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pa n s y, p e n c ha n t, p oi se , a pp e n d, de p en d,
p e n dan t, a p pe n di x,
pe n du l um ,
pe n si o n,
p e ns i ve ,
pe s o ,
a voi rdu p o i s,
c o mp e n diu m ,
c o m pe n sa t e,
s u p e r - , s up ra -, s u p e rb, s u pe ri o r, s up re m e, s u r - , s i rl o in , s u pe rn al, s u m , s u m m it , s o p ra n o , a n d so m e rs a ul t . 4 T h e w o r d v a st d e s c e n ds
f r o m t h e L a t i n v a s t u s m e a n i n g " i mm e n s e , e x t e n si v e , h u g e , " a l so " d e s o l a t e , u n oc c u p i e d , e m p t y. " 5
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Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vast
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6 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 50 7 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 68 8 http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/perpendicular 9 http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/level 10 h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . y a h o o . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / d i c t i o n a r y / e n t r y / p l a n e 11 h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . y a h o o . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / d i c t i o n a r y / e n t r y / l i b r a 12 h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . y a h o o . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / d i c t i o n a r y / e n t r y / a v o i r d u p o i s + w e i g h t
o r h o l d i n e q u i l i b r i u m ; b a l a n c e . 13 T h i s w o r d i s a s y n o n y m o f
e q u i li b ri u m , o n e o f t h e p a r o n y m s o f l ev el .
A f i n a l t h e m e c on ce r n s v e r t i ca l i t y a ga i n o r s i mp l y t h e U PWA RD d i r e c t i o n . T h i s i s e v i d e n c e d b y t he f a c t t ha t t h e p re f i x sus - i n sus pe nd a n d t h e k e y w o r d o v er d e sc e n d f r o m r o o t s w i t h a l m ost i d e n t i c a l m e a n i n gs . R e c a l l t ha t t h e f o r m e r d e s c e n d s f r o m t h e I E r o o t u po - w h i c h m e a n s un d e r , u p f r o m u n d e r , o v e r . T h e l a t t e r d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t u p e r - w h i c h m e a n s o v e r.
13 h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . y a h o o . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / d i c t i o n a r y / e n t r y / p o i s e