Introduction

By using the Mathematica software, students will investigate the types of roots of quadratic equations from the value of its discriminant which is have to find the relationship between the value of . Then, students

in the quadratic functions and the

value of its discriminant with the position of the curve relative to the x-axis.

Topic

: Additional Mathematics Form 4 i. Chapter 2 : Quadratic Equations ii. Chapter 3 : Quadratic Functions

Learning Objective

: Students will be taught to i. Understand and use the conditions for quadratic equations to have a) two different roots; b) two equal roots; c) no roots. ii. Understand the concept of quadratic functions and their graphs.

Learning Outcome

: At the end of the lessons, students will be able to i. Determine types of roots of quadratic equations from the value of .

ii. Recognise shapes of graphs of quadratic functions. iii. Relate the position of quadratic function graphs with types of roots for f (x) = 0 .

Directions

1. Form a group of two or three students. Each group will share a computer. 2. Follow the steps given below and use the diagrams as a reference. 3. Do all the activity that has been listed. 4. Complete the worksheet attached.

STEPS: 1. Start the Mathematica software. Youll see a white blank screen named Untitled 1.

2. To find the values of the discriminant and the roots of a quadratic function, you have to let ( ) . For example ( ) , it will become .

You have to identify the value of a, b and c from the quadratic equations. Let say you want to find the values of discrimant and the root(s) of a, b and c is a 1 b -4 c -12 , the value of

3. To find the value of the discriminant, you have to assign the formula of the discriminant, on the Mathematica software by typing Clear[a,b,c] and

press Enter. Then type d=b^2-4*a*c where d represents discriminant. Use the symbol of ^ to represent power (e.g. , type b^2). Press Enter again and it will

automatically give an output of the real formula for discriminant.

4. Then, to evaluate the value of discriminant for quadratic equations where a = 1, b = -1 and c = -12, you have to type * and press Enter. Youll get the value of the discriminant as the output.

, +

5. To find the root(s) of the equations, type Solve[Quadratic Equations, x] on the blank space and press Shift+Enter on your keyboard. For example, for the quadratic equations of , you need to type Solve[x^2-4x-12==0,x]. Remember , type x^2) and double equal sign to use the symbol of ^ to represent power (e.g.

as Solve[x^2-4x-12 = = 0, x]. Youll then get the answer of the root(s) of the quadratic equations.

(Note: If mathematica computes an answer consists of a complex number, it means that the equations has no roots)

6. In general, by using Mathematica to plot a function of you need to type see the graph of , , ( ) * +-. *

over an interval

+- and press Shift+Enter. For example, to over the interval type

ACTIVITY The activity is for the students to investigate the types of roots of quadratic equations from the value of . Then, the students have to recognize the shapes of the and the relationship between the

quadratic function graphs according to the value of positions of the graphs and the value of

which is the type of its roots.

1. Click on File | New | Notebook (.nb). A new blank space will open. 2. By following the steps given above, you are required to complete the table in the worksheet given to each student. 3. Then answer all the questions given.

OBSERVATIONS

1. Fill in the tables :

1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

-4 -6 -2 4 8 4 2

-12 8 1 6 -15 -4 -2

64 4 0 -8 4 0 -4

-2, 6 2, 4 1, 1 3, 5 2, 2 -

2. Observe the value of

and the value of roots of the quadratic equations. What

can you conclude from your observation about their relationship? The type of roots consists of the categories: i. ii. iii. 3. Fill in the tables : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Value of Types of roots 2 distinct roots 2 distinct roots 2 Equal roots No roots 2 distinct roots 2 Equal roots No roots Value of a Opens up/down No. of intersection with x-axis 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 the roots are distinct there is no roots the roots are equal

4. Can you identify the shape of a quadratic function ( ) The shape of the graph of a quadratic function ( )

? is a parabola

which is symmetry about its axis passing through the maximum or minimum point. 5. What is the relationship between the value of a and the shape of a quadratic function? i. If a is positive (> 0), the graph is a parabola with a minimum point and opens up. ii. If a is negative (< 0), the graph is a parabola with a maximum point and opens down. 6. What can you conclude about the relationship between the position of the graphs relative to the x-axis and its type of roots? i. ii. If the function has 2 distinct roots, the graph will have 2 x-intercepts. If the function has equal roots, there is only one x-intercept and the x-axis is a tangent to the parabola. iii. If the function has no roots, the graph will not intercept with x-axis.

Notes: Words that are highlighted in the red are suppose to be written by the students.

CONCLUSION

From the activity, students can determine types of roots of quadratic equations from the value of . Then, the students can investigate, recognize and relate shapes and

the position of quadratic function graphs with types of roots for f (x) = 0 and the value of a.

EXERCISES

1. Determine the types of the roots of the following equations. a) b) c) ( ) has equal roots.

2. Find the value of p if the equation

3. Identify the shapes of graph of the following quadratic functions. a) b) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

4. Determine the types of roots in each of the following quadratic equations when ( ) Hence, sketch the position of the graph ( ) relative to x-axis. a) b) c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

5. Show that the graph of quadratic function ( ) in two distinct points for all values of p.

intersects the x-axis