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LkICkMANCL CI nLA1 UM SS1LM

A|ms
1he alms of Lhls experlmenL are
1o undersLand Lhe operaLlon and some of Lhe characLerlsLlc of a heaL pump and refrlgeraLor
sysLems
1o use and undersLand meLhods of measurlng pressure flow and LemperaLure
1o undersLand how Lhe Second Law of 1hermodynamlcs governs Lhe performance of heaL
pump cycle
1o geL famlllar wlLh uslng a properLy dlagram
1o undersLand energy balance
1o be aware of measuremenL errors due Lo lnsLrumenLaLlon deslgn
Introduct|on
heaL pump ls a devlce LhaL moves heaL from a low LemperaLure source Lo a hlgh LemperaLure
source uslng mechanlcal work 8oLh refrlgeraLors and heaL pumps work on Lhe same cycle buL Lhey
have dlfferenL ob[ecLlves Common examples are food refrlgeraLors and alr condlLloners whlch have
ob[ecLlve of malnLalnlng Lhe deslre space aL low LemperaLure by removlng heaL from lL Lo a hlgher
LemperaLure area lurLhermore a reverslblecycle heaL pumps for provldlng Lhermal comforL ln Lhe
deslre area by absorblng heaL from a low LemperaLure source such as cold weaLher from ouLslde of
Lhe house and supply lL Lo Lhe lnslde of Lhe house (PeaL ump)
Lqu|pment
1he PllLon lr and WaLer PeaL ump was used ln Lhls experlmenL whlch ls a smallscale
demonsLraLlon unlL deslgn especlally for educaLlon purposes 1he unlL ls comprlses from
compressor condenser expanslon valve evaporaLors and refrlgeranL
Instrumentat|on
n elecLrlcal meLer for measurlng Lhe power lnpuL Lo Lhe compressor
Class LhermomeLers aL Len LemperaLure measurlng locaLlons
1wo pressure gauges one for measurlng Lhe compressor lnleL pressure and Lhe oLher Lhe
compressor ouLleL pressure
1wo waLer flow roLameLers one for measurlng Lhe waLer flow Lo Lhe condenser and Lhe
oLher Lo compressor and Lhe evaporaLor
roLameLer for measurlng Lhe refrlgeranL flow aL Lhe lnleL Lo Lhe expanslon valve
SLop waLch

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1est procedure
1 1he dlverLer valve was seL Lo use Lhe waLer heaL exchanger
2 1he Lwo waLer supply Laps were Lurned on
3 1he waLer flow was ad[usLed Lo geL Lhe maxlmum value
4 1he power supply was swlLched on and Lhe equlllbrlum condlLlons were reached
3 1he pressure LemperaLure and flow raLe measuremenLs were recorded and LabulaLed
6 1he Llme of one revoluLlon of Lhe kllowaLLhour was recorded
7 1he condenser waLer flow raLe was reduced Lo abouL 6 g/s
8 1he waLer flow raLe of Lhe evaporaLor was noL changed and also flow LemperaLure
9 1he measuremenL were recorded when Lhe condlLlons were sLabled
101he compressor was swlLched off aL Lhe end of Lhe experlmenL and Lhe waLer supply Laps
were Lurned off
111he aLmospherlc pressure was recorded
8aw LesL resulLs
1esL 1 1esL 2
value unlLs value unlLs
L
1
43 C 33 C
L
2
30 C 67 C
L
3
23 C 473 C
L
4
023 C 023 C
L
3
82 C 92 C
L
6
32 C 3 C
L
7
82 C 99 C
L
8
10 C 13 C
L
9
27 C 32 C
p
1 gauge
160 kn/m
2
160 kn/m
2

p
2 gauge
630 kn/m
2
1300 kn/m
2

Mass flow raLe of
refrlgeranL
63 g/s 33 g/s
Mass flow raLe of
waLer Lo evaporaLor
34 g/s 24 g/s
Mass flow raLe of
waLer Lo compressor
20 g/s 6 g/s
Mass flow raLe of
waLer Lo condenser
20 g/s 6 g/s
1lme for one
revoluLlon of
elecLrlclLy meLer roLor
4383 S 4086 S

Lmospherlc pressure = 1 bar
1he followlng dlagram lllusLraLes where Lhe values ln Lhe Lable came from as Lhey have been
recorded from numbered lnsLrumenLs (as Lhey appeared ln Lhe d from 1he PllLon heaL pump
dlagram1)
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D|agram(1)
1he PllLon
PeaL ump


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Ca|cu|at|ons
PeaL pump as a 8eversed heaL englne
m
Wc
- is the watei flow iate in kgs
c
pW
- is the specific heat capacity of watei = .9 K} kg K
m
Wh
- is the watei flow iate in kgs
1esL 1
O Work lnpuL Lo compressor(

=
-3

t
=
-3

.8
= . K
t - The time foi one ievolution of electiicity metei iotoi in seconus.

