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LECTURE 8: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Botany scientific study of plant life

Welcome to my lecture Who am I ?: Prof. Dr. S.M. Sitompul These are my rules I always come on time ( 10) with a proper dress Get into the lecture room, dont hang around I use English in my lecture and exam (25(2575%)
These are my philosophies Turn your enemies to be your friends Turn your useless time to be useful time Make big problems to be small problems Simplify the systems or problems

Limonene (L-limonene & D-limonene) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/chemid1.htm#carbohydrates

Teaching Philosophy "Give a man a fish, and he will eat for a day, but teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime" - Confucius.

PREPARATION

LECTURE FLOW
I. INTRODUCTION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

My Dictionary

Buy a writing book (100 pages)write the title My pages) My Dictionary Dictionary Write every word that you do not understand in my lecture and from others, and get the meaning of it (you have to show this at the end of my lecture) you to lecture) have at least 100 words Everyone has to make English Presentation (EP) The EP is started from the English judges The English judges have to coordinate their friends for the EP and take marks Form groups with 5 members each Discuss lecture materials in your groups

Definition Approach Life Biology Systems CELL Atom and Atom Structure Organic Compounds of Plants

English Presentation

II. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE

1. 2.

III. MOLECULE FORMATION

1. 2.

SelfSelf-Propagating Groups

Atom Characteristics Covalent and Ionic Bond

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INTRODUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition

2. Approach
To Understand the Big, Youd Better Know the Small

Botany can be defined as the scientific study of plant life. life. The study of life is biology, and the word biology, biology is composed of 2 Greek roots bio which mean life, and logi which means logi study of Biology as a science is concerned with all lifelife- plant and animal, but botany is interested in plant life in particular. particular.

Our journey begins here.

Simple to Complex Lifes Levels of Organization

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

3. Life As Botany = study of plant life, then what is life? If we were to list the criteria for defining life what would they be?

Plant life means

1.

2.

All living things are composed of cells They have self regulating metabolisms They move Respond to stimuli Reproduce Adapt to environment

3.

Organization: Organization: Being composed of one or more Cells, which are the basic units of life. Metabolism: Metabolism : Consumption of energy by converting nonliving material into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism) Growth: Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of synthesis than catalysis

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4. 5.

Adaptation: Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment Reproduction: Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms (the production of new cells in the process of growth )

Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be animals Some of these organisms are:

Plants PlantPlant-like organisms include fungi, (studied in mycology), bacteria , and viruses (studied in microbiology), and algae (studied in phycology). phycology).

Botany covers the study of: of:

Structure, growth, reproduction, development, metabolism, diseases, and chemical properties of over 550,000 kinds or species of living organisms including plants, algae, viruses, bacteria and fungi

The study of plants has importance for a number of reasons:

1. 2. 3.

Plants has a fundamental part of life on Earth. They generate the oxygen, food, fibers, fuel and medicine that allow higher life forms to exist. Plants also absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, that in large amounts can effect global climate.

4. Biology Systems Biology organizes living things along certain levels.

5. CELL All life begins in one cell which consists of organelles

at a chemical level, looking at the level, biochemistry of organisms, or at a cellular level where interest in the structure and functions of cells and cell physiology is considered, or at the levels of tissues or organs. organs.

Organelles consist of molecules Molecules consist of chemical elements chemistry of life

The CELL is the smallest unit of living matter. The smallest living things are one celled animals (certain bacteria and algae) Larger organisms are collections of cells in which cells are differentiated by function by act in concert, that is they are organized and cooperate.

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II. Chemical Compounds In Plants

Cells are the basic and fundamental unit of structure, physiology, and organization of all living organisms. Knowing the composition of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all of the biological sciences

1.

The chemical basis of life

Life is a chemical process. All aspects process. of living creatures have a chemical basis. An understanding of life requires an understanding of the chemical basis of life. life. Chemistry is the study of the properties of matter

The fundamental

unit of matter is the atom. atom. Everything that has mass and occupies space is composed of atoms or subatomic particles. particles.

Living systems can be organized into the following levels or categories

1. 2.

2.

Atoms and Atomic Structure

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Subatomic particles (electrons, protons and neutrons) form atoms (hydrogen, helium, oxygen, iron, etc.) which form molecules (water, glucose, cellulose, etc.) which form complex macromolecules (glycoproteins, DNA, RNA, glycoproteins, etc.) which form subcellular units called organelles (nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, etc.) which form cells which form tissues (muscle, nerve, adipose, epithelial, etc.) which form organs (brain, heart, liver, root, leaf, etc.) which form an individual organism

Atomic Nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons Neutrons and Protons have similar mass (weight) Electrons have a very small mass and spin around the Atomic Nucleus Atoms have equal number of protons (+) and electrons (-)

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2.

