Lavender oil (constituents, effects, uses).

Abed Al-Muhsen Abu Sham"a, Osaed Zaghal, abed al Rahman bni Fadl. Submitted to dr. Nidal Jaradat. Phytochemistry lab, faculty of pharmacy, An-Najah National University. ________________________________________________________ Abstract Lavender belong to the family labiatae and fall into four main categories: lavandula latifolia a Mediterranean grass like lavender, lavandula augostifolia commonly known as English lavender, lavandula stoechas known as French lavender, and lavandula x intermediary which is sterile cross between lavandula latifolia and lavandula augostifolia. They have been used as dried or as essential oils. And lavender contains 26 constituents, -pinene (0.22%), camphene(0.06%), -myrcene(5.33%), -cymene(0.3%), limonene(1.06%), cineol(0.51%),linalool(26.12%), borneol(1.21%), terpinene 4-ol(4.64%), linalyl acetate, gernyl acetate(2.41%), caryophellene(7.55%). Lavender is a popular aromatherapy plant has an appealing scent thet has been incorporated into many products, lavender is believed to posses anti-convulsive, sedative, hypnotic, anti-depressive effect, and nervous breakdown, and nervous tension. Cosmetics products also. Objectives 1. Essintial oils and plants.

2. To determine the constituents and species of lavender. 3. To determine the anti-conflict effects of lavender oil. 4. To determine the anti- mutagenic activity of lavandula augostifolia essential oil in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. 5. to determine the anxiolytic effects of lavender oil. 6. To determine the effect of lavender bath oil in reducing stress and crying and enhancing sleep in infants. 7. To identify the effect of lavender oil as tyrosinase inhibitor. 8. The effect of linalool to induce robust apoptosis variety of leukimeia and its isomers role. 9. Microwave accelerated steam distillation of essential oil from lavender. Introduction Lavender is one of the most useful medical plants, commercially the lavender provides several important essential oils to the fragrance industry including: soaps, colognes, perfumes, skin lotion and others. In food manufacturing lavender essential oil is employed in flavoring beverages, ice creams, candy, baked goads. Odors have long been known to be capable to altering the emotional state of humans, physiological and psychological effects of essential oils have been acknowledged in folk medicine and aromatherapy for a long time, citrus and lavender oil have been particularly attributed with mood enhancing properties by aromatherapy. Various mental disorders have traditionally been treated with plant derived essential oils (Eos), the medicinal use of essential oils that

originated in ancient Egypt has continued until the present and aromatherapy has recently undergone a worldwide resurgence, yet although essential oils provide a therapeutic alternative to western medicines the lack of significance basis for their effectiveness remains an obstacle, the long history of essential oils is believed to be important for their effectiveness in treating various illness. However I believe that essential oils aroma alone insufficiency potent to treat illness due to rapid adaption to odorants. 1. Essential oils and plants One of the major plant categories growing in the Mediterranean region is that of aromatic plants which contain essential oils. These plants have the capacity to synthesize, accumulate, and emit volatiles that may interact with living organisms, these low molecular weight substances derived from fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrate pools. Constitute a heterogeneous group of molecules with saturated and unsaturated straight chains, branched chains and cyclic structures bearing various functional groups, sulfur, and nitrogen. It is clear that essential oils dont still in the plants forever and the decomposition of these oils following leaf fall is topic require more research. The essential oils into aromatic plants represents (0.1-3%) of the dry weight and there are several ways that these secondary metabolites escape into the environment, the terpened emission participate in photochemical reactions leading to aerosol production. These compounds are almost water insoluble or water insoluble, the decomposition almost happen in dark place the percentage of oils in leaves showed

gradual decrease, the longer plant remained in the dark losing approximately 40% of oil in a period of 24 days. Most of the compound still a year before disappears. 2. Constituents and species of lavender. The species of the lavender are: lavandula latifolia, lavandula augostifolia, lavandula stoechas, and lavandula X intermedia. -pinene 0.22% linalool 26.12% camphene 0.06% borneol 1.21% -myrcene 5.33% Linalyl acetate o.o4% -cymene 0.3% Terpinene-4ol 4.64% limonene 1.06% Geranyl 2.41% acetate cineol 0.51% caryophyline 7.55% 3. anti conflict effect of lavender oil Cineol, -myrcene, -pinene, and terpinene-4ol, dont show anti conflict activity. Linalyl acetate dont any significance anti conflict action, borneol and linalool produce effect at different doses. These results according to two pharmacological tests in ICR mices, as a result linalool is the major constituent that contributes anti conflict action. 4. The anti- mutagenic activity of lavender oil. Essential oils from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree oil) and lavandula augostifolia (lavender oil), are commonly used to treat minor health problems, lavender oil probably protects against mutation by intercepting rather than by altering enzymes or by decreasing 2-nitroflouroene thus blocking the DNA-damaging mutations.