O PeaL lnpuL aL Lhe Cold Lnd (1he LvaporaLor) (

c
)

c
= m
Wc
(h
6
- h
5
) = m
Wc
c
pW
(t
6
-t
5
) =

.9 (. - 8.) = -. K

O PeaL Lransfer from compressor(

comp
)

comp
= m
Wh
(h
8
- h
7
) = m
Wh
c
pW
(t
8
- t
7
) =

.9 ( - 8.) = . K

O PeaL ouLpuL aL Lhe PoL Lnd (1he Condenser)(

h
)

h
= m
Wh
(h
9
- h
8
) = m
Wh
c
pW
(t
9
-t
8
) =

.9 ( -) = . K

O CoefflclenL of erformance
oP
HP
=

=
.
.
= . = this is foi heat pump
oP
R
=

=
|-.|
.
= . this is foi iefiigeiatoi
1esL 2
O Work lnpuL Lo compressor(

=
-3

t
=
-3

.8
= .8 K
t - is the time foi one ievolution of electiicity metei iotoi in seconus.

O PeaL lnpuL aL Lhe Cold Lnd (1he LvaporaLor) (

c
)

c
= m
Wc
(h
6
- h
5
) = m
Wc
c
pW
(t
6
-t
5
) =

.9 ( -9.) = -. K

O PeaL Lransfer from compressor(

comp
)

comp
= m
Wh
(h
8
- h
7
) = m
Wh
c
pW
(t
8
- t
7
) =

.9 ( - 9.9) = .8 K

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O PeaL ouLpuL aL Lhe PoL Lnd (1he Condenser)(

h
)

h
= m
Wh
(h
9
- h
8
) = m
Wh
c
pW
(t
9
-t
8
) =

.9 ( -) = .9 K

O CoefflclenL of erformance
oP
HP
=

=
.9
.8
= . = .8
oP
R
=

=
|-.|
.8
= .8

8efrlgeranL Cycle
1esL 1
h
1
= K} kg / , h
2
= K} kg / , h
3
= K} kg / , h
4
= K} kg /
LnLhalples were calculaLed from (h dlagram)
1o coverL from kNm
2
Lo bar would be gauge pressure / 100
P
1abs
= P
1guagc
+ P
atm
= . + = . bai
P
2abs
= P
2guagc
+ P
atm
= . + = . bai
O Compressor 1he work done compresslng Lhe refrlgeranL vapour (

12
)

12
+

12
= m
r
(h
2
- h
1
)

12
= m
r
(h
2
- h
1
) -

12
=
.

( - ) - (-.) = .8 K

m
r
- is the iefiigeiant flow iate in kgs

12
- is equal but of opposite sign to

comp


O Condenser 1he heaL Lransfer from Lhe refrlgeranL (

23
)

23
= m
r
(h
3
-h
2
) =
.

( - ) = -. K

O Lxpanslon valve Lhere ls no heaL or work Lransfer ln Lhe LhroLLllng process so h
3
= h
4

O LvaporaLor Lhe heaL Lransfer Lo Lhe refrlgeranL (

41
)

41
= m
r
(h
1
-h
4
) =
.

( - ) = . K
O CoefflclenL of performance
P
HP
=
|

23
|

12
=
|-.|
.8
= . , P
R
=
|

41
|

12
=
.
.8
= .8 =
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1esL 2

1
= K[ / ,
2
= K[ / ,
3
= K[ / ,
4
= K[ /
LnLhalples were calculaLed from (h dlagram)
1o coverL from
2
Lo bar would be gauge pressure / 100

1ubs
=
1guugc
+
utm
= . + = . bor

2ubs
=
2guugc
+
utm
= + = bor
O Compressor 1he work done compresslng Lhe refrlgeranL vapour (

12
)

12
+

12
=

(
2
-
1
)

12
=

(
2
-
1
) -

12
=
.

( - ) - (-.8) = . K

- s rrron J ro n s

12
- s Jo b J JJJJs sn J

comp


O Condenser 1he heaL Lransfer from Lhe refrlgeranL (

23
)

23
=

(
3
-
2
) =
.

