9 Seq Strat 1

GEOL 755, Spring 2011
Sequence Stratigraphy 1
A genetic approach to largescale stratigraphic problems
JT, '11
Tuesday, April 5, 2011
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Resources at the DeLamare Library:
Van Wagoner, et al, 1990, Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores, and Outcrops, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series No. 7. Chapter 1 in Loucks and Sarg, 1992, Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy, AAPG Memoir #57
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resources on line:
two university sites seem to be the best and include tutorials

Univ. of South Carolinas site at: http://
strata.geol.sc.edu/index.html University of Georgias site at: http:// www.uga.edu/~strata/sequence/ seqStrat.html
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the depositional sequence
term has a long history of use,

e.g. Larry Sloss landmark North American sequence scheme
redened as a seismic stratigraphic unit by Exxon Production Research (now ExxonMobil) in 1970s
4th order scale (~500,000 yr) Sloss sequences promoted to supersequences
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the Sloss supersequences (2nd order)
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sequence presently dened:
a conformable succession of genetically related strata, bounded at base and top by unconformities or their correlative conformable surfaces
Van Wagoner et. al., 1990
note* this supersedes and preempts all other uses
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precedent: allostratigraphy
North American Stratigraphic Code (1983): An allostratigraphic unit is a mappable stratiform body of sedimentary rock that is dened and identied on the basis of its bounding disconformities
laterally and vertically variable a geomorphic surface can be a boundary
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implicit in the denition (1)
deposition of a sequence occurs during a time of

generation of accommodation space
keep up vs. catch up?
delivery of sediment into a depositional system

to be known as a systems tract
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implicit in the denition (2)
sequence deposition ends...

when sediment delivery stops, because ... accommodation space moves elsewhere
area is then in hiatus until things change again creates a boundary unconformity/ disconformity that is an isochron
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the link to chronostratigraphy
a) seismic section,
x = distance (all) y = depth

b) chronostrat. correlation,
Wheeler diagram
y = linear time
c) sea-level driver,
y = linear time
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Wheeler diagram exercise
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The process: sea level change drives accommodation space
s.l. rise and s.l. fall - control of sedimentation

where how much
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when introduced, this was controversial! why? 1. originally based on seismic sections depositional systems tracts were not documented with rocks geophysicists were trying to do sedimentology? (how dare they!) 2. authors tried to make the case that they could use the technique to develop a global sea-level curve.
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Why did the scheme come from seismic stratigraphy?
its a matter of scale! seismic sections are thick seismic sections are long You can see big relationships
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depth
distance
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What are we looking at?

raw data 2-way time Variable area plot
distance
(difficult to see acoustic events)
- fill in half the wave forms to show acoustic events more clearly
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visualizing scale (Miall, 1984)
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consensus now?
1. The genetic concept is valid, and eld work has shown it works based on outcrop data. 2. The global sea-level curve is still controversial, but most of us think that the fundamental idea of sequence stratigraphy is sound without global correlation aspect.
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Cycles and sequences
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notice ordering inconsistencies
Boggs textbook
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Where do sequences t? parasequences?
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Compare scales
Boggs, from Einsele et al.
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sequence dened again:
a conformable succession of genetically related strata, bounded at base and top by unconformities or their correlative conformable surfaces Why do sequences form?
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Why do sequences form?
In response to processes that make accommodation space

sea-level rise (relative or eustatic) subsidence
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facies shift with sea-level (review)
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Chris Kendall
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sedimentary record of sea-level is complex, even when the signal is simple
where is the strand line?

sed. supply real s.l. change
Sea level
progradation
= shallowing up = s.l. fall
deposition
Sea level
retrogradation
= deepening up
deposition
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normal regression
prograding facies as sea level rises
After Catuneanu, 2002

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forced regression
erosion and reworking as sea-level falls
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transgression
ooding and reworking, facies shift landward
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some terminology
how/where do sequence boundaries end?

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when does deposition occur?

subsidence
(subsidence always down, s.l. up and down)
relative s.l.
time
time when accommodation space is being generated
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more possibilities: (subsidence always

down, s.l. up and down)
subsidence
relative s.l.
time
time when accommodation space is being generated
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more possibilities: (subsidence always

down, s.l. up or down)
subsidence
relative s.l.
time
time when accommodation space is being provided
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compare tectonic subsidence and orbitally forced s.l. rise rates

passive margin (thermal) subsidence ~ 2mm/100yrs cont. interior basins ~ 1mm/100yrs foreland basins - 1mm/70yrs strike-slip basins ~ 3mm/10yrs orbitally forced s.l. rise ~ 2mm/5yrs
*1) note that orbital forcing assumes signicant ice formation to control ocean volume. 2) the range of orbitally forced s.l. change is 10s of meters, while tectonic range may be kilometers.
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building the sequence: thesystems tract concept
sediments deposited as a depositional system in response to a sea level position

low stand systems tract (LST) transgressive systems tract (TST) high stand systems tract (HST)
*note that little or no deposition is expected during sea-level fall in this scheme.
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sequences are built from systems tracts

lowstand systems tract (LST) lies on basal boundary, mainly in distal areas during proximal erosion transgressive systems tract (TST) forms during s.l. rise, shifts progressively inland highstand systems tract (HST) completes sequence, lls in proximal areas to sea level, beach moves seaward
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relating the sedimentation to sea-level

resume
review
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two, stacked sequences