The lavender oil induces the plasma glycerol? The stimulation with scent of lavender oil (SLVO) triggered effect no increase in the glycerol level not like grapefruit, activation of the sympathetic nerves lead to hydrolysis of triglyceride stored within the adipose tissue to glycerol and fatty acids, in some conditions stimulations of lypolysis results in an increase of only glycerol without fatty acids. And some studies show that lavender increase the salivary cortisol and cga. 5. The anti-anxiety effect of lavender oil. It is widely believed that odors have the power to influence emotional stress in humans, in a study (ambient odors of orange and lavender oil reduce anxiety and improve mood in dental office) the result was when comparing groups of people who wait for dental procedure that the first group ( no odor) the second group( lavender) the third(music), the result was the people whom expose to the lavender oil had a lower level of anxiety and higher level of calmness. The mode of action of ambient odor in inducing emotional changes is currently not completely known. Lavender has been demonstrated to act postsynaptically and suggests that modulates the activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). A casual relationship that has been established for the effects of cannabis, transdermal administration of linalool lowered physiological arousal level by means of autonomic without affecting mood rating. Lavender oil increases alpha waves activity associated with relaxation while linalool reduces beta brain waves activity associated with being alert and awake.

6. The effect of lavender bath on babies and mothers.(recent study). In a recent study for the University of Ulster and others which published in phytomedicine journal shows that the mothers in the lavender bath oil were more relaxed, the cortisol level of this group as mothers and babies decreased. Newborns have been noted to show aromatic performance including the aminotic fluid and breast milk aromas and show negative reaction to acetic acid odor. In the study were three groups: Lavender bath oil. Non aroma bath oil. Lavender bath oil to group of mothers whom receive an advertisement that the aroma bath oil help babies when they become irritated or help them settle them down before bed time to determine the additional effects of mothers expectation about the benefits of such oil.

To the bath behavior the mothers in group 1 and 2 were coded as being relaxed, smiling, and touching, a greater percentage than in group 3.and the mother in the lavender group tended to smile a greater percentage at the bath time than those of the non aromatic group, the mothers in bath aroma touched their babies more than others and the infants in group 1 looked to the mothers more. If we compare the sleep behavior, in group 1 the babies less time crying and deeper sleep. If we compare the cortisol level in group one was the lowest. 7. The effect of lavender oil as tyrosinase inhibitor. If we use the L-dopa as substrate for mushroom tyrosinase, the water extraction of lavender shows strong inhibitory effect, oven drying the leaves and stems or free drying the water extraction decrease the inhibitory ability of water from all lavender species. Tyrosinase is a multifunctional enzyme present in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Tyrosinase is responsible for browning in plants and cause undesirable changes in color , flavor, and nutritive values of food, and involves is the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis, tyrosinase catalyze the reaction of melanin biosynthesis in human skin and the epidermal hyper pigmentation results in various dermatological disorder such as melasma, spots. Safe and effective tyrosinase inhibitor activity have become important for their applications in improving food quality and preventing pigmentation disorders and other melanin related health problems ( seo et al, 2003, Mosher et al , 1983, m and fukuda, 1991), further more important for whitening activity in cosmetics.

Aromatic herbs extracted with polar solvents posed higher anti oxidant activity than did, essential oils extracted with water gave 3.2 times higher anti oxidant activity. 8. The effect of linalool to reduce apoptosis. Linalool a natural small molecule monoterpene has shown to have anti tumor activity against several human cells tumor lines in vitro, however the anti leukemia spectrum and molecular mechanism inhibit tumor cell growth not fully understood. Treatment of leukemia cells by linalool for 12 hours led to strong activation of P53, cyclin dependant kinase inhibitor, GADD45 alpha, C-jun, and JNK. Leukemia is an serious and often lethal form of hematological malignancies, remission by chemotherapy can be achieved in most patients, however, relapse is common and long term survival remains poor for most cases. Drugs commonly used are sensitive to proliferating leukemia but not to non once, for this reason it is essential to identify novel agents that can target both types. - linalool-

Linalool reduced also G0 and G1 phase, so its action include: Myeloid leukemia Lymphoblastic leukemia Lymphoblastic lymphoma But to be used we need large quantities which mean large side effects. Highly selective catalytic system (RO3+BU4NOH) for the process of converting linalool to gerniol and nerol isomers, within the temperature range of 413-513 K, using NMR spectroscopy, composition and reactivity of vanadium complexes, the reaction of the ligand(linalool/gerniol+nerol) is very fast and reversible and the two products formed at parallel route. Gerniol and nerol of( 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octa-ol-diene) are valuable fragrant compounds having the delicate aroma of the rose behind the perfumes synthesis these compounds used for the synthesis of vitamins A and E . The process complicated by the tertiary alcohol, dehydration and oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde and the catalyst deactivation.

The process by which the cis trans products formed. 9. Microwave accelerated steam distillation. A new design and operation for microwave accelerated steam distillation (MASD) of essential oils was developed, a packed bed of lavender flower sits above the steam source generated by microwave heating, only steam posses through it without the boiling water mixing with vegetable raw material as in case of hydro distillation, MASD has been compared with

simple technique, steam distillation for the extraction of essential oils from lavender flowers. In general an analytical procedure for essential oils from plants or species compares two steps extraction (steam distillation, hydro, and simultaneous distillation), and analysis where is the last step is finished per 30 min the extraction takes at least several hours, its prolonged heating and stirring in boiling water much more attention has been given to this instrument.

microwave accelerated steam distillation is an original combination between microwaves and steam distillation, the isolated and concentration of essential oils are performed in a single stage, this process thus frees essential oils from plant material which is evaporated by steam, one the essential oil has been extracted they can be analyzed directly by GC-MS, without any clean up or solvent exchange steps.

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