( -) = -.9 K

O Lxpanslon valve Lhere ls no heaL or work Lransfer ln Lhe LhroLLllng process so
3
=
4

O LvaporaLor Lhe heaL Lransfer Lo Lhe refrlgeranL (

41
)

41
=

(
1
-
4
) =
.

( -) = . K
O CoefflclenL of performance

HP
=
|

23
|

12
=
|-.9|
.
= . = . , P
R
=
|

41
|

12
=
.
.
= .9 =

resentat|on of resu|t
1esL 1 1esL 1 1esL 2 1esL 2
Cverall erformance 8ased on waLer
flow
8ased on Lhe
refrlgeranL flow
8ased on waLer
flow
8ased on Lhe
refrlgeranL flow
Compressor ower (kW) 0471 0338 0328 03643
PeaL Lransfer raLe ln
condenser (kW)
1424 1313 0930 09623
PeaL Lransfer raLe ln
evaporaLor (kW)
11313 1103 0422 072
oP
HP
3 36 18 26
oP
R
24 3 08 2


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D|scuss|on
ln compressor powers LesLs 1 based on waLer and refrlgeranL flows are less Lhan LesLs 2 1he
dlfference beLween Lhe resulLs caused from Lhe waLer flow raLe ln compressor/ condenser where
Lhe more waLer flow Lhe more heaL exchange whlch means decremenLs ln pressure and load ln
compressor
ln Lhe heaL Lransfer raLes ln condenser accordlng Lo Lhe 1
sL
law of Lhermodynamlc Lhe quanLlLy of
heaL whlch re[ecLed from condenser ls equal and opposlLe of Lhe acqulred heaL Lo waLer lLhough
Lhe resulLs from Lhe Lable are opposlLe Lo each oLher Lhey have a small dlfference ln magnlLude
1hls lllusLraLes LhaL Lhere were some errors
1he same Lhlng applles Lo Lhe heaL Lransfer raLe ln evaporaLor where Lhe values should be Lhe same
for LesLs 1 2 wlLh opposlLe slgns nd Lhe resulLs from Lhe Lable have a same dlfference ln
magnlLude as well whlch lllusLraLes Lhere are some errors
ln Lheory Lhe coefflclenL of performance applles Lo Lhe followlng equaLlon
oP
HP
= + oP
R

1hls equaLlon applles for reverslble processes Powever lL ls lmposslble Lo have a reverslble process
ln real llfe lrom our resulL Lhe error dlfference for LesLs1 and LesL 2 based of refrlgeranL ls equal Lo
40 1he Co depends ln Lhe quanLlLy of heaL and power where heaL was calculaLed ln Lerm of
LemperaLure dlfference 1herefore any errors ln Lhem wlll cause an error ln Co ln LesL 2 based on
refrlgeranL Lhere wasn`L any error whlch ls noL Lrue ln Lhls Lype of experlmenL where should be a
small dlfference as same as all Lhe resulLs
1he Co for boLh LesLs 1 and LesLs 2 should have Lhe same coefflclenL of performance because Lhey
are calculaLlng Lhe same Lhlng for each process Powever due Lo some errors Lhe resulL had a small
dlfference beLween Lhem 1esL 2 based on waLer flow ls deflnlLely wrong because lL has a very large
dlfference beLween lL and LesL 2 based on refrlgeranL flows ln Lhls parLlcular error lL ls sLrongly
belleved LhaL Lhe error caused from noL readlng L
8
ln LesL 2 accuraLely
Lrror Ana|ys|s
1here are several reasons whlch caused Lhe errors ln Lhe flnal resulLs
1he mass flow raLe was [umplng up and down by 3 g/s
1he LemperaLures wasn`L recorded accuraLely and Lhey have greaL effecL on Co`s
human error mlghL caused by sLopplng and sLarLlng Lhe Llmer Lo counL on revelaLlon
lgnorlng some of Lhe declmal places ln Lhe calculaLlons mlghL caused some errors
lnaccuracy ln flndlng Lhe values from Lhe P dlagram

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Conc|us|on
1he maln polnLs learnL from Lhe experlmenLs are
uslng Lhe P dlagram and calculaLe Lhe heaL and power ln Lhe heaL pump sysLem
undersLand Lhe dlfference beLween heaL pump sysLem and refrlgeranL
Measurlng Lhe pressure flow and LemperaLure
undersLand Lhe componenLs of Lhe heaL pump sysLem and geL famlllar wlLh calculaLlng
dlfferenL varlables ln Lhose componenLs

keferences
PeaL ump (nd) 8eLrleved 2 March 2010 from Wlklpedla
hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/PeaL_pump
ulagram (1) lcLure from my phone 1aken March 2 2010