/She/It We They

Questions

didnt come.

Did Did Did Did Did

I you he/she/it we they

come?

persons. e same in all nd did are th Didnt a me. She didnt see Did he call you?

! Remember

Short answers

Yes, we did. No, I didnt.

Unit 10
going to
Form
Positive Questions

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Negative

Am I Are you Is he/she/it Are we Are they going to start soon.

Short answers

going to be alright?

Yes, we are. No, Im not.

Wh- questions

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Which songs are you going to play? Where are you going to stay? not going to finish before 8.

To form going to, we use the present simple of to be (am/is/are) + going to + infinitive (without to). Im going to see the film on Friday. They arent going to work tomorrow.
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Energy 1 Grammar
To form questions, we put the correct form of to be before the subject. Are you going to go to university? When are you going to play again?

Use
We use going to to talk about plans and intentions for the future. What are you going to do when you leave school? Were going to make a CD.

uxiliary e To be is an a that we use th to. Remember not the with going ort answers, ary verb in sh auxili main verb. rty? g to have a pa A: Are you goin Im going to. am. NOT Yes, B: Yes, I

emember rb when we use it R ve

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