Organic Compounds of Plants

III. MOLECULE FORMATION

What causes atoms to form molecules?
1.

The major groups of organic compounds as far as life is concerned are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 5. Terpenes 6. Phenolic Compounds 7. Glycosides 8. Alkaloids

Atom Characteristics

The molecular constituent of plants are synthesized from far simple, inorganic molecules (CO2, H2O and (CO nutrient elements) elements) The formation of almost all living molecules occur through reactions catalyzed by enzymes and based on characteristics of basic constituent of the molecules (atom)

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/chemid1.htm#carbohydrates

Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are frequently found bonded to carbon. Organic compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, this includes what common materials?

In a simplified yet useful view of an atom, electrons orbit a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons.

Atoms come in different forms called isotopes

1.

2. 3.

Isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Many isotopes are unstable, making them radioactive. Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) play an important role in health, medicine and biological research.

Three isotopes of hydrogen.

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Some Atoms are Sociable, Others Arent

Atomswant (are most stable) to have will share electrons Atoms without a filled outer shell a filled outer electron shell. with other atoms to accomplish this goal. Filling outer electron shells controls which atom will pair with which others and in what combinations.

Filling Electron Shells

An important rule: the innermost shell holds two electrons; subsequent shells hold 8 electrons.

Pairing for the Greater Good 2. Molecule Formation There are two types of bonds that can form between atoms: covalent bond & ionic bond When atoms come together by sharing electrons the bond is a covalent bond.

Water (H2O) - A Most Important Molecule

H2

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are bound together covalently.

Note how bonding fills all outer electron shells.

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Valence Electrons

The electrons found in the outer shell of an atom are known as valence electrons The valence of an atom is the number of electrons an atom must receive to become chemically stable (i.e., less reactive) For many atoms Valence = 8 - # valence electrons

Valences of Various Elements

1

Oxygen: Oxygen: 6 valence electrons, valence = 2 Nitrogen: Nitrogen: 5 valence electrons, valence = 3 Carbon: Carbon: 4 valence electrons, valence = 4

In Biology (even in chemistry) there are always exceptions:

Hydrogen: 1 valence electron, valence = 1 Phosphorus: 5 valence electrons, valence = 5

Polar and Non-Polar Covalent Bonding

A polar substance is one in which the molecule has a negative side and a positive side Some atoms have an equal affinity for electrons. If so, the shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each atom and the covalent bond is non-polar. The covalent bonds of H2 and CH4 are nonpolar and so are the molecules.

Polar and Non-Polar Covalent Bonding

Some atoms have an unequal affinity for electrons. If so, the shared electrons spend more time around one atom relative to another and the covalent bond is polar.
H2O

Oxygen draws electrons to itself much more strongly than hydrogen. Therefore, the covalent bonds of H2O are highly polar and so is the molecule.

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Polar and Non-Polar Covalent Bonding

Polar and Non-Polar Covalent Bonding

The polar versus non-polar distinction determines which molecules will dissolve in a particular solute. For example, sugar dissolves in water, but fat doesnt. The general rule is like dissolves like.
The familiar case of oil and water Water = polar molecule Fat = non-polar molecule Soap = polar and non-polar molecule

Some Atoms Do Almost Anything to Fill Electron Shells Sodium donates a lonely electron to chlorine to complete its outer electron shell. Chlorine is only too happy to accept.

Ions and Ion Formation

The result is ion formation. An ion is an atom or molecule with one or more full positive or negative charges.

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Ionic Bonds
Two oppositely charged ions bind together. This type of chemical bond is an ionic bond. Salts are solids held together by ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are common and important in biology.

Ionic bonding
High electronegativity difference strips valence electrons away from another atom Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms) Cation (positive ion); anion (negative ion) Ex: Salts (sodium chloride)

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding involves 3 steps (3 energies) 1) loss of an electron(s) by one element, 2) gain of electron(s) by a second element, 3) attraction between positive and negative

Na Cl
Ionic bonds result from one atom essentially giving an electron to another atom Ionic bonds represent an extreme of polarity and are represented in biological systems as the salt bridges within proteins

Ionization energy

e + Na+ Cl Cl Na+

+ e

E lectron affinity

Cl + Na+

Lattice energy

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Ionic bonding: energies

Hydrogen Bonding
Oxygen and nitrogen are much more hungry for electrons than hydrogen. Bonds between nitrogen or oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar. This allows bonds to form between partially positive and partially negative atoms in different or (in large molecules) the same molecule. The result is a hydrogen bond.

By convention, a requirement for energy is given a + sign (we have to put energy in) and is called endothermic, a release of energy is given a sign and is called exothermic.

Na

Ionization energy

e + Na+ Cl

+ 496 349

Cl + e Cl + Na+

E lectron affinity

Lattice energy

Cl Na+ 766

Hydrogen Bonding Gives Water Unique Properties

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