HST TST LST
incised valley fill
older HST
Van Wagoner et al, 1990

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two kinds of sequences:

Type 1 - subsidence less than s.l. drop rates

boundaries are erosional unconformities
Type 2 - subsidence exceeds s.l. drop rates

boundaries are not erosional, deposition continues even during s.l. drop
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two type 1 sequences (again)

HST TST LST
older HST

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Sequence boundary denitions
Type 1 boundary - unconformity with

erosion associated with rejuvenation of streams, incising older sediments basinward shift in facies (deeper) related to base-level shift downward/outward shift in coastal onlap
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two, type 2 sequences- what are the differences?

HST TST SMST*
older HST
*SMST - shelf margin systems tract (no LST for type 2 systems) Van Wagoner et al, 1990
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Sequence boundary denitions
Type 2 boundary - like #1 except

lacks signicant erosion lacks lowstand reworking
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what are the lighting bolts? parasequences
the higher-order responses to base-level changes

sequence boundary parasequence boundary
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parasequence dened
a relatively conformable succession of genetically related beds, bounded by a marine ooding surface or a correlative surface an outcrop-scale concept! landward shift in facies
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examples of parasequence cycles

onshore ooding surface
ooding surface
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offshore
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Steven Holland
parasequence key ideas:

a single cycle of response to creation of accommodation space (4th or 5th order) usually (but not necessarily) ~1-20 meters thick shallowing-up character Van Wagoner predictable vertical facies associations et al, 1990
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what about sediment delivery rate?

D = delivery rate A = accommodation rate
D/A > 1
D/A < 1
D/A = 1
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applications of sequence stratigraphy

local/regional chrono-correlation based on depositional facies world-wide correlation based on global eustasy?
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getting to more realistic correlation:

Datum = wellhead elevation
Datum = top of sandstone
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chronocorrelation shows true lateral relationships

Datum = time
Datum = top of sandstone
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GEOL 755, Spring 2011

Resources at the DeLamare Library:

two university sites seem to be the best and include tutorials

the depositional sequence

term has a long history of use,

the Sloss supersequences (2nd order)

sequence presently dened:

note* this supersedes and preempts all other uses

implicit in the denition (1)

deposition of a sequence occurs during a time of

delivery of sediment into a depositional system

implicit in the denition (2)

sequence deposition ends...

the link to chronostratigraphy

x = distance (all) y = depth

Wheeler diagram exercise

The process: sea level change drives accommodation space

s.l. rise and s.l. fall - control of sedimentation

Why did the scheme come from seismic stratigraphy?

What are we looking at?

visualizing scale (Miall, 1984)

Cycles and sequences

notice ordering inconsistencies

Where do sequences t? parasequences?

Boggs, from Einsele et al.

sequence dened again:

Why do sequences form?

In response to processes that make accommodation space

facies shift with sea-level (review)

sedimentary record of sea-level is complex, even when the signal is simple

where is the strand line?

prograding facies as sea level rises

After Catuneanu, 2002

erosion and reworking as sea-level falls

ooding and reworking, facies shift landward

After Catuneanu, 2002

how/where do sequence boundaries end?

After Catuneanu, 2002

when does deposition occur?

(subsidence always down, s.l. up and down)

more possibilities: (subsidence always

more possibilities: (subsidence always

compare tectonic subsidence and orbitally forced s.l. rise rates

building the sequence: thesystems tract concept

sediments deposited as a depositional system in response to a sea level position

sequences are built from systems tracts

relating the sedimentation to sea-level

two, stacked sequences

Van Wagoner et al, 1990

two kinds of sequences:

Type 1 - subsidence less than s.l. drop rates

Type 2 - subsidence exceeds s.l. drop rates

two type 1 sequences (again)

Van Wagoner et al, 1990

Sequence boundary denitions

Type 1 boundary - unconformity with

two, type 2 sequences- what are the differences?

Sequence boundary denitions

Type 2 boundary - like #1 except

what are the lighting bolts? parasequences

the higher-order responses to base-level changes

examples of parasequence cycles